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ALDOC / Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase C · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for ALDOC
Plan chromogenic ALDOC IHC in paraffin sections around selective cytoplasmic staining in subsets of neurons and glia (HPA tissue IHC). Start with 2–5 μg/ml catalog antibody (datasheet A05296-1), and compare positive cerebellar white matter processes with negative adipocytes (HPA tissue IHC).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
ALDOC Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Cytoplasmic in subsets of neurons and glial cells (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Selective cytoplasmic staining in neurons and glia (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A05296-1) | |
| Positive control | Caudate+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A05296-1) | |
| Caveat | Adjacent cells may be negative because staining is subset restricted (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Brain and retina group enriched RNA (HPA tissue RNA) | |
| Isoform / epitope | No isoforms annotated; one 1–364 chain (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended ALDOC IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody protocol uses EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval (datasheet: A05296-1). The published IHC protocols below cover glioblastoma, colorectal cancer and gastric cancer tissue (PMC6770576; PMC12168302; PMC11565221).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded rat brain tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A05296-1) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A05296-1); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A05296-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A05296-1) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-ALDOC, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A05296-1) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A05296-1) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet A05296-1) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | ALDOC-positive staining in glial cells of caudate (HPA tissue IHC: Medium). HPA tissue profile: Selective cytoplasmic expression in subsets of neurons and glial cells. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval for the catalog antibody (datasheet: A05296-1); the published protocols also document TRIS-EDTA pH 8.0 and citrate retrieval (PMC6770576; PMC12168302; PMC11565221).
Section 2
What Is the Expected ALDOC Staining Pattern?
In paraffin section IHC, expect selective cytoplasmic ALDOC staining in subsets of neurons and glial cells, with medium staining reported in specific brain cell populations and late spermatids (HPA tissue IHC: Enhanced reliability). ALDOC has no annotated transmembrane segment, consistent with a nonmembrane pattern (UniProt P09972 topology). Nuclear staining reported by ICC-IF needs separate interpretation (HPA subcellular ICC-IF).
| Selected neurons or glial cells show cytoplasmic staining; nearby cells remain weaker or unstained. | This fits the selective pattern reported in tissue sections (HPA tissue IHC: Enhanced reliability). Medium glial staining is documented in caudate, cerebral cortex and hippocampus; cerebellar white matter processes are also medium (HPA tissue IHC). Score the stained cell population and compartment, not just whether the whole section looks positive. |
| A paraffin section shows strong nuclear or membrane rim staining with little cytoplasmic signal. | This differs from the reported tissue IHC pattern and calls for a specificity check (HPA tissue IHC: selective cytoplasmic expression; UniProt P09972 topology: no transmembrane segment). Nuclear localisation is reported separately in ICC-IF, so nuclear signal alone is not proof of an ALDOC artefact across applications (HPA subcellular ICC-IF). |
| Cells outside the expected positive population stain as strongly as the selected brain cells. | Check for cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity before assigning the signal to ALDOC (HPA tissue IHC: selective neuronal and glial expression; general chromogenic IHC practice). A useful contrast is adipocytes in adipose tissue or adrenal glandular cells, both reported as not detected; these are cell-specific observations, not claims that every cell in those tissues is negative (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Color spreads across most cells, extracellular spaces or the entire section without clear cell boundaries. | Treat this as background until a matched negative control and detection controls support specificity (general chromogenic IHC practice). Uniform haze does not reproduce the selective cytoplasmic pattern reported for tissue IHC (HPA tissue IHC). Inspect blocking, washes and detection chemistry before interpreting weak regional differences as ALDOC. |
| No staining appears in a section containing the reported positive cell population. | First confirm that the sampled area contains the relevant glial cells, white matter processes or late spermatids (HPA tissue IHC). A negative slide cannot establish absence of ALDOC if tissue sampling, antibody performance or the chromogenic detection run has failed (general IHC practice). Compare with a known-positive section processed in the same run. |
💡Expected ALDOC appearanceCall a paraffin section positive when selected neurons or glial cells show clear cytoplasmic staining, often medium in the listed brain populations, while uniform haze or dominant membrane rim staining remains suspect (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P09972 topology).
| Cell population and sampling | ALDOC tissue staining is selective, and the listed medium signals occur in specified glial cells, cerebellar white matter processes and elongated or late spermatids (HPA tissue IHC). Sample the relevant structures before treating a negative field as a failed stain. Small intestine enterocytes are listed as low, so they offer a weaker comparison (HPA tissue IHC). |
| IHC versus ICC-IF compartment | IF/ICC Q: Does nuclear signal contradict the tissue IHC pattern? A: HPA reports approved nucleoplasm and nucleoli fibrillar center localisation, with additional vesicle and cytosol localisation, in ICC-IF (HPA subcellular ICC-IF). Interpret that evidence within its application; the reported paraffin tissue pattern remains selective and cytoplasmic (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Antibody validation | HPA lists Enhanced IHC validation for HPA003282 and CAB020828, and Supported IHC validation for HPA067442 (HPA antibodies). Enhanced reflects agreement between staining and orthogonal evidence or independent antibodies; it supports the reported pattern but does not validate every new antibody, tissue preparation or detection run (HPA tissue IHC; HPA antibodies). |
| Protein topology and processing | ALDOC has no annotated transmembrane segment or signal peptide, and its annotated chain spans residues 1–364 (UniProt P09972 topology and processing). A membrane rim or secreted extracellular pattern therefore needs independent support. These annotations do not establish which epitope a particular antibody recognizes or how retrieval affects it. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| The known-positive brain section has no visible signal. | The field may miss the reported positive cells or processes; an unsuccessful staining run is another possibility (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Confirm the sampled region and cell identity, then check the run control and antibody and detection steps. Review antigen retrieval as a general paraffin IHC variable; no ALDOC-specific retrieval or fixation sensitivity is established by the supplied sources. |
| The slide has broad brown haze. | Nonspecific binding, insufficient washing or chromogenic detection background can obscure a selective pattern (general IHC practice). | Compare a negative control, review blocking and washes, and shorten or adjust detection development as appropriate. Accept ALDOC staining only where cell boundaries and cytoplasmic localisation can be judged against the HPA tissue pattern (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Many unexpected cells are positive. | Cross-reactivity or endogenous enzyme activity may contribute, depending on the chromogenic detection system (general IHC practice). | Check a negative control and an appropriate endogenous activity block for the detection chemistry. Compare the same cell type with HPA observations; its not-detected entries apply to named cells, such as adipocytes, rather than entire tissues (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Only nuclei or cell borders are strongly stained in paraffin IHC. | The result diverges from the selective cytoplasmic tissue IHC profile (HPA tissue IHC). ICC-IF nuclear localisation does not by itself validate this paraffin section result (HPA subcellular ICC-IF). | Review controls, tissue morphology and detection background, then repeat with an independently validated IHC antibody if available (HPA antibodies: two listed as IHC Enhanced). Record the application when comparing localisation results. |
| An expected negative comparison shows faint staining. | Weak background may overlap with a low signal; HPA reports low staining in small intestine enterocytes but no detection in several specifically named cell populations (HPA tissue IHC). | Compare intensity and compartment with the run controls and a known-positive population. Score the specified cell type rather than declaring the whole comparison tissue positive or negative (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| An ICC-IF image appears nuclear while the IHC section appears cytoplasmic. | The supplied application records report different patterns: approved nuclear locations in ICC-IF and selective cytoplasmic staining in tissue IHC (HPA subcellular ICC-IF; HPA tissue IHC). | Report each result with its application and controls. For the paraffin IHC decision, use the tissue IHC pattern; assess the ICC-IF image against its own nuclear, vesicle and cytosol annotations (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular ICC-IF). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing ALDOC staining
A05296-1 · IHCIHC analysis of Aldolase C/ALDOC using anti-Aldolase C/ALDOC antibody (A05296-1). Aldolase C/ALDOC was detected in a paraffin-embedded secti
A05296-1 · IHCIHC analysis of Aldolase C/ALDOC using anti-Aldolase C/ALDOC antibody (A05296-1). Aldolase C/ALDOC was detected in a paraffin-embedded secti
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000109107-ALDOC/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_5849016
HPA · CerebellumHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebellum. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000109107-ALDOC/tissue/cerebellum#imid_5849027
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000109107-ALDOC/tissue/colon#imid_5848958
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000109107-ALDOC/tissue/liver#imid_5848943
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA003282; green = ALDOC, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA003282; green = ALDOC, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for ALDOC IHC & IF
🧪Run caudate first and score glial cells for staining (HPA: Medium in caudate glial cells). Use adipose tissue as the negative tissue, focusing on adipocytes (HPA: Not detected in adipocytes); on the caudate slide, neighboring cells without specific chromogen should show counterstain alone, but they are background comparators rather than a validated ALDOC-negative cell population (HPA: Medium in glial cells).
Positive control tissue: Caudate (Glial cells, HPA Medium)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show ALDOC in A-431, U-251MG, U2OS, with annotated localisation: Nucleoplasm (approved), Nucleoli fibrillar center (approved) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only section and a concentration-matched rabbit IgG isotype control alongside a biological negative such as ALDOC knockout tissue, if available (caption: rabbit primary antibody). Quench endogenous peroxidase in brain sections before HRP/DAB detection (caption: rat brain section with HRP/DAB detection).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the selected A05296-1 caption does not state the fixative (selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption: fixative not stated). The caption uses heat-mediated retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 for a paraffin-embedded rat brain section, but it does not establish that retrieval is required (selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption: EDTA retrieval, pH 8.0). Whether frozen sections or IF are easier is unreported; control endogenous peroxidase when interpreting brain staining developed with HRP/DAB (selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption: rat brain, HRP/DAB).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for ALDOC
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — High consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caudate | Glial cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebellum | Processes in white matter | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebral cortex | Glial cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Hippocampus | Glial cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Testis | Elongated or late spermatids | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Endocrine cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced ALDOC IHC Tips
Troubleshoot ALDOC staining in paraffin section IHC using the catalog antibody’s rat brain example and cell specific reference patterns (datasheet A05296-1; HPA tissue IHC).
Which retrieval conditions should I try first for weak ALDOC staining in paraffin sections?
Start with heat mediated EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 for paraffin sections (datasheet A05296-1). The catalog antibody detected ALDOC in rat brain after this retrieval, followed by 10% goat serum blocking and 2 μg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C (datasheet A05296-1). If staining is weak, check that sections were fully deparaffinised and that the retrieval bath reached its intended temperature before changing conditions (standard IHC practice). Compare any adjusted retrieval time on adjacent sections, keeping detection and exposure to DAB constant so a stronger signal can be distinguished from increased background (standard IHC practice).
Could fixation explain weak or uneven ALDOC staining?
ALDOC specific sensitivity to fixation is unknown because the selected tissue IHC caption does not state a fixative (datasheet A05296-1). Record the specimen’s actual fixative, fixation interval and processing history before attributing weak staining to the antibody or retrieval step (standard IHC practice). Compare sections from specimens with documented, consistent processing while holding EDTA at pH 8.0, 2 μg/ml primary antibody and DAB development constant (datasheet A05296-1; standard IHC practice). If staining differs between batches, inspect morphology and internal positive areas, then test a processing adjustment on matched material; neither HPA staining patterns nor ALDOC’s annotated modifications establish a target specific fixation effect (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P09972).
How should I assess cytoplasmic and nuclear ALDOC signals in brain sections?
Expect selective cytoplasmic staining in subsets of neurons and glial cells when assessing tissue IHC (HPA tissue IHC). Medium staining in glial cells is reported in caudate, cerebral cortex and hippocampus, while cerebellar white matter processes are also reported positive (HPA tissue IHC). Review those cellular and process patterns alongside morphology and a counterstain, and score diffuse staining that ignores cell boundaries cautiously (standard IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC). Nuclear signal needs separate validation: ICC/IF records approved nucleoplasm and nucleolar fibrillar center locations, but that observation does not establish a nuclear pattern for paraffin section IHC (HPA subcellular; HPA tissue IHC).
How can I investigate suspected ALDOC epitope loss or aldolase cross reactivity?
The supplied record lists one ALDOC chain spanning residues 1–364 and no annotated isoforms, but it does not identify this antibody’s epitope (UniProt P09972; datasheet A05296-1). ALDOC has no annotated transmembrane segment and has several reported modified residues, including phosphoserines at 36, 39 and 45 (UniProt P09972). Those annotations alone cannot show whether retrieval, processing or a modification masks the antibody binding site (UniProt P09972; standard IHC practice). If specificity is uncertain, compare staining with a second antibody whose epitope is documented and assess appropriate positive and negative tissue compartments; do not assign aldolase isoform specificity from the staining pattern alone (standard IHC practice).
How should I adapt the ALDOC question to multiplex IF?
For multiplex IF, pair ALDOC with a marker that identifies the expected neuronal or glial population, then assess colocalisation at the cell level (HPA tissue IHC; standard IF practice). Select a fluorophore whose emission can be separated from the tissue’s autofluorescence, and include unstained and single stain controls before interpreting weak channels (standard IF practice). Plan permeabilisation around the compartment being examined: ALDOC has no annotated transmembrane segment, while ICC/IF observations include nucleoplasm, nucleolar fibrillar center, vesicles and cytosol (UniProt P09972; HPA subcellular). Test access to intracellular epitopes with a controlled permeabilisation comparison, and establish fixation conditions within the IF assay because the supplied evidence gives no ALDOC specific IF fixation condition (standard IF practice; HPA subcellular).
What should I check when DAB obscures ALDOC positive cells?
First compare the stained section with a no primary control to assess secondary reagent binding and endogenous peroxidase activity (standard IHC practice). Apply a peroxidase block before HRP detection and review blocking, washing and DAB development if pigment spreads beyond recognizable cells (standard IHC practice). The catalog rat brain example used 10% goat serum, 2 μg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C, and a peroxidase conjugated secondary for 30 minutes at 37°C (datasheet A05296-1). Adjust one variable at a time against the reported selective cytoplasmic neuronal and glial pattern, so lower background does not simply erase plausible ALDOC signal (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice).
How can I score ALDOC IHC across heterogeneous brain regions? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the region of interest and cell class before scoring because ALDOC tissue staining is selective across neuronal and glial subsets (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). For cellular staining, report the percentage of positive cells and a prespecified intensity score, or calculate an H score from the fraction of cells at each intensity (standard IHC practice). For white matter processes, measure positive area or staining density per mm² of eligible tissue rather than forcing process staining into a cell count (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). Normalize comparisons to the same sampled region, eligible cell population or tissue area, and hold retrieval, DAB development and image analysis thresholds constant (standard IHC practice).
When is an unexpected ALDOC positive pattern likely to be artefactual?
A convincing brain IHC pattern should be evaluated against selective cytoplasmic staining in neuronal and glial subsets, including reported glial staining in caudate, cortex and hippocampus (HPA tissue IHC). Widespread nuclear staining deserves additional validation because the tissue IHC profile is cytoplasmic, although nuclear locations appear in separate ICC/IF observations (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular). Treat signal confined to section edges, damaged or necrotic areas, or regions without intact cell morphology cautiously, and compare it with a no primary control (standard IHC practice). Check endogenous peroxidase before calling diffuse DAB signal ALDOC positive, and use the reported negative adipocytes or respiratory epithelial cells only when those compartments are present in the examined material (standard IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC).
Boster reagents
Best ALDOC / Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase C IHC Antibodies
A05296-1 has IHC images from paraffin-embedded rat and human brain sections (catalog IHC image captions). Its listed reactivity covers Human, Mouse and Rat (catalog reactivity).
Real IHC data
Anti-Aldolase C/ALDOC Antibody ®
Cat # A05296-1
A05296-1 will render with its own rat brain paraffin-section IHC figure (card image_alt). A separate caption documents human brain paraffin-section IHC; the application list includes IHC, and the reactivity list includes Human, Mouse and Rat (catalog IHC image_alts; catalog applications; catalog reactivity).
Which to pick: For tissue IHC, choose A05296-1: it is a rabbit polyclonal listed for IHC, with images from paraffin-embedded rat and human brain sections; the fixative is unreported (catalog host; catalog dilution_raw; catalog applications; catalog IHC image captions). There is no payload-supported IF/ICC pick because A05296-1 has no listed IF application or IF images (catalog applications; catalog if_image_alts). For cross-species planning, A05296-1 lists Human, Mouse and Rat reactivity, but its IHC images show rat and human brain only (catalog reactivity; catalog IHC image_alts).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry P09972 (ALDOC_HUMAN, Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase C).
- Human Protein Atlas. ALDOC tissue IHC expression (reliability: Enhanced).
- Human Protein Atlas. ALDOC subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the nucleoplasm and nucleoli fibrillar center. In addition localized to vesicles and cytosol..
- Human Protein Atlas. ALDOC antibody validation summary (3 antibodies).
- Enrichment of Aldolase C Correlates with Low Non-Mutated IDH1 Expression and Predicts a Favorable Prognosis in Glioblastomas. Cancers 2019 — PMC6770576.
- ALDOC and PGK1 coordinately induce glucose metabolism reprogramming and promote development of colorectal cancer. Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) 2025 — PMC12168302.
- Fructose-bisphosphate Aldolase C Expression is Associated with Poor Prognosis and Stemness in Gastric Cancer. Acta histochemica et cytochemica 2024 — PMC11565221.
- Region-Restrict Astrocytes Exhibit Heterogeneous Susceptibility to Neuronal Reprogramming. Stem cell reports 2019 — PMC6373495.
- PubMed PMID:3105602 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:3267224 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:2209624 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for ALDOC (Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase C). Expected localisation Cytoplasmic in subsets of neurons and glial cells (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A05296-1). Validated IHC antibody: A05296-1 at 2-5 μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Caudate (Glial cells); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded rat brain tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A05296-1); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A05296-1); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A05296-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A05296-1); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-ALDOC, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A05296-1); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A05296-1). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A05296-1); Caveat: Adjacent cells may be negative because staining is subset restricted (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: No isoforms annotated; one 1–364 chain (UniProt); Regulation: Brain and retina group enriched RNA (HPA tissue RNA). Evidence: UniProt P09972, HPA tissue IHC · Enhanced, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the nucleoplasm and nucleoli fibrillar center.…, Datasheet A05296-1, PMC6770576, PMC12168302. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/ALDOC/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.