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Facts about Toll-like receptor 3.
TLR3 is a nucleotide-sensing TLR which is activated by double-stranded RNA, a sign of viral infection. Acts via the adapter TRIF/TICAM1, resulting in NF-kappa-B activation, IRF3 nuclear translocation, cytokine secretion and the inflammatory response.
Human | |
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Gene Name: | TLR3 |
Uniprot: | O15455 |
Entrez: | 7098 |
Belongs to: |
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Toll-like receptor family |
CD283 antigen; CD283; TLR3; toll-like receptor 3
Mass (kDA):
103.829 kDA
Human | |
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Location: | 4q35.1 |
Sequence: | 4; NC_000004.12 (186069156..186088073) |
Expressed at high level in placenta and pancreas. Also detected in CD11c+ immature dendritic cells. Only expressed in dendritic cells and not in other leukocytes, including monocyte precursors. TLR3 is the TLR that is expressed most strongly in the brain, especially in astrocytes, glia, and neurons.
Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. Endosome membrane. Early endosome.
Steven Boster, inventor of PicoKine(tm), ELISA kits was referred to as "the man who transforms science into the lavatory". He was an immunologist and was one of the most prolific creators of primary antibodies. There were hundreds of monoclonal as and polyclonal antibodies. Boster is the largest catalog antibody manufacturer in China in the late 1990s. PicoKine(tm) was his own ELISA platform. This system is based on patent-pending trade secrets to provide high-sensitivity ELISA kit.
The detection of TLR3 levels in human blood is a common pathology that can aid in diagnosing a variety of illnesses. TLR3 markers are extremely useful for human immunology, especially in the field of cancer and immune response. TLR3 has been implicated both in the development of autoimmune diseases and in the immune response to vaccines. TLR3 is often associated with inflammation. However it isn't entirely known how TLR3 influences immunity.
It is crucial to use high quality antibodies for testing TLR3 in human cells. The Boster Bio: Best Uses of The TLR3 Marker antibody is guaranteed to be in line with its specifications. This guarantees the same results and high-quality antibodies. Further, Boster's products are available in multiple formats, allowing researchers to utilize them easily. Furthermore Boster's antibody is guaranteed to be a good match to the protein of interest, as indicated in the data sheet.
These results demonstrate the importance TLR3 in the immune system. The TLR3 gene is involved in the expression of various immune system genes. The resultant network of DEGs is mainly characterized by two types: slow-kinetics and speed. After exposure to high levels of TLR3 specific antibodies, a slow-kinetics genes will be expressed.
This cancer vaccine has a significant benefit: it supplies tumor antigen and TLR adjuvant simultaneously. This approach triggers proper DC maturation and enhances cross-presentation of CTLs targeted by TLR. In mouse models, both i.m. and s.c. inoculation elicit similar CTL responses. The best use of the TLR3-based cancer vaccines is s.c. immunization that is a popular method of human vaccine application.
TLR3 is a transcription factor expressed on myeloid cells. In peripheral blood these cells are comparatively low in number. Contrarily, TLR3 expression is highest on blood DC antigen 1 (CD1c+) and myeloid BDCA1+ cells. TLR3 is still being used in the most efficient ways. The future of cancer vaccines relies on the proper activation and functioning of DCs which is essential to the delivery of vaccines to the targeted tissues.
The TLR3 marker is an cytoplasmic protein that can recognize many microbial elements. TLRs recognize various bacteria-specific proteins, including flagellin, lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. TLRs also recognize viral and synthetic double-stranded RNA, intracellular proteins and protein fragments derived from extracellular matrix.
TLR3 is normally found in endosomes in which its Ectodomain's luminal part interacts with dsRNA. The TLR3-ECD contains 23 LRRs, and resembles a horseshoe with flat extremely glycosylated and smooth surface. This structure facilitates ligand binding and signals. TLR3 is located in the ER and early endosomes in resting DC. TLR3 is ligated by dsRNA ONs to transport to the endosomes at the end of the tunnel or lysosomes.
TLR3 expression is seen in both tumor cells and immune cells that are infiltrating. TLR3 expression in immune cells is of different importance for prognosis. TLR3 expression in immune cells and tumor cells is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment decisions. The expression of TLR3 and TLR3-t should be distinguished. These will help to determine whether patients will benefit or not from adjuvant treatments.
TLR3 expression can lead to targeted immune responses. TLR3-specific adjuvants are available to boost the immune response to viruses. These compounds also have been proven to increase the immunity of a host. TLR3-specific adjuvants may be an effective way to increase the number TLR-positive immune cell. We encourage you to read the most recent research findings on TLR-specific immune reactions.
TLR3 is involved with the dendritic cell that is maturing. This maturation is crucial for acquired immunity and is one of the functions of adjuvants. TLR3 activation is also activated by dsRNA, which causes DC maturation. TLR3 protein expression patterns and TLR3 size are not yet known. Cross-priming CD8a+ DC has higher levels TLR3 that other DC. Additionally, TLR3 migrates to LAMP1+ endosomes after stimulation.
TLR3 is found in around 25% of non-neoplastic stromal immune cells. It is believed that TLR3 is responsible for the detection of dsRNAs in infectious diseases. TLR3 is also involved in the process of developing immune surveillance. Although its primary role is in recognizing dsRNA from viral infections however, it also recognizes non-viral signaling that could be important in the immune response.
Nanoparticles (NPs) as immuno-enhancers might improve the capacity of the host immune system to detect and neutralize pathogens. In the innate immune system components like T cells and phagocytes detect antigens and trigger a response. These cells are called antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and are able to present acquired antigens in order to activate the immune system of T cells. NPs coated with a linear chain of poly (ethylene glycol) provide a hydrophilic shell that blocks the adsorption of non-specific proteins. This decreases adsorption, which could slow down the cellular uptake by phagocytes and extend the time that NPs stay in blood. PEGylation's stealth effect depends on the length of the chain and its density. In the end, serum proteins play a minimal role
Different inorganic NPs affect immune system's innate response in different ways as demonstrated by in vitro studies. In mice, AuNPs produced an increase in the production of inflammatory mediators, whereas CuO NPs increased the inflammation response to LPS. These results are encouraging, but further research is required to determine if nanoparticles can improve the immune response to pathogens.
NPs can boost the immune response and may also increase the synthesis and function of the cell-cycle DNA break. However, the number of PtNPs within cells is not a factor in determining whether NPs are a powerful immuno-enhancer. They may have a broader biological impact by enhancing expression of certain genes for instance, T cell adhesion receptors. These findings are encouraging but the amount of intracellular PtNPs is not a limiting factor.
Nanoparticles have broad applications in nanomedicine and industry. Nanoparticles are able to interact with the immune system when entering the body. They activate the body's non-specific first line defense which is the inbuilt immune system. This system produces complex immune responses to foreign substances. The NPs act as a catalyst for activating the complement system by interfacing with cells, proteins and other molecules. These interactions are based on the NP's surface modifications.
The electromagnetic processes within NPs can be described with Livermore models. The Livermore tool can be used to describe interactions down to 100 electronvolts. Recently new models were developed and published for gold nanoparticles. These tools are not accessible to the public. This study compares Dose-Enhancers of the Livermore tool with the model that is NP-specific. The Livermore tool underestimates the Dose-Enhancer Factor by a tiny amount.
PMID: 9435236 by Rock F.L., et al. A family of human receptors structurally related to Drosophila Toll.
PMID: 17085778 by Lafon M., et al. The innate immune facet of brain: human neurons express TLR-3 and sense viral dsRNA.
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