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- Table of Contents
1 Citations 17 Q&As
Facts about Beclin 1-associated autophagy-related key regulator.
Plays a role in autophagosome formation and MAP1LC3/LC3 conjugation to phosphatidylethanolamine (PubMed:19270696, PubMed:20713597). Promotes BECN1 translocation from the trans-Golgi system to autophagosomes (PubMed:20713597).
Human | |
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Gene Name: | ATG14 |
Uniprot: | Q6ZNE5 |
Entrez: | 22863 |
Belongs to: |
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ATG14 family |
ATG14 Autophagy Related 14 Homolog (S. Cerevisiae); ATG14 Autophagy Related 14 Homolog; ATG14L; Autophagy Related 14; Autophagy-Related Protein 14-Like Protein; Barkor; Beclin 1-Associated Autophagy-Related Key Regulator; Beclin 1-interacting protein; KIAA0831
Mass (kDA):
55.309 kDA
Human | |
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Location: | 14q22.3 |
Sequence: | 14; NC_000014.9 (55366391..55411830, complement) |
Cytoplasm. Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. Preautophagosomal structure membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. Cytoplasmic vesicle, autophagosome membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. Cytosolic under nutrient-rich conditions (PubMed:19050071). Following autophagy stimuli, such as starvation or rapamycin induction, predominantly detected in cytoplasmic foci, identified as isolation membranes and autophagosomes (PubMed:19050071). Accumulates on highly curved PtdIns(3)P enriched autophagic membrane via its BATS domain to sense and maintain membrane curvature (By simil
This article will discuss the Biography and methods behind the use Boster Bio. Learn about SiRNA duplexes and how they are used to produce Boster Bio Products. PicoKine, a proprietary ELISA tool used by BosterBio, is the platform that BosterBio uses. It uses trade secrets to create high-sensitivity ELISA Kits. Boster Bio has more information about this technology.
Boster bio siRNA Duplexes have a high target affinity and are highly stable. This allows for higher tumor exposure. These duplexes are also useful for intracellular delivery of cytotoxic drugs. The siRNAs by boster bio contain three siRNAs, each targeting a different gene. Boster Bio created these siRNAs using a unique approach that combines unique molecules to create highly potent nanoparticles.
To generate these siRNAs, the starting rules included 30 mRNAs and siRNA candidates for each gene. These siRNAs were selected based on their position within the open reading frames, 3'UTR and CDS. They were the first unique candidate. The siRNAs could then be provided as single candidates, or in pools. The siRNAs of P1 (and P2) were designed to target CDS.
Table 1 displays the nucleotide positions (for each siRNA complex) Table 1 lists the nucleotide positions in each siRNA-duplex. They are displayed as solid lines or dashed line with percentages. This is important information when assessing the knockdown efficiency of siRNA. The number of siRNAs per genome is one of the most important factors that affect gene knockdown. One study revealed that a single siRNA duplex can knock down three genes in different ways.
The effectiveness of siRNAs varies among types. Boster Bio siRNA Duplexes target 30 genes. Most were more than half-effective. Several siRNA duplexes induced seventy-five percent knockdown (KD), and one achieved 80% KD. The knockdown of 22 genes could also be assessed by quantitative real-PCR, immunoblot analysis and other methods, depending on the reagents used.
Table 2 shows the initial number of siRNA molecules in a cell. These numbers are for comparison only and are based on one cell instance. Table 2 also includes values for mRNA/dsRNA concentrations in time. Figures 6 and 7 show how the mRNA levels of blunted siRNAs and two-nt-overhang siRNAs vary significantly over three hours. In the same way, a blunt-ended siRNA can only accumulate up to 250 molecules in three hours.
There are many different methods to detect proteins in cells and tissue, but one of the most common is immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemistry uses antibodies to visualize the distribution and location of specific cellular elements. Researchers optimize sample preparation and staining processes to ensure that the assay will produce a robust signal that can be interpreted. Here are some examples of effective immunohistochemistry. Boster Bio stocks all the methods listed above.
The ATG14 genes is an important marker of autophagy. It colocalizes well with other autophagic genes and regulates the autophagosome's activity. Boster's greatest uses is ATG14–GFP. It can be found in various tissues and has a high specificity for this protein. It is important to understand its function because it has many uses. Let's take a look a few of these applications.
Autophagy is linked to the ATG14 gene (also known as p634). It can signal that the cell is expressing autophagy proteins LC3 (or p62) when it is expressed. This gene can be found throughout many tissues, even those affected by aging and cancer. ATG14 activity, when phosphorylated is a sign that there is autophagy. The gene can also serve as a biomarker of altered autophagy signaling, which is useful in a variety of diseases.
The ATG14 gene encodes beclin-1's function-controlling protein. This gene is located in curved autophagic membrane. It is enriched in BATS domain. Molecular studies have shown that hAtg14 regulates the ubiquitin-like proteins-1 (ubiquitin ligase). It also regulates protein autophagic fusion.
Fluoride inhibits autophagosome-lysosome fusion by blocking the interaction of ATG14 with the SNARE complex. Upregulation of ATG14 is protective against developmental fluoride neurotoxicity. This marker is a promising biomarker in epidemiological research. Additionally, it has protective effects against fluoride-induced neurotoxicity in developmental neurons. But, further research is needed in order to determine the function of this gene in humans.
PMID: 18843052 by Itakura E., et al. Beclin 1 forms two distinct phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complexes with mammalian Atg14 and UVRAG.
PMID: 19050071 by Sun Q., et al. Identification of Barkor as a mammalian autophagy-specific factor for Beclin 1 and class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.
*More publications can be found for each product on its corresponding product page