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- Table of Contents
Plan SEPTIN2 paraffin IHC around widespread cytoplasmic staining (HPA tissue IHC). Compare high-staining glial and glomerular cells with cell types lacking detectable staining, and score signal by cell type (HPA tissue IHC).
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
| Expected localisation | Cytoplasmic staining in tissue (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Widespread cytoplasmic staining; intensity varies by cell type (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A34007) | |
| Positive control | Caudate+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+2 more · see all |
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A34007) | |
| Caveat | Some cell types lack detectable staining despite the broad profile (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Widely expressed; intensity regulation is unreported (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 3 isoforms; verify epitope coverage across variants (UniProt) |
The catalog antibody protocol uses EDTA pH 8.0 heat retrieval (datasheet A34007). The published glioma IHC protocol below uses citrate retrieval (PMC5938713).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human colorectal adenocarcinoma tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A34007) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A34007); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A34007); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A34007) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-SEPTIN2, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A34007) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A34007) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet A34007) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | SEPTIN2-positive staining in glial cells of caudate (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Ubiquitous cytoplasmic expression. No signal in the no-primary control. |
SEPTIN2 is a non-transmembrane cytoskeletal protein (UniProt Q15019 topology/subcellular). In paraffin-section IHC, expect predominantly cytoplasmic staining across many tissues (HPA: ubiquitous cytoplasmic expression; reliability Supported, with medium consistency between staining and RNA). High staining is reported in glial cells, glomerular cells and Sertoli cells (HPA: High in each); interpret staining at the cell level because adjacent cell populations can differ (HPA: tissue IHC).
| Cytoplasmic staining in glial cells, glomerular cells or Sertoli cells, with other cells less conspicuous. | This fits the reported tissue pattern: each named population is High, while the overall profile is ubiquitous cytoplasmic expression (HPA: tissue IHC). Compare cells within the section instead of expecting every cell to have equal intensity; HPA rates particular cell populations, and its IHC reliability is Supported with medium staining–RNA consistency (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Strong, uniform nuclear staining in nondividing cells, or staining confined to extracellular material. | Treat this as a compartment mismatch requiring controls: the tissue IHC profile is cytoplasmic and SEPTIN2 has no transmembrane segment (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt Q15019 topology). Avoid rejecting every chromosome-associated signal, because UniProt places SEPTIN2 near kinetochores in metaphase cells (UniProt Q15019 subcellular). |
| Prominent signal in adipocytes, cholangiocytes or skeletal myocytes, especially with little staining in a reported positive population. | These specific populations are Not detected in the HPA images, so investigate cross-reactivity or endogenous chromogen activity (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). The HPA calls apply to those cells, not to all cells in adipose tissue, liver or skeletal muscle; UniProt separately reports expression in liver (UniProt Q15019 tissue specificity). |
| Diffuse color over extracellular spaces, tissue edges or many unrelated cell compartments. | This is less persuasive than cell-associated cytoplasmic staining (HPA: tissue IHC). Check a no-primary control for detection background and inspect blocking, washes and chromogen development (general IHC practice). Diffuse cytoplasmic signal alone is not disqualifying, because the HPA tissue profile describes ubiquitous cytoplasmic expression (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| No cytoplasmic signal in a section containing glial cells, glomerular cells or Sertoli cells. | A failed stain is plausible because these are High populations in HPA tissue IHC (HPA: High in each). Check tissue identity and preservation, antibody suitability for IHC, retrieval and detection controls before calling the specimen negative (general IHC practice). HPA's Supported rating has medium staining–RNA consistency, so one discrepant section does not establish absent SEPTIN2 (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Cell population and tissue selection (HPA: tissue IHC). | HPA reports High glial, glomerular and Sertoli cells, but Not detected adipocytes, cholangiocytes and skeletal myocytes (HPA: tissue IHC). Select a known-positive population as an internal comparison; a negative call for one cell type must not be extended to its entire tissue (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Subcellular structures and cell-cycle state (UniProt Q15019 subcellular). | SEPTIN2 occurs in cytoskeleton, cortex, spindle, cleavage furrow and midbody; mitotic cells may show a concentrated pattern (UniProt Q15019 subcellular). Judge unusual focal staining against cell morphology before applying the broad HPA cytoplasmic tissue pattern (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Antibody evidence and isoforms (HPA: antibodies; UniProt Q15019 isoforms). | HPA lists IHC as Supported for HPA018481 and CAB017190, while it gives no IHC status for HPA063623 (HPA: antibodies). UniProt lists three isoforms; the supplied record does not map antibody epitopes to isoforms, so isoform-specific staining cannot be predicted (UniProt Q15019 isoforms; HPA: antibodies). |
| IF/ICC Q&A: where should SEPTIN2 appear? (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). | Mainly on actin filaments; microtubules, cytokinetic bridge and primary cilium are additional Supported locations (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). Plasma membrane is Uncertain, while principal piece and annulus are Approved (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). These ICC-IF calls aid localization checks but are not an IHC protocol (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). |
| Retrieval and detection conditions (general IHC practice). | For an unexpected result, verify the selected retrieval and detection steps against the antibody's IHC instructions and control sections (general IHC practice). Neither HPA tissue staining nor the supplied UniProt record establishes SEPTIN2-specific fixation sensitivity or an optimal retrieval condition (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt Q15019). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| No signal in a reported High cell population (HPA: tissue IHC). | Tissue or staining run may have failed; an absent signal alone cannot identify which step failed (general IHC practice). | Confirm the cell population, run a positive control and inspect antibody IHC suitability, retrieval and detection steps (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| Signal is mainly nuclear in nondividing cells (HPA: tissue IHC). | Nonspecific staining is possible because HPA's tissue profile is cytoplasmic; mitotic kinetochore localization is a separate UniProt observation (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt Q15019 subcellular). | Review cell morphology and a no-primary control, then reassess the antibody and detection conditions (general IHC practice). |
| Adipocytes, cholangiocytes or skeletal myocytes stain prominently (HPA: Not detected in each). | Cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity is possible; HPA's negative calls are cell-specific (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Inspect a no-primary control and compare with a reported High cell population in the same run (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| Diffuse extracellular or edge staining obscures cells (HPA: cytoplasmic tissue profile). | Background from blocking, washing or chromogen development is possible (general IHC practice). | Check a no-primary control; review blocking, washes and development while preserving a known-positive control (general IHC practice). |
| Staining differs across cell types within one tissue (HPA: tissue IHC). | This can reflect the HPA cell-level pattern rather than a failed section; its IHC reliability is Supported with medium staining–RNA consistency (HPA: tissue IHC). | Score each identified cell population separately and compare the observed compartment and intensity with its HPA call (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| A cilium, bridge or spindle shows focal signal (UniProt Q15019 subcellular; HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). | These can be legitimate SEPTIN2 locations; their visibility depends on whether the relevant structure is present in the cells examined (UniProt Q15019 subcellular; HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). | Check morphology and cytoplasmic staining in reported positive cells before labeling a focal structure artefactual (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt Q15019 subcellular; general IHC practice). |
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Supported — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caudate | Glial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebral cortex | Glial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Hippocampus | Glial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Kidney | Cells in glomeruli | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Testis | Sertoli cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Troubleshoot SEPTIN2 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, compartment, cell identity and controls before comparing chromogenic signal across samples.
SEPTIN2 antibodies include an IHC option with paraffin-section images from human colorectal adenocarcinoma and mouse and rat brain, plus IF images from SiHa cells and tissue sections (A34007 image captions).
A34007 has IHC images from human colorectal adenocarcinoma and mouse and rat brain paraffin sections, and IF images from SiHa cells, human endometrial cancer, and mouse and rat brain (A34007 image captions). M34007 lists IHC and ICC/IF applications for human, mouse, and rat, but has no IHC or IF images in the payload (M34007 catalog).
Which to pick: For tissue IHC, choose A34007 when a matching paraffin-section example matters: its own captions document heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 and primary antibody at 2 μg/ml; the fixative is unreported (A34007 IHC image captions). For IF/ICC, A34007 has images from SiHa cells and tissue sections at 5 μg/ml, while M34007 is a rabbit monoclonal, clone 18S62, listed for ICC/IF without images (A34007 IF image captions; M34007 catalog). For IHC across human, mouse, and rat, A34007 has an image in each species; M34007 lists reactivity in all three but has no IHC image in the payload (A34007 IHC image captions; M34007 catalog).