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CTBP1 / C-terminal-binding protein 1 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for CTBP1
Plan CTBP1 staining in paraffin sections around the general nuclear pattern reported in tissue (HPA tissue IHC). This guide covers fixation consistency, antibody selection, chromogenic detection and interpretation of possible cross-reactivity (HPA tissue IHC).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
CTBP1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Nuclear staining (HPA tissue IHC); cytoplasm also annotated (UniProt) | |
| Staining pattern | General nuclear staining in tissue cells (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | Citrate pH 6 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet PB9425) | |
| Positive control | Adrenal gland+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | None in HPA (detected in all 45 tissues); use no-primary + isotype controls |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Antibody staining may reflect more than one gene (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Expressed in germinal center B cells (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | Two isoforms; epitope differences are unknown (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended CTBP1 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody uses citrate pH 6 retrieval (datasheet: PB9425). Published IHC methods for skin and lung tissue provide additional protocol details (PMC4537778; PMC6549098).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded Mouse Thymus tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet PB9425) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet PB9425); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: Citrate pH 6, 20 min (datasheet PB9425) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet PB9425) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-CTBP1, 0.5-1μg/ml (datasheet PB9425) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet PB9425) |
| Detection | Streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC), DAB chromogen (datasheet PB9425) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | CTBP1-positive staining in glandular cells of adrenal gland (HPA tissue IHC: Medium). HPA tissue profile: General nuclear expression. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with heat retrieval in citrate pH 6, as specified for the catalog antibody and reported for lung tissue IHC (datasheet: PB9425; PMC6549098).
Section 2
What Is the Expected CTBP1 Staining Pattern?
In paraffin-section IHC, expect predominantly nuclear staining in sampled glandular, epithelial, hematopoietic and glial cells (HPA tissue IHC: general nuclear expression; medium staining in the listed cell types). A cytoplasmic component is biologically plausible (UniProt Q13363: nucleus and cytoplasm). CTBP1 has no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q13363: topology). Interpret the pattern with caution: HPA rates tissue IHC Approved, reports medium agreement with RNA, and warns that the staining may represent protein from more than one gene (HPA tissue IHC).
| Nuclear chromogen in glandular cells of adrenal gland or appendix, or respiratory epithelial cells of bronchus. | This matches the reported medium staining and general nuclear profile (HPA tissue IHC: adrenal gland, appendix, bronchus). Score the cells and compartment, while retaining HPA's warning that the antibody may detect protein from more than one gene (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Strong staining confined to cell borders, luminal material or extracellular space, with little nuclear staining. | That distribution departs from the general nuclear tissue pattern (HPA tissue IHC) and the nucleus/cytoplasm annotation (UniProt Q13363). Consider nonspecific deposition or detection artefact; review a matched negative control before assigning the signal to CTBP1. |
| Prominent signal in a cell population outside the reported pattern, especially with weak staining in expected cells. | Check cell identity and controls before calling it CTBP1. The sampled HPA tissue entries identify specific stained cell types, and the IHC profile cautions that the antibody may recognize protein from more than one gene (HPA tissue IHC). Endogenous detection activity is another possible explanation for unexpected chromogen. |
| Diffuse chromogen across tissue, including areas without a clear cellular or nuclear pattern. | This obscures the expected nuclear distribution (HPA tissue IHC). Background can arise from detection reagents, incomplete blocking or excess antibody in a general IHC workflow; compare negative controls and examine whether signal remains confined to identifiable cells. |
| No discernible nuclear staining in adrenal glandular cells or bone-marrow hematopoietic cells. | Those cells showed medium staining in HPA's sampled sections (HPA tissue IHC: adrenal gland; bone marrow), so an absent result merits a run-level check. Medium is an observed level, not a guarantee that every section or staining run will be positive. |
💡Expected CTBP1 appearanceCall a section positive when identifiable cells show predominantly nuclear chromogen, with medium staining in an HPA-listed cell population as a reference (HPA tissue IHC); isolated cell-border or diffuse extracellular color is discordant with that pattern (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q13363: nucleus and cytoplasm).
| Where should the IHC signal be scored? | Prioritize nuclei: HPA describes general nuclear expression in tissue (HPA tissue IHC). A cytoplasmic component can be considered in context because UniProt also annotates cytoplasmic localization (UniProt Q13363); compartment alone cannot resolve the antibody's stated cross-gene caution (HPA tissue IHC). |
| How should tissue choice affect interpretation? | Adrenal glandular, bronchial respiratory epithelial and bone-marrow hematopoietic cells each showed medium staining in sampled tissue (HPA tissue IHC). Thyroid and salivary glandular cells were low, not negative, in the supplied profile (HPA tissue IHC); avoid using a low-staining tissue as proof of antibody specificity. |
| What does the antibody validation establish? | The listed antibodies are IHC Approved (HPA antibodies: HPA018987, HPA044971, CAB004217). HPA also reports medium agreement with RNA and possible detection of protein from more than one gene (HPA tissue IHC). An expected pattern therefore supports interpretation but does not establish exclusive CTBP1 detection. |
| Does the protein annotation suggest a surface or secreted pattern? | UniProt lists no transmembrane segment, signal peptide or propeptide and annotates a 1–440 chain (UniProt Q13363: topology and processing). Treat a predominantly membrane-bound or extracellular pattern as a reason to inspect specificity and detection controls, alongside the HPA nuclear tissue profile (HPA tissue IHC). |
| IF/ICC Q&A: where should fluorescence appear? | HPA reports enhanced nucleoplasmic localization in ICC-IF (HPA subcellular). That supports a nuclear expectation when reading IF images; it does not supply an IF protocol here. Tissue IHC remains a separate observation with Approved reliability and a cross-gene caution (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Expected nuclei are unstained in an HPA-listed medium-staining tissue. | The run may have insufficient signal; a sampled medium HPA result is not a universal guarantee (HPA tissue IHC). | Confirm that tissue and nuclei are intact, then check the IHC-validated antibody, retrieval and chromogen steps against the assay's established controls. Reassess with a documented positive section; do not infer CTBP1 absence from one failed run. |
| Color covers most of the section without a clear cellular pattern. | Nonspecific background or endogenous detection activity can obscure the general nuclear profile (HPA tissue IHC). | Compare no-primary and detection controls. Review blocking, washes and antibody concentration as general chromogenic IHC variables; score only interpretable cellular staining after background is controlled. |
| Only membranes or extracellular material are strongly colored. | The location conflicts with general nuclear tissue staining (HPA tissue IHC) and the nucleus/cytoplasm annotation (UniProt Q13363). | Inspect morphology and negative controls for edge deposits or nonspecific chromogen. Seek reproducible nuclear staining in an HPA-listed cell population before treating the result as target-associated. |
| Unexpected cells stain more strongly than the sampled HPA cell population. | Cell identification may be uncertain, or the signal may reflect cross-reactivity or endogenous activity; HPA warns of possible protein detection from more than one gene (HPA tissue IHC). | Identify the stained cells on the counterstained section and compare detection controls. Record the compartment and cell type rather than assigning all positive chromogen to CTBP1. |
| Low-staining thyroid or salivary glandular cells show faint color. | Faint staining may be compatible with the supplied low levels (HPA tissue IHC: thyroid gland; salivary gland). | Compare cells and background within the section. Use an HPA-listed medium-staining population to assess the run; do not label low-level color a false positive solely because that tissue was listed as low. |
| IHC looks nuclear, but an IF image appears differently distributed. | The methods have distinct observations: general nuclear tissue IHC and enhanced nucleoplasmic ICC-IF localization (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular). | Interpret each preparation with its own controls and cell identification. Check whether IF signal truly lies outside nuclei before treating the results as discordant; do not transfer an IF protocol from this IHC section. |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing CTBP1 staining
PB9425 · IHCIHC analysis of CTBP1 using anti-CTBP1 antibody (PB9425). CTBP1 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of Mouse Thymus Tissue. Heat media
PB9425 · IHCIHC analysis of CTBP1 using anti-CTBP1 antibody (PB9425). CTBP1 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of Rat Spleen Tissue. Heat mediate
PB9425 · IFIF analysis of CTBP1 using anti-CTBP1 antibody (PB9425). CTBP1 was detected in immunocytochemical section of U20S cell. Enzyme antigen retri
PA1570 · IHCAnti-CtBP1 antibody, PA1570, IHC(P) IHC(P): Rat Brain Tissue
PA1570 · IHCIHC analysis of CTBP1 using anti-CTBP1 antibody (PA1570). CTBP1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human colon tissue. Heat medi
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000159692-CTBP1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_1397260
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000159692-CTBP1/tissue/colon#imid_1397170
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000159692-CTBP1/tissue/liver#imid_1397179
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000159692-CTBP1/tissue/kidney#imid_1397180
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA018987; green = CTBP1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA018987; green = CTBP1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for CTBP1 IHC & IF
🧪Run appendix first and score its glandular cells, which have Medium CTBP1 staining (HPA: Appendix, glandular cells, Medium). HPA detects CTBP1 in all 45 scored tissues, so there is no supported negative tissue; use no-primary and isotype controls, and treat any cells without nuclear signal above those controls as visually negative on the slide, not as a validated CTBP1-negative cell population (HPA: no negative rows; UniProt Q13363: nuclear localization).
Positive control tissue: Adrenal gland (Glandular cells, HPA Medium)
Negative control tissue: None in HPA: CTBP1 is detected in all 45 scored tissues. Use a no-primary (secondary-only) and an isotype control instead.
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show CTBP1 in A-431, U-251MG, U2OS, U2OS, siRNA 1 (10x), U2OS, siRNA 1 (40x), U2OS, siRNA 2 (10x), U2OS, siRNA 2 (40x), U2OS, scrambled (10x), U2OS, scrambled (40x), HeLa BAC 4639, HeLa , with annotated localisation: Nucleoplasm (enhanced) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only section, a matched rabbit IgG isotype control, and a CTBP1-knockout specimen if available to test specificity (caption: rabbit primary; standard IHC practice). Quench endogenous peroxidase and check for endogenous biotin in appendix sections before interpreting DAB staining with the caption’s avidin-biotin detection system (caption: SABC and DAB; standard IHC practice).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the selected PB9425 tissue-IHC caption does not state its fixative (caption: fixative unreported). The caption documents citrate retrieval at pH 6 for 20 minutes in a paraffin section, but does not establish that retrieval is required for every specimen (caption: citrate retrieval, pH 6, 20 minutes). HPA shows nucleoplasmic ICC-IF localization, but the supplied evidence does not establish that IF or frozen sections are easier; in appendix, assess glandular staining against possible peroxidase or biotin background (HPA: nucleoplasm; caption: SABC and DAB; standard IHC practice).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for CTBP1
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Approved — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data. Caution, targets protein from more than one gene.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bronchus | Respiratory epithelial cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Caudate | Glial cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| None in HPA: CTBP1 is detected in all 45 scored tissues. Use a no-primary (secondary-only) and an isotype control instead. | ||||
Section 3
Advanced CTBP1 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot CTBP1 staining in paraffin section chromogenic IHC by checking retrieval, compartment, antibody specificity, and scoring consistency.
What retrieval should I start with if CTBP1 staining is weak?
Start with heat-mediated citrate retrieval at pH 6 for 20 minutes on paraffin sections (datasheet PB9425). Keep section thickness, heating, and cooling consistent across the comparison set so retrieval is the variable under test (standard IHC practice). The catalog example then used 1 µg/mL primary antibody overnight at 4°C, followed by biotin-based detection and DAB (datasheet PB9425). If nuclear staining remains weak, compare a modestly longer heating interval or another retrieval buffer as a fallback, using adjacent sections and controls (standard IHC practice). Judge improvement by stronger interpretable nuclear signal without a matching rise in diffuse background (HPA: general nuclear expression; standard IHC practice).
Could fixation explain variable CTBP1 staining between paraffin blocks?
The selected paraffin-section example does not state its fixative, so CTBP1-specific fixation sensitivity is unknown (datasheet PB9425). Record each block's fixative and fixation interval, and compare sections processed and stained together before assigning a cause to the signal difference (standard IHC practice). Keep citrate retrieval at pH 6 for 20 minutes and the 1 µg/mL primary concentration constant during that comparison (datasheet PB9425). Check whether nuclear detail and other stains also vary across blocks; widespread loss of morphology supports a processing problem, but does not establish a CTBP1-specific fixation effect (standard IHC practice). Do not infer fixation tolerance from the reported tissue staining pattern (HPA: tissue IHC profile).
How should I assess predominantly cytoplasmic CTBP1 staining?
Assess nuclear staining first because the tissue IHC profile describes general nuclear expression, while the protein record also permits cytoplasmic localisation (HPA: tissue IHC profile; UniProt Q13363 subcellular location). Compare intact nuclei and cytoplasm within the same cell population, rather than treating every cytoplasmic signal as either specific or artefactual (standard IHC practice). Confirm the pattern on a serial section with the same citrate pH 6, 20-minute retrieval and appropriate staining controls (datasheet PB9425; standard IHC practice). Diffuse staining across unrelated structures, particularly when nuclear detail is poor, warrants reassessment of retrieval, primary concentration, and background (standard IHC practice). Report nuclear and cytoplasmic scores separately if both compartments remain reproducibly stained (standard IHC practice).
Can this IHC result distinguish CTBP1 isoforms or CTBP2?
Do not assign a stained cell to CTBP1 isoform 1 or 2 without an epitope map and isoform-specific validation (UniProt Q13363 isoforms; standard IHC practice). The supplied record lists both isoforms but does not locate the catalog antibody's epitope (UniProt Q13363 isoforms; datasheet PB9425). CTBP1 can form a heterodimer with CTBP2, so proximity of the proteins does not establish which antigen the antibody detects (UniProt Q13363 subunit). HPA cautions that its tissue antibody targets protein from more than one gene; treat that observation as a specificity caution for HPA staining, not proof about PB9425 (HPA: Approved reliability description). For this antibody, seek mapped-epitope information or an independent specificity control before making isoform or paralog claims (standard IHC practice).
How can IF help check the compartment and cell identity seen by IHC?
Use IF as a separate check of the chromogenic IHC pattern, with a marker identifying the expected cell population and a nuclear counterstain (standard IF practice). A germinal-center B-cell marker is relevant where those cells are present because CTBP1 expression is reported in that population (UniProt Q13363 tissue specificity). Select fluorophores in channels with low measured tissue autofluorescence, and inspect single-channel controls before interpreting multiplex overlap (standard IF practice). Because CTBP1 is reported in the nucleus and cytoplasm and has no transmembrane segment, choose permeabilisation that permits intracellular antibody access, then assess both compartments (UniProt Q13363 subcellular location and topology; standard IF practice). HPA reports enhanced nucleoplasmic localisation in ICC/IF, which provides a compartment comparison but no fixation or permeabilisation protocol for this antibody (HPA: subcellular profile).
How do I distinguish CTBP1 signal from chromogenic background?
Run a no-primary control through the same secondary and DAB steps, and compare it with the stained section at identical viewing settings (standard IHC practice). The catalog example used 10% goat serum blocking, biotinylated goat anti-rabbit secondary, and a streptavidin-biotin complex with DAB (datasheet PB9425). Include endogenous peroxidase blocking and assess potential endogenous biotin signal as general controls for this detection approach (standard IHC practice). If the control stains, address detection background before changing the 1 µg/mL primary concentration used in the example (datasheet PB9425; standard IHC practice). Evaluate persistent nuclear staining against morphology, since the tissue profile describes general nuclear expression but does not make every brown nucleus a validated positive (HPA: tissue IHC profile; standard IHC practice).
What is a defensible way to score CTBP1 IHC across samples? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and nuclear compartment before scoring, because the tissue profile reports general nuclear expression (HPA: tissue IHC profile). Record the percentage of positive nuclei and an H-score using intensity classes 0–3; if individual cells cannot be scored reliably, report positive-cell density per mm² of analysable tissue (standard IHC practice). Normalise percentages to all eligible cells of the same population, and density to measured viable tissue area, while excluding folds and necrotic regions (standard IHC practice). Keep retrieval at citrate pH 6 for 20 minutes and detection settings consistent across the series (datasheet PB9425; standard IHC practice). Score cytoplasmic staining separately, since CTBP1 also has a cytoplasmic annotation (UniProt Q13363 subcellular location; standard IHC practice).
What evidence supports a true CTBP1-positive result rather than artefact?
Give most weight to reproducible staining in intact nuclei of the prespecified cell population, alongside clean staining controls (HPA: general nuclear expression; standard IHC practice). Cytoplasmic signal can be biologically plausible for CTBP1, so assess it separately against cell morphology and an independent specificity control (UniProt Q13363 subcellular location; standard IHC practice). Treat staining concentrated at section edges, folds, or necrotic areas as suspect, and check endogenous enzyme signal with a no-primary control (standard IHC practice). A germinal-center B-cell result is consistent with reported expression there, but that expression alone does not validate the antibody in a given section (UniProt Q13363 tissue specificity; standard IHC practice). Interpret HPA's Approved rating cautiously because its staining has medium RNA consistency and a more-than-one-gene target warning (HPA: reliability description).
Boster reagents
Best CTBP1 / C-terminal-binding protein 1 IHC Antibodies
CTBP1 antibodies have IHC images from human, mouse and rat paraffin sections, plus IF images from cells and paraffin sections (catalog image captions).
Real IHC data
Anti-CtBP1 Antibody ®
Cat # PB9425
Real IHC data
Anti-C-terminal-binding protein 1 CtBP1 Antibody ®
Cat # PA1570
PB9425 has IHC images from mouse thymus, rat spleen and human tonsil, and IF images from cells and human and rat tissue sections (PB9425 image captions). PA1570 has IHC images from rat brain and human colon paraffin sections (PA1570 image captions).
Which to pick: For tissue IHC, choose PA1570 when its rat brain or human colon examples match your sample (PA1570 IHC image captions); the captions do not report the fixative. For IF/ICC, choose PB9425, which lists both applications and has cell and tissue IF images (PB9425 catalog applications and IF image captions). For work across human, mouse and rat, both SKUs list reactivity with all three species; PB9425 has paraffin-section IHC images for each, using citrate retrieval in its own captions (catalog reactivity; PB9425 IHC image captions).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q13363 (CTBP1_HUMAN, C-terminal-binding protein 1).
- Human Protein Atlas. CTBP1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Approved).
- Human Protein Atlas. CTBP1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Localized to the nucleoplasm..
- Human Protein Atlas. CTBP1 antibody validation summary (3 antibodies).
- CtBP1 Mediates Hypoxia-Induced Sarcomatoid Transformation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Journal of hepatocellular carcinoma 2022 — PMC8847960.
- CtBP1 is expressed in melanoma and represses the transcription of p16INK4a and Brca1. The Journal of investigative dermatology 2013 — PMC3711675.
- CtBP1 overexpression in keratinocytes perturbs skin homeostasis. The Journal of investigative dermatology 2014 — PMC4537778.
- CtBP1 interacts with SOX2 to promote the growth, migration and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma. Oncology reports 2019 — PMC6549098.
- PubMed PMID:7479821 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:9858600 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:15815621 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for CTBP1 (C-terminal-binding protein 1). Expected localisation Nuclear staining (HPA tissue IHC); cytoplasm also annotated (UniProt). Antigen retrieval: Citrate pH 6 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet PB9425). Validated IHC antibody: PB9425 at 0.5-1μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Adrenal gland (Glandular cells); negative None in HPA (detected in all 45 tissues); use no-primary + isotype controls. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded Mouse Thymus tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet PB9425); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet PB9425); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: Citrate pH 6 , 20 min (datasheet PB9425); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet PB9425); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-CTBP1, 0.5-1μg/ml (datasheet PB9425); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet PB9425). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Antibody staining may reflect more than one gene (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: Two isoforms; epitope differences are unknown (UniProt); Regulation: Expressed in germinal center B cells (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt Q13363, HPA tissue IHC · Approved, HPA ICC-IF · nucleoplasm., Datasheet PB9425, PMC4537778, PMC6549098. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/CTBP1/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.