CHD1 / ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler CHD1 · IHC design guide

Design Immunohistochemistry for CHD1

Plan CHD1 paraffin IHC around the reported nuclear and cytoplasmic tissue pattern (HPA tissue IHC). This guide covers positive tissue controls (HPA tissue IHC), an antibody concentration of 1–2 μg/ml (datasheet A01175-1), and interpretation of mitotic redistribution (UniProt).

Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use

Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for CHD1 (IHC for CHD1): expected localisation Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining (HPA tissue IHC), antibody A01175-1, validated IHC image, and IHC protocol steps — Printable **CHD1** IHC protocol sheet — expected localisation Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining (HPA tissue IHC), antibody A01175-1, controls and protocol steps. Open the full CHD1 IHC guide →

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CHD1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide

Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.

Must know before staining

	Expected localisation	Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining (HPA tissue IHC)
	Staining pattern	Glandular and tubular cells positive; nuclear/cytoplasmic overall (HPA tissue IHC)
	Antigen retrieval	EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A01175-1)
	Positive control ⓘ	Appendix+4 more · see all
	Negative control ⓘ	Adipose tissue+4 more · see all

Important caveats

Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.

	Fixation	Keep fixation consistent across samples (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A01175-1)
	Caveat	Mitosis can shift CHD1 from chromatin to cytoplasm (UniProt)
	Regulation	Cerebellum and basal ganglia enriched (UniProt)
	Isoform / epitope	2 isoforms; no extracellular domain; check epitope coverage (UniProt)

Section 1

Recommended CHD1 IHC & IF Protocols

The catalog antibody protocol uses EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval (datasheet A01175-1). One published CHD1 IHC protocol provides a comparison for paraffin sections (PMC6958997).

Recommended immunohistochemistry (IHC-P) protocol parameters
Sample	Paraffin-embedded mouse brain tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A01175-1)
Fixation	Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A01175-1); verify before use.
Sectioning	4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard)
Deparaffinisation	Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard)
Antigen retrieval	Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A01175-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard)
Peroxidase block	3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard)
Blocking	10% goat serum (datasheet A01175-1)
Primary antibody	Rabbit anti-CHD1, 1-2 μg/ml (datasheet A01175-1)
Primary incubation	Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A01175-1)
Detection	HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet A01175-1)
Counterstain	Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard)
Expected result	CHD1-positive staining in glandular cells of appendix (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: General cytoplasmic and nuclear expression. No signal in the no-primary control.

💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval for the catalog antibody (datasheet A01175-1); compare Cell Conditioner #2 if adapting the published protocol (PMC6958997).

Section 2

What Is the Expected CHD1 Staining Pattern?

CHD1 is a nuclear chromatin remodeler that can enter the cytoplasm during mitosis (UniProt O14646 localization). In tissue IHC, expect nuclear and cytoplasmic staining in selected glandular, tubular, follicle, decidual and neuronal cells (HPA tissue IHC). HPA rates the tissue staining Approved, with medium consistency against RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC). CHD1 has no transmembrane segment (UniProt O14646 topology).

What am I looking at on my slide?
Clear nuclear staining, with some cytoplasmic staining, in appendix or colon glandular cells or kidney tubule cells.	This fits the reported High staining in those cells and HPA's general nuclear and cytoplasmic profile (HPA tissue IHC). Compare cells within the section; a positive result need not look equally strong in every tissue (HPA tissue IHC).
Staining is confined to cell membranes, with no convincing nuclear or cytoplasmic signal.	A membrane-only pattern conflicts with CHD1's reported localization and lack of a transmembrane segment (UniProt O14646 localization and topology; HPA tissue IHC). Check morphology and controls before assigning CHD1 positivity (general IHC practice).
Strong staining appears in adipocytes while expected glandular or tubular cells are unstained.	HPA reports CHD1 as Not detected in adipocytes but High in appendix and colon glandular cells and kidney tubule cells (HPA tissue IHC). Consider cross-reactivity or endogenous chromogenic activity, then assess controls (general IHC practice).
Brown color spreads across nuclei, cytoplasm and spaces between cells without cell boundaries.	Diffuse color cannot establish CHD1 localization (general IHC practice). Compare a no-primary control and inspect washing, blocking and chromogen development; excess background can hide the reported nuclear and cytoplasmic pattern (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC).
No signal appears in appendix glandular cells or kidney tubule cells.	Those cells are reported High, so absence warrants a run-level check (HPA tissue IHC). Confirm tissue identity and morphology, then review antibody dilution, retrieval, detection and a positive control without assuming a CHD1-specific fixation effect (general IHC practice).

💡Expected CHD1 appearanceCall the result positive when intact appendix or colon glandular cells or kidney tubule cells show convincing nuclear, potentially cytoplasmic, staining of the reported High level; membrane-only color or strong adipocyte staining is suspect (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt O14646 localization and topology).

How each factor affects the staining
Cell state and compartment	CHD1 is nuclear but is released into the cytoplasm as cells enter mitosis and returns to chromatin during telophase-cytokinesis (UniProt O14646 localization). Interpret cytoplasmic staining with cell morphology; HPA also reports a general nuclear and cytoplasmic tissue profile (HPA tissue IHC).
Tissue and cell selection	HPA reports High staining in ovary follicle and placenta decidual cells, Medium in cerebellar Purkinje cells, and Not detected in lung alveolar cells (HPA tissue IHC). Score the named cell population rather than treating an entire organ as uniformly positive or negative (general IHC practice).
Strength of reference evidence	The tissue IHC profile is Approved with medium consistency against RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC). Antibody HPA022236 is Approved for IHC, but the supplied record does not label its IHC validation Enhanced (HPA antibody record). Treat tissue levels as reference observations, not guaranteed results in every specimen.
Isoforms and antibody epitope	UniProt lists 2 CHD1 isoforms (UniProt O14646 isoforms). The supplied sources do not locate the catalog antibody's epitope or establish which isoforms it recognizes; do not infer isoform-specific staining from a positive section.
Processing and membrane interpretation	UniProt lists a single CHD1 chain, no signal peptide or propeptide, and no transmembrane segment (UniProt O14646 processing and topology). These features support checking an isolated membrane pattern carefully; the supplied sources do not establish tissue shedding or a fixation-sensitive epitope.
IF/ICC Q&A: Where should CHD1 appear?	Mainly in the nucleoplasm, with additional nucleoli fibrillar center and vesicle localization in ICC-IF (HPA subcellular). This answers the compartment question; tissue IHC separately reports a general nuclear and cytoplasmic profile (HPA tissue IHC).

Why is my staining missing, weak or wrong?
Situation	Likely cause	Next action
Known-positive glandular or tubular cells are blank.	A failed staining run, unsuitable antibody dilution or insufficient retrieval is possible (general IHC practice); these sources give no CHD1-specific fixation-sensitivity finding.	Verify a concurrent positive control and tissue identity, then review the IHC-validated antibody's stated conditions, retrieval and detection steps (general IHC practice).
Most of the section is diffusely brown.	Excess chromogen development, inadequate washing or endogenous detection activity can create background (general IHC practice).	Compare a no-primary control; review washing, blocking and development time before scoring the reported cell-localized pattern (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC).
Signal is predominantly membrane-like.	That distribution does not fit CHD1's nuclear localization or lack of a transmembrane segment (UniProt O14646 localization and topology).	Inspect cell boundaries and the no-primary control, then reassess antibody dilution and detection background (general IHC practice).
Adipocytes or lung alveolar cells stain strongly.	Both are reported Not detected in the named cells (HPA tissue IHC); cross-reactivity or endogenous chromogenic activity is possible (general IHC practice).	Confirm cell identity and compare a no-primary control alongside a reported High cell population (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC).
Cerebellar Purkinje cells stain less intensely than appendix glandular cells.	HPA reports Medium staining in Purkinje cells and High staining in appendix glandular cells (HPA tissue IHC).	Score each named cell population against its reported level and use the same run's controls when comparing sections (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice).
Cytoplasmic signal accompanies nuclear staining.	HPA reports a general nuclear and cytoplasmic tissue profile, and UniProt describes cytoplasmic release during mitosis (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt O14646 localization).	Check whether staining is cell-localized and compatible with morphology; do not reject it solely for having a cytoplasmic component (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice).

Source: UniProt O14646 Human Protein Atlas tissue Human Protein Atlas subcellular

Experiment evidence

IHC & IF images showing CHD1 staining

IHC analysis of CHD1 using anti-CHD1 antibody (A01175-1). CHD1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of mouse brain tissue. Heat mediated antigen retrieval was performed in EDTA buffer (pH 8.0, epitope retrieval solution). The tissue section was blocked with 10% goat serum. The tissue section was then incubated with 2 μg/ml rabbit anti-CHD1 Antibody (A01175-1) overnight at 4°C. Peroxidase Conjugated Goat Anti-rabbit IgG was used as secondary antibody and incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C. The tissue section was developed using HRP Conjugated Rabbit IgG Super Vision Assay Kit (Catalog # SV0002) with DAB as the chromogen.

A01175-1 · IHCIHC analysis of CHD1 using anti-CHD1 antibody (A01175-1). CHD1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of mouse brain tissue. Heat media

IHC analysis of CHD1 using anti-CHD1 antibody (A01175-1). CHD1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of rat brain tissue. Heat mediated antigen retrieval was performed in EDTA buffer (pH 8.0, epitope retrieval solution). The tissue section was blocked with 10% goat serum. The tissue section was then incubated with 2 μg/ml rabbit anti-CHD1 Antibody (A01175-1) overnight at 4°C. Peroxidase Conjugated Goat Anti-rabbit IgG was used as secondary antibody and incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C. The tissue section was developed using HRP Conjugated Rabbit IgG Super Vision Assay Kit (Catalog # SV0002) with DAB as the chromogen.

A01175-1 · IHCIHC analysis of CHD1 using anti-CHD1 antibody (A01175-1). CHD1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of rat brain tissue. Heat mediate

HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000153922-CHD1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_13310703

HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000153922-CHD1/tissue/colon#imid_13310621

HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000153922-CHD1/tissue/liver#imid_13310638

HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000153922-CHD1/tissue/kidney#imid_13310631

HPA · ICC-IF Rh30Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, Rh30, antibody HPA022236; green = CHD1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.

← swipe / scroll for more images →

Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.

Sample controls for CHD1 IHC & IF

🧪Run colon first: glandular cells should show CHD1 staining (HPA: High in colon glandular cells). Use lung alveolar cells as a negative comparison (HPA: Not detected); on the colon slide, treat cells without nuclear staining as putative internal negatives only, because the supplied HPA rows do not identify a validated internal-negative cell type.

Positive control tissue: Appendix (Glandular cells, HPA High)

Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)

ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show CHD1 in Rh30, U-251MG, U2OS, KOLF2.1J, with annotated localisation: Nucleoplasm (approved) (HPA subcellular).

Technical controls: Include a no-primary (secondary-only) control, rabbit IgG matched to the primary as an isotype control (A01175-1 caption: rabbit primary), and CHD1-knockout material processed alongside the test sections as a biological specificity control. Block endogenous peroxidase and assess residual background in colon before interpreting HRP/DAB staining (A01175-1 caption: peroxidase detection with DAB; standard IHC practice).

⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the exact A01175-1 paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (A01175-1 caption). Heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 is documented for that antibody in paraffin mouse brain; whether colon staining depends on the same retrieval conditions requires optimization (A01175-1 caption). The supplied evidence does not establish that frozen sections or IF are easier; for IF, expect mainly nucleoplasmic signal (HPA subcellular), and check colon tissue autofluorescence with an unstained control (standard IF practice).

HPA tissue IHC evidence for CHD1

Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Approved — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.

Positive expression · recommended positive controls

Tissue	Cell type	Level	Evidence	Source
Appendix	Glandular cells	High	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Colon	Glandular cells	High	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Kidney	Cells in tubules	High	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Ovary	Follicle cells	High	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Placenta	Decidual cells	High	Protein (IHC)	HPA →

Undetected expression · recommended negative controls

Tissue	Cell type	Level	Evidence	Source
Adipose tissue	Adipocytes	Not detected	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Adrenal gland	Glandular cells	Not detected	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Bone marrow	Hematopoietic cells	Not detected	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Lung	Alveolar cells	Not detected	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Seminal vesicle	Glandular cells	Not detected	Protein (IHC)	HPA →

Section 3

Advanced CHD1 IHC Tips

Troubleshoot CHD1 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, nuclear localisation, assay controls, and cell specific scoring before interpreting signal.

What should I change when CHD1 staining is weak after antigen retrieval?

Start with heat mediated antigen retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 for paraffin sections (datasheet A01175-1). The reported mouse brain stain used that retrieval method and 2 μg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C (caption A01175-1). Check that sections were fully dewaxed and that retrieval temperature and duration were consistent across the run (standard IHC practice). Compare a weak section with a concurrently processed positive control before increasing primary concentration, since uneven retrieval can mimic low CHD1 expression (standard IHC practice). If staining remains weak, test another retrieval condition on adjacent sections as an explicitly separate optimisation, while retaining the reported EDTA condition as the reference (standard IHC practice).

Could fixation explain weak or uneven CHD1 staining?

CHD1 specific fixation sensitivity is unknown: the paraffin section caption does not state its fixative (caption A01175-1). Record the fixative, fixation interval, tissue thickness, and processing history for each specimen before comparing staining intensity (standard IHC practice). Overfixation and underfixation can alter antigen accessibility or morphology in paraffin IHC generally, but neither effect has been established specifically for CHD1 here (standard IHC practice). When fixation histories differ, compare similarly processed sections and include a control processed alongside each group (standard IHC practice). Do not infer an optimal fixative from CHD1 localisation, phosphorylation sites, or tissue staining patterns (UniProt O14646; HPA tissue IHC).

How should I assess CHD1 signal outside the nucleus?

Assess nuclear staining first because CHD1 is mainly nucleoplasmic in subcellular imaging (HPA subcellular) and participates in chromatin regulation (UniProt O14646). Cytoplasmic signal is not automatically false: CHD1 enters the cytoplasm during mitosis and returns to chromatin during telophase and cytokinesis (UniProt O14646). Review nuclear morphology and mitotic figures on the counterstained section, then compare cytoplasmic and nuclear intensity within the same cell population (standard IHC practice). HPA tissue IHC reports both cytoplasmic and nuclear expression, so document each compartment separately rather than combining them into one score (HPA tissue IHC). Diffuse staining across damaged tissue warrants comparison with intact neighbouring areas and a no primary control (standard IHC practice).

Could epitope location or CHD1 isoforms change my IHC result?

CHD1 has 2 annotated isoforms, but the supplied antibody caption does not specify which epitope A01175-1 recognises (UniProt O14646; caption A01175-1). Map the antibody immunogen against both isoforms before interpreting a negative stain as loss of all CHD1 protein (standard IHC practice). The protein contains two chromo domains and helicase regions, and multiple phosphorylated residues are annotated; these features do not establish this antibody's epitope or fixation sensitivity (UniProt O14646). Compare staining from independently validated antibodies targeting different regions if isoform selectivity or epitope masking is central to the question (standard IHC practice). Keep retrieval, detection, and scoring matched when comparing those antibodies on adjacent sections (standard IHC practice).

How can I extend this CHD1 IHC study to multiplex immunofluorescence?

Treat IF as a separately validated assay: the supplied A01175-1 image documents chromogenic staining of a paraffin section, with no fixative reported (caption A01175-1). Pair CHD1 with a validated marker of the expected cell type, such as a neuronal marker when examining the reported cerebellar Purkinje cell signal (HPA tissue IHC; standard IF practice). Choose fluorophores after checking unstained tissue autofluorescence and separating emission channels, and include single stain controls for bleed through (standard IF practice). CHD1 has no transmembrane segment and is mainly nucleoplasmic, so permeabilise the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope sufficiently for antibody access (UniProt O14646; HPA subcellular; standard IF practice). Compare nuclear localisation with a DNA counterstain and validate the IF antibody signal independently (standard IF practice).

What causes diffuse brown background in CHD1 paraffin IHC?

Separate background from CHD1 staining by comparing a no primary control and an appropriately processed positive section (standard IHC practice). The reported method used 10% goat serum blocking, 2 μg/ml rabbit primary overnight at 4°C, peroxidase linked secondary detection, and DAB (caption A01175-1). Check endogenous peroxidase blocking, antibody concentration, wash stringency, and DAB development time before assigning diffuse brown signal to CHD1 (standard IHC practice). Inspect section edges, folds, damaged areas, and tissue pigment separately, because each can distort chromogenic assessment (standard IHC practice). Interpret residual signal in light of CHD1's mainly nucleoplasmic location and its reported tissue cytoplasmic staining (HPA subcellular; HPA tissue IHC).

How should I quantify CHD1 across differently stained tissue sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION

Define the cell population and compartment before scoring, because CHD1 is mainly nucleoplasmic while tissue IHC also reports cytoplasmic expression (HPA subcellular; HPA tissue IHC). For a nuclear endpoint, record the percentage of positive eligible nuclei and intensity categories, or calculate an H-score from intensity weighted percentages (standard IHC practice). Report the denominator as all morphologically eligible nuclei in the prespecified region, with the number of cells and regions assessed (standard IHC practice). If cell abundance varies, add positive cells per mm² and normalise comparisons to tissue area or eligible cell count as appropriate (standard IHC practice). Keep retrieval, detection, exposure, threshold, and scoring rules consistent across sections (standard IHC practice).

How do I distinguish true CHD1 staining from an artefact?

A credible pattern should fit CHD1's mainly nucleoplasmic location, while allowing documented cytoplasmic signal and redistribution during mitosis (HPA subcellular; UniProt O14646; HPA tissue IHC). Compare the stained cells with context: HPA reports high signal in colon glandular cells and kidney tubular cells, but undetected signal in skeletal muscle myocytes (HPA tissue IHC). Treat strong staining restricted to section edges, folds, or necrotic areas cautiously and check a no primary control for nonspecific detection (standard IHC practice). Exclude endogenous peroxidase activity before calling brown DAB deposits CHD1 positive (standard IHC practice). Since HPA tissue staining has medium consistency with RNA data, confirm consequential findings with an independent antibody or orthogonal assay (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice).

Boster reagents

Best CHD1 / ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler CHD1 IHC Antibodies

A01175-1 has IHC images from paraffin-embedded mouse and rat brain sections (image captions: A01175-1). Human reactivity is listed; no IF/ICC data are supplied (catalog: A01175-1).

Real IHC data

Anti-CHD1 Antibody ®

Cat # A01175-1

View product →

A01175-1 is listed for IHC and for human, mouse, and rat reactivity (catalog: A01175-1 applications/reactivity). Its IHC images show paraffin-embedded mouse and rat brain sections stained with 2 μg/ml primary antibody after EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval (image captions: A01175-1).

Which to pick: Choose A01175-1 for paraffin-section tissue IHC, as shown in its mouse and rat brain images; the fixative is unreported (image captions: A01175-1). No IF/ICC-validated SKU or IF image is supplied (catalog: A01175-1 applications/IF images). For cross-species IHC, A01175-1 lists human, mouse, and rat reactivity; its clonality is unreported (catalog: A01175-1 reactivity/clone).

Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.

References

UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry O14646 (CHD1_HUMAN, ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler CHD1).
Human Protein Atlas. CHD1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Approved).
Human Protein Atlas. CHD1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the nucleoplasm. In addition localized to the nucleoli fibrillar center and vesicles..
Human Protein Atlas. CHD1 antibody validation summary (1 antibodies).
Prostatic adenocarcinoma CNS parenchymal and dural metastases: alterations in ERG, CHD1 and MAP3K7 expression. Journal of neuro-oncology 2019 — PMC6958997.
Dnmt1 is required for proximal-distal patterning of the lung endoderm and for restraining alveolar type 2 cell fate. Developmental biology 2019 — PMC6822389.
Correlation of Prostate Cancer CHD1 Status with Response to Androgen Deprivation Therapy: a Pilot Study. Journal of genitourinary disorders 2018 — PMC6358174.
MAP3K7 Loss Drives Enhanced Androgen Signaling and Independently Confers Risk of Recurrence in Prostate Cancer with Joint Loss of CHD1. Molecular cancer research : MCR 2021 — PMC8254790.
PubMed PMID:9326634 — UniProt-cited evidence.
PubMed PMID:15372022 — UniProt-cited evidence.
PubMed PMID:15489334 — UniProt-cited evidence.