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CAV2 / Caveolin-2 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for CAV2
Plan chromogenic CAV2 staining in paraffin sections using adipocytes and endothelial cells as positive tissue benchmarks (HPA tissue IHC). Start with the catalog antibody at 0.5–1 μg/mL and score staining by cell type (datasheet A01574; HPA tissue IHC).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
CAV2 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Caveolar membrane expected (UniProt); tissue compartment unreported (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Adipocytes, endothelium, pneumocytes, squamous basal cells (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A01574) | |
| Positive control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Appendix+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep paraffin-section fixation consistent (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A01574) | |
| Caveat | Adipocyte and endothelial staining can complicate cell-specific scoring (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Insulin may shift nuclear signal (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 3 isoforms; cytoplasmic topology; epitope coverage unknown (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended CAV2 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol is accompanied by a published CAV2 protocol using human HNSCC paraffin sections (PMC9481523).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human rectal cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A01574) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A01574); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A01574); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A01574) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-CAV2, 0.5-1μg/ml (datasheet A01574) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A01574) |
| Detection | Streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC), DAB chromogen (datasheet A01574) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | CAV2-positive staining in adipocytes of adipose tissue (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Distinct expression in adipocytes, endothelial cells, pneumocytes and basal cells of squamous epithelia. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 (datasheet A01574); the published HNSCC protocol used boiling sodium citrate for 3 min (PMC9481523).
Section 2
What Is the Expected CAV2 Staining Pattern?
CAV2 is a caveolar membrane protein with cytoplasmic-facing regions; UniProt also lists cytoplasmic, Golgi and conditional nuclear locations (UniProt P51636 topology; subcellular location). In paraffin sections, look for staining in adipocytes, endothelial cells, pneumocytes and basal cells of squamous epithelia (HPA tissue IHC profile). HPA rates the tissue pattern Enhanced, citing agreement between staining and RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC reliability).
| Adipocytes show clear cell-edge staining, with staining also visible in endothelial cells. | This fits the expected cell types and a membrane-associated pattern (HPA tissue IHC profile; UniProt P51636 subcellular location). Adipocytes are rated High in adipose tissue and breast (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Staining includes cytoplasmic or punctate signal alongside a membrane-associated pattern. | Cytoplasmic and Golgi membrane locations are annotated (UniProt P51636 subcellular location). Assess the stained cell type and overall pattern before calling this an artefact; HPA reports vesicles in ICC-IF, a separate application (HPA subcellular ICC-IF). |
| Most cells show only strong, uniform nuclear staining, without a membrane-associated pattern. | Treat this as discordant and check specificity (UniProt P51636 subcellular location; standard IHC practice). Nuclear translocation is described for the Tyr-19-phosphorylated form after insulin stimulation by similarity; it does not establish widespread nuclear staining in routine tissue IHC (UniProt P51636). |
| Hematopoietic cells in bone marrow or glandular cells in appendix stain strongly. | These cells are listed as Not detected (HPA tissue IHC). Check for antibody cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity before assigning CAV2 expression (standard IHC practice). Nearby positive cell types should be assessed separately (HPA tissue IHC profile). |
| Diffuse color covers cells and tissue spaces, or adipocytes in adipose tissue show no signal. | Diffuse color obscures localisation and suggests background (standard IHC practice). Absent adipocyte staining conflicts with the High adipose-tissue observation (HPA tissue IHC); review the assay and controls before interpreting a negative result (standard IHC practice). |
💡Expected CAV2 appearanceCall a result consistent with CAV2 when High adipocyte staining includes a membrane-associated pattern; uniform nuclear-only staining or strong signal in HPA Not detected cells warrants investigation (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P51636 subcellular location).
| Cell and tissue selection | Adipocytes in adipose tissue provide a documented High reference; bone-marrow hematopoietic cells are Not detected (HPA tissue IHC). These labels describe observed cell populations, so score those populations rather than treating an entire section as uniformly positive or negative (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). |
| Membrane topology | CAV2 has no annotated transmembrane segment; residues 1–86 and 108–162 face the cytoplasm in a potential membrane hairpin (UniProt P51636 topology). This supports membrane-associated localisation but does not identify the catalog antibody's epitope or establish an antigen-retrieval requirement (UniProt P51636 topology). |
| Conditional localisation | UniProt assigns different locations to phosphorylated forms: Tyr-27 in cytoplasm and plasma membrane, Ser-23 at plasma membrane, and Ser-36 in intracellular compartments (UniProt P51636 subcellular location). The record does not show which forms the IHC antibody detects, so these annotations cannot predict a fixed staining ratio. |
| Antibody evidence and variants | HPA lists IHC as Supported for HPA044810 and Enhanced for CAB013488; those ratings apply to the respective antibodies (HPA antibodies). UniProt lists alpha, beta and C isoforms, but the supplied evidence does not map either antibody to an isoform-specific epitope (UniProt P51636 isoforms; HPA antibodies). |
| IF/ICC Q: Is a vesicular pattern expected? | A: HPA reports vesicles as the approved ICC-IF location and lists images from A-431, A-549 and U2OS (HPA subcellular ICC-IF). That observation informs IF/ICC interpretation; it does not replace the tissue IHC cell-type pattern or provide an IF protocol (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular ICC-IF). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Adipose-tissue adipocytes have no detectable signal. | This disagrees with their High HPA staining level; the cause cannot be assigned from that observation alone (HPA tissue IHC). | Confirm that the adipocytes are identifiable, then check the IHC-validated antibody's instructions and the primary and detection controls (standard IHC practice). |
| All tissue compartments have pale, diffuse chromogen. | Nonspecific reagent binding or endogenous detection activity may obscure the cell pattern (standard IHC practice). | Inspect a no-primary control and the detection blank; review blocking and washes before scoring cells (standard IHC practice). |
| Strong signal appears in bone-marrow hematopoietic cells. | That population is Not detected in the HPA tissue record; cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity is possible (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). | Compare a no-primary control and an HPA-positive tissue processed alongside it; resolve the unexpected signal before calling it CAV2 (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). |
| Signal is confined to nuclei across several cell types. | UniProt describes conditional nuclear localisation for a phosphorylated form by similarity, but this broad pattern needs verification (UniProt P51636 subcellular location). | Recheck localisation in documented positive cell populations and review control staining before accepting a nuclear-only result (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). |
| A section looks negative despite an apparently working chromogen reaction. | The scored population may be a documented low or Not detected population; soft-tissue fibroblasts are Low in the HPA record (HPA tissue IHC). | Identify the exact cell population and compare it with adipocytes in adipose tissue as a High reference (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Two antibodies produce different staining distributions. | HPA gives HPA044810 and CAB013488 different IHC validation statuses; their epitope and isoform coverage are unspecified here (HPA antibodies; UniProt P51636 isoforms). | Compare staining in the same documented positive and Not detected cell populations, and retain each antibody's result with its own controls (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing CAV2 staining
A01574 · IHCIHC analysis of Caveolin-2/CAV2 using anti Caveolin-2/CAV2 antibody (A01574). Caveolin-2/CAV2 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of h
A01574 · IHCIHC analysis of Caveolin-2/CAV2 using anti Caveolin-2/CAV2 antibody (A01574). Caveolin-2/CAV2 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of m
A01574 · IFIF analysis of Caveolin-2/CAV2 using anti-Caveolin-2/CAV2 antibody (A01574). Caveolin-2/CAV2 was detected in immunocytochemical section of A
PB9166 · IHCIHC analysis of Caveolin-2 using anti-Caveolin-2 antibody (PB9166). Caveolin-2 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human rectal can
PB9166 · IHCIHC analysis of Caveolin-2 using anti-Caveolin-2 antibody (PB9166). Caveolin-2 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of rat lung tissue.
PB9166 · IFIF analysis of Caveolin-2 using anti-Caveolin-2 antibody (PB9166). Caveolin-2 was detected in immunocytochemical section of A549 cells. Enzy
PA1540 · IHCAnti-Caveolin-2 antibody, PA1540, IHC(P) IHC(P): Human Lung Cancer Tissue
PA1540 · IHCAnti-Caveolin-2 antibody, PA1540, IHC(P) IHC(P): Rat Cardiac Muscle Tissue
M01574 · IHCImmunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human colon, using Caveolin-2 Antibody.
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000105971-CAV2/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_13369247
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000105971-CAV2/tissue/colon#imid_13371685
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000105971-CAV2/tissue/liver#imid_13371678
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000105971-CAV2/tissue/kidney#imid_13371679
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA044810; green = CAV2, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA044810; green = CAV2, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for CAV2 IHC & IF
🧪Run adipose tissue first and require staining in adipocytes (HPA: High in adipocytes). Use appendix glandular cells as the negative tissue control (HPA: Not detected in glandular cells); HPA does not identify a negative cell type within the adipose section, so treat cells there that lack signal above control background as candidate internal negatives rather than assigning a cell type.
Positive control tissue: Adipose tissue (Adipocytes, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Appendix (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show CAV2 in A-431, A-549, U2OS, with annotated localisation: Vesicles (approved) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only control and a host- and class-matched rabbit IgG control (caption: rabbit primary antibody). Confirm specificity with CAV2 knockout tissue or cells processed alongside the sample; block endogenous peroxidase and assess endogenous biotin background when using the caption’s biotin–SABC/DAB detection (caption: biotinylated secondary, SABC and DAB).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the selected A01574 paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (caption: fixative unreported). The demonstrated paraffin IHC procedure uses heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0; whether retrieval is essential, or frozen sections or IF are easier, is unreported (caption: EDTA heat retrieval). In adipose tissue, distinguish cellular staining from signal over lipid spaces and from background detected by the control slides (HPA: High in adipocytes).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for CAV2
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — High consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Adipocytes | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bronchus | Respiratory epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cervix | Squamous epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Endometrium | Cells in endometrial stroma | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appendix | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Caudate | Glial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebellum | Cells in granular layer | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Duodenum | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced CAV2 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot CAV2 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, cell identity, compartment, and controls before comparing chromogenic signal across samples.
What retrieval should I start with when CAV2 staining is weak in paraffin sections?
Start with heat-mediated antigen retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 (datasheet A01574). The selected CAV2 tissue image used this retrieval before overnight primary incubation at 4°C, so keep retrieval consistent while checking antibody concentration and detection (datasheet A01574). Its caption reports 1 μg/ml primary antibody, goat serum blocking, and DAB development; these conditions provide a documented starting point for this antibody (datasheet A01574). Compare a known positive cell population and a no-primary control on the same run to distinguish weak antigen exposure from detection failure (HPA: high in adipocytes; standard IHC practice). If signal remains weak, optimise heating duration on matched sections while recording tissue damage and background (standard IHC practice).
How should I troubleshoot CAV2 staining when fixation history varies between blocks?
Treat CAV2-specific fixation sensitivity as unknown: the selected paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative, and no target-specific fixation comparison is supplied (datasheet A01574). Record each block’s fixative and processing history, then compare sections stained in the same run with the documented EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval (datasheet A01574; standard IHC practice). Include a consistently processed reference section and assess tissue preservation alongside signal, because damaged morphology limits interpretation of cell-specific staining (standard IHC practice). Do not assign differences to CAV2 phosphorylation or membrane topology without direct fixation evidence (UniProt P51636: modified residues and topology; standard IHC practice). Report unresolved block-to-block variation as a processing limitation when interpreting scores (standard IHC practice).
Which CAV2 staining compartments should count as plausible in tissue IHC?
Assess staining within identified cells before assigning a compartment: CAV2 is annotated at caveolae and cell membrane, Golgi membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus (UniProt P51636: subcellular location). Its membrane-associated region has a potential hairpin structure with cytoplasmic segments at residues 1–86 and 108–162, so a simple transmembrane pattern is not required (UniProt P51636: topology). Nuclear signal needs stronger corroboration because insulin-associated nuclear translocation is described for the Tyr-19-phosphorylated form by similarity (UniProt P51636: subcellular location). Compare the stained cell type and morphology with adjacent sections, and use no-primary controls to flag diffuse nuclear or stromal colour (standard IHC practice). HPA reports distinct staining in adipocytes and endothelial cells, supporting cell-level assessment (HPA: tissue IHC profile).
Can this IHC antibody distinguish CAV2 isoforms or phosphorylation states?
Do not interpret staining from the catalog antibody as isoform-specific without its epitope sequence and isoform coverage (UniProt P51636: Alpha, Beta, and C isoforms; datasheet A01574: tissue-IHC caption). CAV2 has 3 annotated isoforms and modified sites including Tyr-19, Ser-23, Tyr-27, and Ser-36, but the supplied caption does not establish phospho-specific recognition (UniProt P51636: isoforms and modified residues; datasheet A01574). Map any subsequently documented epitope against the isoform sequences before comparing cases (standard IHC practice). For a phosphorylation claim, use a site-specific reagent with appropriate validation and compare matched sections under the same retrieval conditions (standard IHC practice). Until then, score the chromogenic result as CAV2 immunoreactivity, with antibody specificity stated as a limitation (standard IHC practice).
How can IF help resolve ambiguous CAV2-positive cells in an IHC section?
Use the separate IF/ICC workflow to multiplex CAV2 with a marker for the cell population under review, such as an endothelial-cell marker when vessel-associated staining is in question (HPA: endothelial-cell expression; standard IF practice). Choose fluorophores after inspecting tissue autofluorescence and place the weaker signal in a spectrally cleaner channel (standard IF practice). Plan permeabilisation around the antibody’s mapped epitope: CAV2 has cytoplasmic segments at residues 1–86 and 108–162, but the supplied antibody caption does not identify its epitope (UniProt P51636: topology; datasheet A01574). Compare permeabilised and minimally permeabilised controls if epitope access is uncertain (standard IF practice). HPA reports vesicular IF localisation, which can inform comparison without replacing tissue cell identification (HPA: subcellular summary; standard IF practice).
What should I check when DAB background obscures CAV2 staining?
First compare a no-primary section with the stained section to identify colour arising from detection chemistry or tissue rather than primary-antibody binding (standard IHC practice). The selected image used 10% goat serum blocking, biotinylated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody, a streptavidin-biotin complex, and DAB (datasheet A01574). Check peroxidase blocking and reagent-only controls, and consider endogenous biotin when background follows the biotin-based detection route (standard IHC practice). If background rises with primary antibody, titrate around the documented 1 μg/ml condition and keep incubation and retrieval matched across sections (datasheet A01574; standard IHC practice). Judge residual colour against cell morphology because HPA reports CAV2 in several neighbouring cell populations (HPA: tissue IHC profile; standard IHC practice).
How should I quantify CAV2 IHC across samples with different cell mixtures? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the scored compartment and cell population before comparing slides; CAV2 expression in adipocytes and endothelial cells can change the apparent whole-section signal as their abundance changes (HPA: tissue IHC profile). For an identified cell population, report percent positive cells and an H-score from intensity grades 0–3, with a possible range of 0–300 (standard IHC practice). For sparse positive structures, report positive-cell or positive-area density per mm² of evaluable tissue instead (standard IHC practice). Normalise to the number or area of the relevant cells, record excluded necrotic and damaged regions, and use one staining and imaging setup per comparison (standard IHC practice). State whether membrane-associated, cytoplasmic, or nuclear signal entered the score (UniProt P51636: subcellular location; standard IHC practice).
How can I distinguish genuine CAV2 staining from a tissue artefact?
Call a result convincing when signal follows intact cells in a plausible compartment and agrees with an expected cell population, such as adipocytes or endothelial cells (UniProt P51636: subcellular location; HPA: tissue IHC profile). Inspect unexpected glandular staining carefully: HPA reports CAV2 as not detected in appendix and duodenal glandular cells (HPA: tissue IHC negative populations). Edge-only colour, necrotic regions, or widespread deposits that persist without primary antibody warrant an artefact check (standard IHC practice). Include a no-primary section and review peroxidase blocking when DAB appears independently of the primary antibody (standard IHC practice). Interpret isolated nuclear staining cautiously because the reported Tyr-19-associated nuclear route is conditional and described by similarity (UniProt P51636: subcellular location).
Boster reagents
Best CAV2 / Caveolin-2 IHC Antibodies
CAV2 IHC images cover human rectal cancer, colon and lung cancer, mouse and rat lung, and rat cardiac muscle; IF images cover A549 cells and human tissue (catalog image captions).
Real IHC data
Anti-Caveolin-2/CAV2 Antibody ®
Cat # A01574
Real IHC data
Anti-Caveolin-2/CAV2 Antibody ®
Cat # PB9166
Real IHC data
Anti-Caveolin-2/CAV2 Antibody ®
Cat # PA1540
Real IHC data
Anti-Caveolin-2 CAV2 Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody
Cat # M01574
A01574 has IHC images of human rectal cancer, mouse lung and rat lung, plus IF images of A549 cells and human intestinal cancer tissue; PB9166 has IHC images of human rectal cancer and rat lung, plus IF images of A549 cells and human rectal cancer tissue (respective image captions). PA1540 has IHC images of human lung cancer and rat cardiac muscle, while M01574 has a human colon IHC image; neither has an IF image in the payload (respective image captions).
Which to pick: For tissue IHC, A01574 and PB9166 provide paraffin-section examples with EDTA pH 8 retrieval and 1 μg/ml primary antibody; PA1540 and M01574 also have paraffin-section images, but their captions give less processing detail, and none of the four IHC captions reports the fixative (respective IHC captions). For IF/ICC, PB9166 lists 2 μg/ml and A01574 lists 4 μg/ml, each with A549 cell and human tissue IF images; M01574 lists IF/ICC without an IF image, while PA1540 does not list IF (catalog applications, dilutions and IF captions). For cross-species IHC, A01574 has human, mouse and rat paraffin-section images; PB9166 and PA1540 show human and rat sections, while M01574 is a human-reactive rabbit monoclonal, clone FD-3, with a human colon image (catalog reactivity, clone and respective IHC captions).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry P51636 (CAV2_HUMAN, Caveolin-2).
- Human Protein Atlas. CAV2 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Enhanced).
- Human Protein Atlas. CAV2 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Localized to vesicles..
- Human Protein Atlas. CAV2 antibody validation summary (2 antibodies).
- Caveolin 1 and Caveolin 2 are associated with breast cancer basal-like and triple-negative immunophenotype. British journal of cancer 2008 — PMC2480981.
- P/Q Type Calcium Channel Cav2.1 Defines a Unique Subset of Glomeruli in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience 2018 — PMC6131590.
- CAV2 promotes the invasion and metastasis of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas by regulating S100 proteins. Cell death discovery 2022 — PMC9481523.
- CAV2 promotes the growth of renal cell carcinoma through the EGFR/PI3K/Akt pathway. OncoTargets and therapy 2018 — PMC6163017.
- PubMed PMID:8552590 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:9361015 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:10218480 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for CAV2 (Caveolin-2). Expected localisation Caveolar membrane expected (UniProt); tissue compartment unreported (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A01574). Validated IHC antibody: A01574 at 0.5-1μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Adipose tissue (Adipocytes); negative Appendix. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human rectal cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A01574); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A01574); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A01574); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A01574); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-CAV2, 0.5-1μg/ml (datasheet A01574); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A01574). Watch for: Fixation: Keep paraffin-section fixation consistent (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A01574); Caveat: Adipocyte and endothelial staining can complicate cell-specific scoring (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: 3 isoforms; cytoplasmic topology; epitope coverage unknown (UniProt); Regulation: Insulin may shift nuclear signal (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt P51636, HPA tissue IHC · Enhanced, HPA ICC-IF · vesicles., Datasheet A01574, PMC9481523. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/CAV2/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.