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GALNT10 / Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 10 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for GALNT10
Plan chromogenic GALNT10 IHC-P with the catalog antibody starting at 2.5 μg/mL (datasheet). HPA reports high staining in breast glandular cells and undetected staining in adipocytes, providing candidate comparison tissues (HPA tissue IHC).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
GALNT10 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Cytoplasmic tissue staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Cytoplasmic staining in most tissues (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | Citrate pH 6.0 HIER, 95–98 °C, 20 min (rule: cytoplasmic / membrane antigen) | |
| Positive control | Appendix+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Staining has low consistency with RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Expression varies by tissue (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 4 isoforms; check epitope coverage and topology (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended GALNT10 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol is paired with published GALNT10 IHC methods from ovarian cancer and renal cell carcinoma studies (PMC13045431; PMC5362461).
| Sample | Tissue sections; selected-image fixative not specified (standard IHC workflow) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A09635); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat-induced epitope retrieval in citrate buffer, pH 6.0, 20 min at 95–98 °C (standard rule: cytoplasmic / membrane antigen) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% normal serum of the secondary host, 30 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-GALNT10, 2.5 μg/mL (datasheet A09635) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (standard) |
| Detection | HRP-polymer secondary, DAB chromogen 5–10 min (standard) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | GALNT10-positive staining in glandular cells of appendix (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Cytoplasmic expression in most tissues. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with citrate pH 6.0 HIER at 95–98 °C for 20 min (page antigen retrieval); Tris/EDTA pH 9.0 is a published alternative (PMC13045431).
Section 2
What Is the Expected GALNT10 Staining Pattern?
GALNT10 is a Golgi membrane protein with residues 1–11 cytoplasmic and 32–603 lumenal (UniProt Q86SR1 topology). In paraffin-section IHC, expect cytoplasmic staining in many tissues, including strong staining in specified glandular and other cell populations (HPA: cytoplasmic expression in most tissues; HPA: High in appendix glandular cells and lung macrophages). Interpret cautiously: the IHC antibody is Approved, but staining has low consistency with RNA expression (HPA: IHC reliability Approved; low RNA–staining consistency).
| Cytoplasmic stain in appendix glandular cells or lung macrophages, with a clear cellular outline (HPA: High in these cells). | This fits the reported IHC cell and compartment pattern (HPA: cytoplasmic expression in most tissues). A Golgi-associated component is plausible from the membrane annotation, but the tissue IHC profile does not establish a specific Golgi shape (UniProt Q86SR1 topology; HPA: tissue IHC profile). |
| Predominantly extracellular, luminal, or nuclear-only chromogen in a proposed positive cell population. | This departs from the reported tissue IHC cytoplasmic pattern (HPA: cytoplasmic expression in most tissues); assess localization and detection artefacts before scoring it as GALNT10. Nuclear signal alone needs caution because nucleoplasm is an additional location in ICC-IF (HPA: ICC-IF additional location). |
| Strong stain assigned to cardiomyocytes or skeletal myocytes (HPA: Not detected in these cells). | The cell assignment conflicts with the reported IHC negatives (HPA: Not detected in heart and skeletal muscle). Check neighboring cells and controls; cross-reactivity or endogenous chromogenic activity are possible explanations in IHC (general IHC practice), not proven causes here. |
| Diffuse color across tissue, extracellular space, and the negative control. | A field-wide deposit cannot support a cell-specific GALNT10 call (general IHC practice). Compare the distribution with the HPA cytoplasmic profile and its named positive and negative cell types before assigning a biological pattern (HPA: tissue IHC profile). |
| No signal in appendix glandular cells or lung macrophages (HPA: High in these cells). | This conflicts with the reported positives but does not by itself establish absent GALNT10 (HPA: tissue IHC). Review tissue identity, viable target cells, antibody and detection controls, and the validated IHC workflow (general IHC practice). |
💡Expected GALNT10 appearanceCall a section positive when chromogen is cell-associated and mainly cytoplasmic in a reported positive population, such as appendix glandular cells or lung macrophages with High staining; isolated extracellular deposits or color in reported negative cells need control review (HPA: tissue IHC profile; general IHC practice).
| Membrane topology and compartment | GALNT10 has one transmembrane segment at residues 12–31 and a lumenal region at 32–603 (UniProt Q86SR1 topology). Interpret IHC against the observed cytoplasmic tissue profile; topology alone does not locate the antibody epitope or establish an antigen retrieval setting (HPA: tissue IHC profile). |
| Cell-specific tissue pattern | Reported High cells include breast and gallbladder glandular cells, kidney glomerular cells, and tonsil squamous epithelium; adipocytes and cardiomyocytes are Not detected (HPA: tissue IHC). Score the named cells, since a whole-section average can conceal these differences (general IHC practice). |
| Strength of IHC evidence | The listed antibody HPA007525 is IHC Approved, while HPA reports low consistency between staining and RNA expression (HPA: antibody validation; HPA: IHC reliability). Treat a plausible stain as an observed antibody pattern requiring controls, especially when interpreting unexpected cell types. |
| Application-specific localization | ICC-IF reports plasma membrane as the main location, with nucleoplasm and Golgi as additional locations (HPA: ICC-IF subcellular). These cultured-cell observations do not replace the paraffin-section IHC cytoplasmic profile (HPA: tissue IHC profile). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Known-positive cells remain unstained (HPA: High in appendix glandular cells). | Possible failed primary or detection step, unsuitable retrieval, or loss of the relevant cell population (general IHC practice). GALNT10-specific retrieval sensitivity is unreported in the supplied sources. | Confirm the target cells and controls, then review the IHC-validated antibody's own retrieval and detection instructions; vary one general workflow condition at a time (general IHC practice). |
| Chromogen covers the whole section or the negative control. | Nonspecific reagent binding, incomplete blocking, or endogenous chromogenic activity can create broad background (general IHC practice). This is unlike the reported cell-associated cytoplasmic profile (HPA: tissue IHC). | Inspect the no-primary control, blocking, washes, and detection chemistry; score only interpretable cellular stain after background is controlled (general IHC practice). |
| A reported negative cell type appears strongly positive. | For adipocytes or cardiomyocytes, this conflicts with HPA's Not detected calls; mistaken cell identification, cross-reactivity, or endogenous activity remain possible (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Check morphology and a no-primary control; compare an HPA-reported positive cell population on a suitable section before assigning GALNT10 (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| Signal appears nuclear-only or predominantly extracellular. | That pattern is discordant with the tissue IHC cytoplasmic profile (HPA: tissue IHC). ICC-IF additionally reports nucleoplasm, so nuclear staining alone cannot identify the source of an IHC discrepancy (HPA: ICC-IF). | Recheck cellular boundaries, counterstain, and control sections; document the discrepancy instead of assigning a target-specific explanation without validation (general IHC practice). |
| Adjacent cell populations have different staining strengths. | HPA reports cell-specific levels, including High and Not detected calls within its tissue survey (HPA: tissue IHC). Mixed populations can make a field-wide score misleading (general IHC practice). | Score the identified cell population and its compartment separately; compare it with the matching HPA cell entry, while retaining the low RNA–staining consistency caveat (HPA: tissue IHC; HPA: IHC reliability). |
| IF/ICC images suggest a different compartment from the IHC section. | ICC-IF lists plasma membrane as the main location and Golgi and nucleoplasm as additional locations, whereas tissue IHC is described as cytoplasmic in most tissues (HPA: ICC-IF; HPA: tissue IHC). | Use the application-matched reference for interpretation: assess paraffin-section IHC against the tissue profile, and evaluate IF/ICC localization on its own guide page (HPA: tissue IHC; HPA: ICC-IF). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing GALNT10 staining
A09635 · IHCImmunohistochemistry of GALNT10 in human brain tissue with GALNT10 antibody at 2.5 μg/mL.
A09635 · IFImmunofluorescence of GALNT10 in Human Brain cells with GALNT10 antibody at 20 μg/mL.
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000164574-GALNT10/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_2362564
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000164574-GALNT10/tissue/colon#imid_2362474
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000164574-GALNT10/tissue/liver#imid_2362475
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000164574-GALNT10/tissue/kidney#imid_2362476
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA007525; green = GALNT10, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA007525; green = GALNT10, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for GALNT10 IHC & IF
🧪Run appendix first: its glandular cells should stain (HPA: High in appendix glandular cells). Run adipose tissue as a negative comparator, focusing on adipocytes (HPA: Not detected in adipocytes); on the appendix slide, non-glandular cells should lack convincing specific staining to serve as a background reference, though their GALNT10 status is unreported (HPA: High in appendix glandular cells).
Positive control tissue: Appendix (Glandular cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show GALNT10 in A-431, A-549, U2OS, with annotated localisation: Plasma membrane (approved) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include no-primary (secondary-only) and host-species- and antibody-class-matched isotype controls, plus a GALNT10 knockout specimen or validated peptide-block control (standard IHC practice). For chromogenic appendix IHC, quench endogenous peroxidase and inspect glandular lumina for retained chromogen that could mimic staining (standard IHC practice).
⚠️Feasibility: A GALNT10-specific fixation window, fixation effect, and antigen-retrieval dependency are unreported in the supplied evidence; compare retrieval conditions empirically (standard IHC practice). The selected A09635 brain IHC caption reports 2.5 μg/mL but no fixative (selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption). Neither frozen sections nor IF can be identified as easier from these sources; interpret subcellular staining cautiously because UniProt places GALNT10 at the Golgi membrane while HPA ICC-IF also reports approved plasma-membrane and nucleoplasmic localization (UniProt Q86SR1 subcellular location; HPA subcellular).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for GALNT10
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Approved — Low consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appendix | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Gallbladder | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Kidney | Cells in glomeruli | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Lung | Macrophages | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Caudate | Glial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Heart muscle | Cardiomyocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Hippocampus | Glial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Skeletal muscle | Myocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced GALNT10 IHC Tips
Use compartment and cell type controls to assess GALNT10 staining in paraffin sections; interpret chromogenic signal alongside the reported tissue and localisation evidence.
What retrieval conditions should I try first for weak GALNT10 staining in paraffin sections?
Start with citrate buffer at pH 6.0 for HIER at 95–98 °C for 20 min (page retrieval rule: cytoplasmic/membrane antigen). Keep section thickness, cooling time, and antibody concentration constant while comparing retrieval conditions, so a change in staining can be attributed to retrieval (standard IHC practice). If staining remains weak, test an alkaline retrieval buffer such as EDTA at pH 9.0 on adjacent sections and check whether background or tissue damage also increases (standard IHC practice). Judge improvement by staining in the expected cells and compartments, using a matched negative control; GALNT10 is annotated as a Golgi membrane protein with a lumenal region spanning residues 32–603 (UniProt Q86SR1 topology).
How should I troubleshoot variable GALNT10 staining after fixation?
Target-specific sensitivity of GALNT10 to fixation is unknown from the supplied evidence, so record fixative, fixation duration, and processing history for each paraffin specimen (supplied fixation evidence; standard IHC practice). The catalog image shows GALNT10 staining in human brain tissue at 2.5 µg/mL, but its caption does not state the fixative (A09635 tissue-IHC caption). When comparing cases, process a reference section alongside each batch and assess tissue preservation before adjusting retrieval or antibody concentration (standard IHC practice). If a poorly preserved area stains differently, repeat the comparison in intact tissue and avoid attributing that difference to a GALNT10-specific fixation effect (standard IHC practice).
Which staining pattern should count as plausible GALNT10 localisation?
Assess staining within identified cells: UniProt places GALNT10 at the Golgi membrane, while HPA reports cytoplasmic staining in most tissues (UniProt Q86SR1 subcellular; HPA tissue IHC). The protein has a transmembrane segment at residues 12–31, with residues 1–11 cytoplasmic and 32–603 lumenal, so epitope position may affect accessibility (UniProt Q86SR1 topology; standard IHC practice). HPA cell imaging also reports approved plasma membrane localisation, with additional nucleoplasmic and Golgi localisation; use this as context rather than requiring one exclusive pattern (HPA subcellular). Compare any diffuse or nuclear chromogen with a negative control and tissue morphology before assigning it to GALNT10 (standard IHC practice).
Could an isoform or hidden epitope explain inconsistent GALNT10 staining?
GALNT10 has 4 reported isoforms, but the supplied evidence does not map this antibody’s epitope to any isoform (UniProt Q86SR1 isoforms; supplied antibody evidence). Check the antibody’s disclosed immunogen or epitope against the isoforms before interpreting a negative cell population as lacking all GALNT10 forms (standard IHC practice). Residues 32–603 face the Golgi lumen, and glycosylation is annotated at 124, 146, and 593; these features can guide an accessibility investigation without establishing interference for this antibody (UniProt Q86SR1 topology and glycosylation). Compare adjacent sections under the same retrieval and detection conditions, then report which epitope and isoforms the reagent is known to recognise (standard IHC practice).
How can IF help verify the cell and compartment assigned by chromogenic IHC?
Use IF on a separate section to compare GALNT10 with a marker for the cell population under study, such as glandular cells in appendix, where HPA reports high staining (HPA tissue IHC; standard IF practice). Select spectrally separated fluorophores and place the weaker signal in a channel with less tissue autofluorescence; include single-stain and unstained controls (standard IF practice). Choose permeabilisation according to the mapped antibody epitope: access to a lumen-facing epitope requires membrane permeabilisation, while the GALNT10 lumenal region spans residues 32–603 (UniProt Q86SR1 topology; standard IF practice). Compare membrane, Golgi-region, and nuclear signals cautiously because HPA reports all 3 locations in cell imaging (HPA subcellular).
What should I check when GALNT10 chromogen appears throughout a section?
Run a no-primary control to assess detection-reagent background, and use a peroxidase block before chromogenic detection when the method uses peroxidase (standard IHC practice). Titrate the primary antibody around the conditions being evaluated, keeping retrieval and development time fixed so that specific staining and background can be compared (standard IHC practice). The catalog brain image used 2.5 µg/mL, which documents that image condition rather than an established optimum for every tissue (A09635 tissue-IHC caption). Check whether broad color follows folds, section edges, or damaged tissue, then compare intact cells with an expected negative population such as adipocytes, reported as not detected by HPA (standard IHC practice; HPA: adipocytes not detected).
How should I score GALNT10 staining across heterogeneous cell populations? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and compartment before scoring, since HPA reports high GALNT10 staining in appendix glandular cells and lung macrophages, among other populations (HPA tissue IHC). For chromogenic sections, record the percentage of positive target cells and intensity, or calculate an H-score from 0–300 using the same thresholds across slides (standard IHC practice). Normalise counts to the number of eligible cells, or report positive-cell density per mm² of viable annotated tissue when cell counting is impractical (standard IHC practice). Exclude folds and necrotic areas, retain batch-matched controls, and report compartment-specific scores separately if membrane and cytoplasmic staining differ (standard IHC practice; HPA subcellular).
How can I distinguish credible GALNT10 staining from an IHC artefact?
Look for staining in intact, morphologically identifiable cells and compare its compartment with Golgi membrane localisation and the reported cytoplasmic tissue profile (UniProt Q86SR1 subcellular; HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). Use tissue context: HPA reports high staining in appendix glandular cells and no detection in adipocytes, although its tissue-IHC reliability is marked Approved with low staining–RNA consistency (HPA tissue IHC). Treat color confined to edges, folds, necrotic regions, or the no-primary control as suspect, and check the peroxidase block if the assay uses peroxidase (standard IHC practice). Report unexpected nuclear or membrane staining with its control results rather than calling it artefactual solely from location, because HPA cell imaging reports approved nucleoplasmic and plasma membrane localisation (HPA subcellular).
Boster reagents
Best GALNT10 / Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 10 IHC Antibodies
A09635 has IHC data from human brain tissue and IF data from human brain cells (catalog image captions); listed reactivity includes human, mouse and rat (catalog reactivity).
Real IHC data
Anti-GALNT10 Antibody
Cat # A09635
A09635 is listed for IHC-P and IF (catalog applications). Its images show human brain tissue IHC at 2.5 μg/mL and human brain cell IF at 20 μg/mL (A09635 image captions).
Which to pick: For tissue IHC, choose A09635: IHC-P is listed and its IHC image shows human brain tissue (catalog applications; A09635 IHC caption); the fixative is unreported (A09635 IHC caption). For IF, A09635 has a human brain cell image; ICC is not separately listed (A09635 IF caption; catalog applications). For cross-species work, A09635 lists human, mouse and rat reactivity, though the supplied images show human samples; its host is rabbit and clonality is unreported (catalog reactivity; A09635 image captions; catalog host/clone).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q86SR1 (GLT10_HUMAN, Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 10).
- Human Protein Atlas. GALNT10 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Approved).
- Human Protein Atlas. GALNT10 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the plasma membrane. In addition localized to the nucleoplasm and the Golgi apparatus..
- Human Protein Atlas. GALNT10 antibody validation summary (1 antibodies).
- GALNT10 Affects O-Glycosylation of IGFBP7 to Promote Tumor Vascular Remodeling and Metastasis of Ovarian Cancer. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 2026 — PMC13045431.
- Targeting the astrocyte-microglia EFEMP1-GALNT10 axis: a spatially programmable therapeutic strategy for hippocampal vulnerability in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of translational medicine 2026 — PMC13214142.
- Prognostic role of N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 10 in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017 — PMC5362461.
- PubMed PMID:12417297 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:17974005 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for GALNT10 (Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 10). Expected localisation Cytoplasmic tissue staining (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: Citrate pH 6.0 HIER, 95–98 °C, 20 min (rule: cytoplasmic / membrane antigen). Validated IHC antibody: A09635 at 2.5 μg/mL (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Appendix (Glandular cells); negative Adipose tissue. IHC workflow; specimen preparation unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Tissue sections; selected-image fixative not specified (standard IHC workflow); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A09635); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat-induced epitope retrieval in citrate buffer, pH 6.0 , 20 min at 95–98 °C…; 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% normal serum of the secondary host, 30 min , room temperature (standard); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-GALNT10, 2.5 μg/mL (datasheet A09635); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (standard). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Staining has low consistency with RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: 4 isoforms; check epitope coverage and topology (UniProt); Regulation: Expression varies by tissue (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt Q86SR1, HPA tissue IHC · Approved, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the plasma membrane. In addition localized to…, Datasheet A09635, PMC13045431, PMC5362461. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/GALNT10/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.