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SMC6 / Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 6 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for SMC6
Use A01554-1 at 0.5–1 μg/mL for chromogenic IHC-P (datasheet A01554-1). Score nuclear and cytoplasmic staining, using seminiferous duct cells as a positive comparison and adipocytes as a negative comparison; tissue staining reliability is uncertain (HPA tissue IHC).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
SMC6 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Observed nuclear and cytoplasmic staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining in most tissues (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | Citrate pH 6 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A01554-1) | |
| Positive control | Gallbladder+1 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A01554-1) | |
| Caveat | Tissue staining reliability is uncertain (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Strong in testis; widely expressed (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 2 isoforms; epitope coverage unreported (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended SMC6 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol (datasheet: A01554-1) is followed by two published SMC6 IHC protocols (PMC3763431; PMC12826375).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded mouse testis tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A01554-1) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A01554-1); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: Citrate pH 6, 20 min (datasheet A01554-1) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A01554-1) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-SMC6, 0.5-1μg/ml (datasheet A01554-1) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A01554-1) |
| Detection | Streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC), DAB chromogen (datasheet A01554-1) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | SMC6-positive staining in glandular cells of gallbladder (HPA tissue IHC: Medium). HPA tissue profile: Cytoplasmic and nuclear expression in most tissues. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with citrate pH 6 heat retrieval (datasheet: A01554-1; PMC12826375). Optimize the primary dilution for the antibody used; the articles report different antibodies (PMC3763431; PMC12826375).
Section 2
What Is the Expected SMC6 Staining Pattern?
SMC6 is a nuclear protein without a transmembrane segment (UniProt Q96SB8: localisation and topology). In paraffin sections, expect staining in gallbladder glandular cells and cells in testis seminiferous ducts, both reported at medium intensity (HPA tissue IHC). HPA also reports cytoplasmic and nuclear staining across most tissues, but rates its tissue IHC profile Uncertain because antibody staining and RNA expression have only medium consistency (HPA tissue IHC).
| Distinct nuclear staining in gallbladder glandular cells or cells in testis seminiferous ducts. | This fits the reported medium staining in those cells (HPA tissue IHC) and SMC6’s nuclear localisation (UniProt Q96SB8). Score the named cell population and its nuclear signal separately from staining elsewhere; the HPA tissue IHC reliability is Uncertain (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Strong cytoplasmic staining with little or no nuclear signal in the expected cells. | Treat a cytoplasmic-only result as a compartment mismatch that needs an artefact check, given SMC6’s nuclear localisation (UniProt Q96SB8) and supported nucleoplasmic ICC-IF location (HPA subcellular). Some cytoplasmic tissue staining is reported, so cytoplasmic signal alone does not prove artefact (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Staining dominates an HPA-listed, not-detected cell population while the expected cells are weak. | Check antibody specificity or detection-system activity before assigning that signal to SMC6. HPA reports adipocytes and lymph-node germinal center cells as not detected, among other cell populations (HPA tissue IHC). Those observations are comparison points, not proof that every cell in either tissue lacks SMC6 (HPA tissue IHC: Uncertain). |
| Colour spreads across the section, including areas without a clear cellular pattern. | Diffuse staining is hard to score as SMC6; background from the detection workflow is a possible explanation (general IHC practice). Compare a no-primary control and review blocking, washing and detection before interpreting cell-specific signal. HPA’s medium staining calls refer to named cell populations, not diffuse section-wide colour (HPA tissue IHC). |
| No staining appears in gallbladder glandular cells or cells in testis seminiferous ducts. | A blank result misses both HPA-reported medium-positive populations (HPA tissue IHC). Review the catalog antibody’s IHC-P procedure, retrieval and detection controls before calling the sample negative (general IHC practice). An absent signal does not resolve SMC6 expression on its own, especially with Uncertain tissue IHC reliability (HPA tissue IHC). |
💡Expected SMC6 appearanceCall the IHC result consistent when nuclei of gallbladder glandular cells or cells in testis seminiferous ducts show interpretable medium staining (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q96SB8: nucleus); prominent cytoplasmic-only colour or staining that overwhelms those cells warrants an artefact or specificity check, although HPA reports some cytoplasmic tissue staining (HPA tissue IHC).
| Tissue and cell choice | Gallbladder glandular cells and cells in testis seminiferous ducts are reported at medium staining; adipocytes and several specified brain, lymphoid and other cell populations are listed as not detected (HPA tissue IHC). Compare like cell types when judging a section; HPA rates the tissue profile Uncertain (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Compartment | SMC6 is assigned to the nucleus, including speckles, chromosomes and PML bodies (UniProt Q96SB8). Tissue IHC reports nuclear and cytoplasmic expression, whereas ICC-IF supports nucleoplasm (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular). These observations support a nuclear expectation but do not make every cytoplasmic IHC signal specific. |
| Antibody validation | The HPA tissue-IHC antibodies HPA042733 and CAB037186 are each rated Uncertain for IHC; HPA035057 is Supported for ICC, with no IHC rating given (HPA antibodies). Keep those application-specific ratings separate when weighing a paraffin-section result. |
| Isoforms and processing | UniProt lists 2 isoforms, no signal peptide or propeptide, and one annotated chain spanning residues 1–1091 (UniProt Q96SB8). No supplied epitope map shows whether a given IHC antibody distinguishes the isoforms; avoid assigning a staining difference to either isoform. |
| IF/ICC Q&A: what location is supported? | HPA reports supported nucleoplasmic localisation in ICC-IF and lists images from A-431, Rh30 and U2OS (HPA subcellular). This answers the localisation question for IF/ICC; it does not provide an IF protocol or upgrade an IHC antibody’s validation rating (HPA antibodies). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Expected cell population is blank in IHC-P. | Retrieval or detection may be underperforming (general IHC practice); HPA reports medium staining in gallbladder glandular cells and cells in testis seminiferous ducts (HPA tissue IHC). | Check the catalog antibody’s IHC-P instructions, the retrieval and detection steps, and a positive control containing a reported cell population before scoring the specimen as negative (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC). |
| Signal appears mainly cytoplasmic. | The localisation differs from UniProt’s nuclear assignment and HPA’s supported nucleoplasmic ICC-IF result, although HPA tissue IHC reports some cytoplasmic staining (UniProt Q96SB8; HPA subcellular; HPA tissue IHC). | Score nuclear and cytoplasmic staining separately. Compare the named positive cells with a no-primary control and assess whether cytoplasmic colour persists as background (general IHC practice). |
| A reported not-detected cell type stains strongly. | Cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity is possible (general IHC practice); HPA lists, for example, adipocytes as not detected (HPA tissue IHC). | Check a no-primary control and the relevant endogenous-activity blocking step, then compare the result with the reported positive cell populations (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC). |
| Diffuse colour obscures cell boundaries. | Nonspecific background can arise within an IHC detection workflow (general IHC practice); a diffuse field cannot establish the cell-specific HPA pattern (HPA tissue IHC). | Review blocking, washes, detection exposure and the no-primary control; score only interpretable cellular staining after the background is resolved (general IHC practice). |
| Two antibodies give different tissue patterns. | Both HPA-listed IHC antibodies have Uncertain IHC validation, and HPA calls overall tissue reliability Uncertain (HPA antibodies; HPA tissue IHC). | Keep antibody results separate, compare the same cell populations and compartments, and avoid treating agreement in one region as validation of every stained cell type (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| Nucleoplasmic IF/ICC signal is clear, but IHC-P is weak. | HPA supports the nucleoplasmic ICC-IF location while rating its listed IHC antibodies Uncertain; the application-specific evidence does not establish identical performance (HPA subcellular; HPA antibodies). | Interpret each application against its own controls and validation status. For IHC-P, review the catalog antibody’s IHC-P procedure and a reported positive cell population (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing SMC6 staining
A01554-1 · IHCIHC analysis of SMC6L1 using anti-SMC6L1 antibody (A01554-1). SMC6L1 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of mouse testis tissue. Heat
A01554-1 · IHCIHC analysis of SMC6L1 using anti-SMC6L1 antibody (A01554-1). SMC6L1 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of rat testis tissue. Heat me
A01554-1 · IFIF analysis of SMC6L1 using anti-SMC6L1 antibody (A01554-1). SMC6L1 was detected in immunocytochemical section of A431 cell. Enzyme antigen
A01554-2 · IHCIHC analysis of SMC6 using anti-SMC6 antibody (A01554-2). SMC6 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human breast cancer tissue. He
A01554-2 · IFIF analysis of SMC6 and Tubulin beta using anti-SMC6 antibody (A01554-2) and anti-Tubulin beta antibody (M05613-4). SMC6 and Tubulin beta wa
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000163029-SMC6/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_14026880
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000163029-SMC6/tissue/colon#imid_14025126
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000163029-SMC6/tissue/liver#imid_14025135
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000163029-SMC6/tissue/kidney#imid_14025128
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA035057; green = SMC6, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA035057; green = SMC6, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for SMC6 IHC & IF
🧪Run testis first: cells in seminiferous ducts should show nuclear staining at the Medium level (HPA: Testis, cells in seminiferous ducts, Medium; UniProt Q96SB8: nucleus). Use adipose tissue as the negative tissue, where adipocytes are Not detected; on the testis slide, neighboring cells without nuclear chromogen provide a background reference but are not established biological negatives (HPA: Adipose tissue, adipocytes, Not detected; HPA: Testis, cells in seminiferous ducts, Medium).
Positive control tissue: Gallbladder (Glandular cells, HPA Medium)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show SMC6 in A-431, Rh30, U2OS, with annotated localisation: Nucleoplasm (supported) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include no-primary (secondary-only) and concentration-matched, nonimmune rabbit IgG isotype controls, plus an SMC6-knockout specimen as a biological specificity control (selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption: rabbit primary antibody). Quench endogenous peroxidase and check endogenous biotin background when using the caption’s biotin–streptavidin/DAB detection system (selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption: biotinylated secondary, SABC, DAB; standard chromogenic IHC practice).
⚠️Feasibility: No target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is reported, and the selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption leaves the fixative unreported (selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption: fixative not stated). The paraffin-section example used citrate retrieval at pH 6 for 20 minutes, but does not establish that retrieval is required; frozen sections are not shown to be easier (selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption: paraffin section and citrate retrieval). IF may make nuclear localization easier to judge because HPA supports nucleoplasmic localization, while a testis-specific artefact is unreported; assess background from the biotin-based IHC detection system on the testis slide (HPA subcellular: nucleoplasm supported; selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption: SABC detection).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for SMC6
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Uncertain — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gallbladder | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Testis | Cells in seminiferous ducts | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Caudate | Glial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebellum | Cells in granular layer | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebral cortex | Endothelial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Hippocampus | Glial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced SMC6 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot SMC6 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, nuclear localisation, controls and cell level scoring before interpreting the chromogenic signal.
What retrieval conditions should I try when SMC6 staining is weak?
Start with heat mediated retrieval in citrate buffer at pH 6 for 20 minutes (datasheet A01554-1). The demonstrated mouse testis paraffin section was then blocked with 10% goat serum and incubated with 1 μg/ml catalog antibody overnight at 4°C (datasheet A01554-1). If staining remains weak, vary heating duration on adjacent sections while keeping antibody concentration and detection conditions fixed, and examine tissue integrity alongside signal (standard IHC practice). Include a no primary control and a testis reference section so stronger DAB development is not mistaken for improved antigen exposure (datasheet A01554-1; standard IHC practice).
How should I troubleshoot fixation when nuclear SMC6 staining is inconsistent?
The selected testis image documents paraffin sections but does not state a fixative, so target specific fixation sensitivity is unknown (datasheet A01554-1). Record the fixative, fixation duration and processing history for each section, then compare sections processed together before changing the antibody conditions (standard IHC practice). Apply the documented citrate pH 6, 20 minute retrieval and 1 μg/ml primary incubation consistently across that comparison (datasheet A01554-1). If nuclei stain unevenly, inspect section preservation and edge to center differences, and repeat with matched handling rather than assigning the pattern to an SMC6 specific fixation effect (standard IHC practice).
Which compartment should contain convincing SMC6 staining?
Prioritise nuclear staining: SMC6 is annotated in the nucleus, nuclear speckles, chromosomes and PML bodies, and HPA supports nucleoplasmic localisation by ICC/IF (UniProt Q96SB8; HPA subcellular). HPA tissue IHC reports both cytoplasmic and nuclear expression, but rates its staining reliability Uncertain (HPA tissue IHC). In the 1 μg/ml testis reference protocol, assess DAB against a nuclear counterstain and score nuclear and cytoplasmic signal separately (datasheet A01554-1; standard IHC practice). Treat cytoplasmic only or diffuse tissue wide colour cautiously until dilution, no primary and tissue integrity controls support it (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice).
Could isoforms or epitope accessibility explain discordant SMC6 staining?
SMC6 has 2 annotated isoforms, while the supplied antibody evidence does not identify its recognised epitope or establish isoform coverage (UniProt Q96SB8; datasheet A01554-1). It is a 1091 amino acid protein with no annotated transmembrane segment, signal peptide or propeptide, and a reported phosphoserine at residue 669 (UniProt Q96SB8). Those annotations alone cannot establish whether fixation, retrieval or phosphorylation changes this antibody's binding (UniProt Q96SB8; standard IHC practice). If staining differs across specimens, compare adjacent sections under the same citrate pH 6 retrieval, then seek epitope mapping or independent antibody evidence before attributing differences to an isoform (datasheet A01554-1; standard IHC practice).
How can IF help assess a questionable chromogenic SMC6 pattern?
Use a separate IF/ICC assay to assess whether signal overlaps nuclei and an independently validated marker of the expected cell population; the IHC caption supplies no IF protocol (HPA subcellular; datasheet A01554-1). HPA reports supported nucleoplasmic localisation and lists ICC/IF images from 3 cell lines (HPA subcellular). Choose a fluorophore whose emission is well separated from tissue autofluorescence, and include single label and no primary controls when multiplexing (standard IF practice). Because SMC6 has no transmembrane segment and is nuclear, permeabilise sufficiently to access the nuclear epitope, while recognising that its precise antibody epitope is unreported (UniProt Q96SB8; datasheet A01554-1; standard IF practice).
What should I adjust when SMC6 DAB staining is widespread?
First compare the stained section with a no primary control to distinguish primary dependent signal from secondary reagent, endogenous enzyme or chromogen background (standard IHC practice). The demonstrated workflow used 10% goat serum, a biotinylated secondary antibody, a streptavidin biotin detection complex and DAB (datasheet A01554-1). Include an appropriate endogenous peroxidase block and consider endogenous biotin controls for this detection chemistry, then check whether washes and DAB development time reduce diffuse colour (standard IHC practice). If background persists, titrate the 1 μg/ml primary condition against the testis reference and retain the concentration that preserves interpretable nuclear staining (datasheet A01554-1; standard IHC practice).
How should I score SMC6 across paraffin sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and nuclear scoring rule before reading DAB slides, because UniProt places SMC6 in nuclear compartments while HPA tissue IHC also reports cytoplasmic staining (UniProt Q96SB8; HPA tissue IHC). Report nuclear percent positive cells and, when intensity can be graded reproducibly, an H-score on its conventional 0–300 scale (standard IHC practice). For spatial comparisons, count positive nuclei per mm² and normalise to evaluable nuclei or the area of the same tissue compartment, excluding folds and damaged regions (standard IHC practice). Keep retrieval, counterstain, imaging settings and thresholds consistent; document cytoplasmic staining separately because HPA rates its tissue staining reliability Uncertain (datasheet A01554-1; HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice).
How can I separate true SMC6 signal from staining artefacts?
A credible result should include interpretable nuclear signal, consistent with supported nucleoplasmic localisation, while accounting for the cytoplasmic staining reported by HPA tissue IHC (HPA subcellular; HPA tissue IHC). The supplied testis caption demonstrates staining in mouse testis paraffin sections, and HPA reports medium staining in cells of seminiferous ducts, but its tissue reliability is Uncertain (datasheet A01554-1; HPA tissue IHC). Compare the expected cells with nearby unstained cells and a no primary control under the same pH 6 retrieval conditions (datasheet A01554-1; standard IHC practice). Distrust staining confined to section edges or necrotic areas, or colour attributable to endogenous peroxidase or biotin detection background (standard IHC practice).
Boster reagents
Best SMC6 / Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 6 IHC Antibodies
The catalog shows SMC6 IHC images from paraffin sections of human, mouse and rat tissue, plus IF/ICC images from human cell lines (catalog IHC and IF captions).
Real IHC data
Anti-SMC6L1 Antibody ®
Cat # A01554-1
Real IHC data
Anti-SMC6 Antibody ®
Cat # A01554-2
A01554-1 will render with a mouse testis paraffin-section IHC image; its catalog also shows human and rat testis IHC images and A431 cell IF/ICC (A01554-1 image captions). A01554-2 will render with a human breast cancer paraffin-section IHC image; its catalog also shows A549 cell IF/ICC and human breast cancer tissue IF (A01554-2 image captions).
Which to pick: For paraffin-section IHC, choose A01554-1 for testis across human, mouse and rat (A01554-1 IHC captions: citrate retrieval, pH 6), or A01554-2 for human breast cancer tissue (A01554-2 IHC caption: EDTA retrieval, pH 8.0). For IF/ICC, both have cell images: A01554-1 in A431 cells and A01554-2 in A549 cells (catalog IF captions). A01554-1 has broader listed species reactivity (catalog: Human, Mouse, Rat; A01554-2: Human, Rat); clonality and the fixative used for either paraffin-section IHC image are unreported (catalog clone fields and IHC captions).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q96SB8 (SMC6_HUMAN, Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 6).
- Human Protein Atlas. SMC6 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Uncertain).
- Human Protein Atlas. SMC6 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Localized to the nucleoplasm..
- Human Protein Atlas. SMC6 antibody validation summary (3 antibodies).
- Role for rodent Smc6 in pericentromeric heterochromatin domains during spermatogonial differentiation and meiosis. Cell death & disease 2013 — PMC3763431.
- SMC6 expression & outcome of breast cancer. The Indian journal of medical research 2025 — PMC12826375.
- PubMed PMID:11408570 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:11230166 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for SMC6 (Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 6). Expected localisation Observed nuclear and cytoplasmic staining (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: Citrate pH 6 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A01554-1). Validated IHC antibody: A01554-1 at 0.5-1μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Gallbladder (Glandular cells); negative Adipose tissue. IHC workflow; specimen preparation unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded mouse testis tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A01554-1); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A01554-1); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: Citrate pH 6 , 20 min (datasheet A01554-1); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A01554-1); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-SMC6, 0.5-1μg/ml (datasheet A01554-1); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A01554-1). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A01554-1); Caveat: Tissue staining reliability is uncertain (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: 2 isoforms; epitope coverage unreported (UniProt); Regulation: Strong in testis; widely expressed (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt Q96SB8, HPA tissue IHC · Uncertain, HPA ICC-IF · nucleoplasm., Datasheet A01554-1, PMC3763431, PMC12826375. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/SMC6/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.