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CTNND1 / Catenin delta-1 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for CTNND1
Plan chromogenic CTNND1 IHC in paraffin sections using the observed cytoplasmic and membranous tissue pattern (HPA tissue IHC). Compare matched sections with consistent fixation and assess membrane and cytoplasmic staining separately, since CDH1 enhances membrane localization (UniProt).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
CTNND1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Cytoplasmic and membranous in most tissues (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Most tissues show cytoplasmic and membranous staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A02333-3) | |
| Positive control | Placenta+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Caudate+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A02333-3) | |
| Caveat | CDH1 can enhance membrane localization (UniProt) | |
| Regulation | No staining-intensity regulator established (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 32 isoforms; epitope coverage depends on splice region (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended CTNND1 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol is followed by published CTNND1 staining methods for renal allograft biopsies (PMC10464146) and lung cancer tissue microarrays (PMC10758022).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human liver cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A02333-3) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A02333-3); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A02333-3); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A02333-3) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-CTNND1, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A02333-3) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A02333-3) |
| Detection | Streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC), DAB chromogen (datasheet A02333-3) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | CTNND1-positive staining in cytotrophoblasts of placenta (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Cytoplasmic and membranous expression in most tissues. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval for the catalog antibody (datasheet A02333-3). The lung cancer study also used EDTA but did not report its pH (PMC10758022).
Section 2
What Is the Expected CTNND1 Staining Pattern?
CTNND1 is expected mainly at cell membranes and cell–cell junctions, with cytoplasmic staining in many tissues; nuclear localization is also reported (UniProt O60716; HPA tissue IHC). Placental cytotrophoblasts and testicular Sertoli cells are strong reference populations (HPA: High). HPA rates its tissue IHC profile Enhanced, while noting medium consistency between staining and RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC). CTNND1 has no transmembrane segment (UniProt O60716 topology).
| Crisp staining outlines adjacent positive cells, with some cytoplasmic signal. | This fits the reported cell-junction and cytoplasmic localization (UniProt O60716) and HPA's cytoplasmic and membranous tissue profile (HPA tissue IHC). Judge signal in the identified cell population, since the same tissue can contain cells with different staining levels (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Staining is predominantly nuclear, with little junctional or cytoplasmic signal. | Nuclear localization is possible, and interaction with GLIS2 can promote nuclear translocation (UniProt O60716). A nuclear-only slide is less typical than the HPA tissue profile; check morphology, controls and detection background before calling it specific CTNND1 staining (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). |
| Strong staining appears in a cell population HPA reports as not detected. | For example, HPA reports no detection in caudate glial cells or spleen red-pulp cells (HPA tissue IHC). Confirm the cell identity and compare controls; cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity are possible technical causes (standard IHC practice). HPA's observation is not proof that every specimen must be negative. |
| Color spreads across the section without clear cell boundaries or a consistent cell population. | A diffuse deposit cannot establish the junctional pattern expected from UniProt or the membranous and cytoplasmic pattern reported by HPA (UniProt O60716; HPA tissue IHC). Evaluate background with an appropriate negative reagent control, then review blocking, washes and detection conditions (standard IHC practice). |
| Placental cytotrophoblasts or testicular Sertoli cells show no convincing signal. | Both are reported as High by HPA, so absent staining raises a technical concern before it supports a biological absence claim (HPA tissue IHC). Check that the expected cells are present and assess tissue integrity, antibody conditions and detection controls (standard IHC practice). |
💡Expected CTNND1 appearanceA convincing positive result shows distinct membranous or junctional staining, often with cytoplasmic signal, in identifiable cells; placental cytotrophoblasts and testicular Sertoli cells may be High (UniProt O60716; HPA tissue IHC). Diffuse color without cell boundaries is suspect background (standard IHC practice).
| Tissue and cell population | HPA describes cytoplasmic and membranous expression in most tissues, but its listed populations range from High to not detected (HPA tissue IHC). Score the named cells rather than treating whole-section color as a single result (standard IHC practice). |
| Cell adhesion context | CTNND1 participates in cadherin-associated adhesion and is detected at cell–cell contacts; CDH1 enhances its membrane localization (UniProt O60716). A junctional pattern has biological support, while cytoplasmic staining also remains compatible with the HPA tissue profile (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Redistribution and nuclear signal | NANOS1 can move CTNND1 from cell contacts to cytoplasm, and GLIS2 interaction can promote nuclear translocation by similarity (UniProt O60716). These annotations warrant context-sensitive interpretation; they do not establish that nuclear staining is the dominant pattern in the supplied HPA tissue IHC data. |
| Isoform diversity | UniProt lists 32 CTNND1 isoforms and reports longer isoform 1A primarily in melanocytes and melanoma cells, versus shorter isoforms, especially 3A, in keratinocytes (UniProt O60716). The supplied evidence does not map the IHC antibody's epitope to these isoforms, so staining alone cannot identify one. |
| Protein topology and processing | CTNND1 has no annotated signal peptide, propeptide, transmembrane segment or glycosylation site; its annotated chain spans residues 1–968 (UniProt O60716). These facts support an intracellular junction-associated interpretation, but do not predict antigen retrieval needs or fixation sensitivity. |
| Strength of antibody evidence | HPA records IHC Enhanced for HPA015954 and IHC Supported for HPA015955 and CAB003837; its tissue profile is Enhanced with medium staining–RNA consistency (HPA antibodies; HPA tissue IHC). Apply these grades to the documented antibodies and observations, not automatically to an unlisted catalog antibody. |
| IF/ICC pattern? | HPA reports mainly plasma-membrane localization, with an additional basal-body location in ICC-IF images (HPA subcellular). This is a localization cross-check for the separate IF/ICC guide; it does not establish an IHC-P protocol or require visible basal-body staining in paraffin sections. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Known-positive cells are blank. | The result conflicts with HPA's High staining in placental cytotrophoblasts or testicular Sertoli cells; a missed target population or a failed staining step is possible (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). | Confirm those cells on the section, then review the IHC-validated antibody's supplied IHC-P instructions, reagent preparation, detection and a positive control (standard IHC practice). No CTNND1-specific retrieval condition is established by these payloads. |
| All compartments show similar diffuse color. | Nonlocalized deposit may reflect background from antibody or detection reagents (standard IHC practice). It does not resemble HPA's membranous and cytoplasmic tissue pattern (HPA tissue IHC). | Compare a negative reagent control, inspect wash and blocking steps, and assess whether cell boundaries become discernible under the validated staining conditions (standard IHC practice). |
| A nominally negative cell population stains strongly. | Cell misidentification, cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity are possibilities (standard IHC practice). HPA reports some specific populations as not detected, including cerebellar granular-layer cells and spleen red-pulp cells (HPA tissue IHC). | Recheck tissue morphology and the exact cell population, then compare appropriate negative and detection controls (standard IHC practice). Treat disagreement with HPA as a reason to investigate, not as automatic proof of nonspecificity. |
| Only nuclei stain convincingly. | UniProt includes nuclear CTNND1 localization, but HPA describes the general tissue IHC profile as cytoplasmic and membranous (UniProt O60716; HPA tissue IHC). The supplied data do not establish nuclear dominance for the chosen section. | Review junctional and cytoplasmic signal at higher magnification, check negative controls, and report nuclear staining separately if it persists (standard IHC practice). Avoid calling nuclear signal an artifact solely from its compartment. |
| Junctional staining varies between neighboring cells. | CTNND1 localization is linked to cell–cell contacts and CDH1, while HPA records different staining levels across named cell populations (UniProt O60716; HPA tissue IHC). Variation can therefore merit cell-level review. | Score identifiable populations and their membranous, cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments separately; compare similar cells across the section before interpreting variation as technical failure (standard IHC practice). |
| IF/ICC and IHC-P images appear different. | HPA's ICC-IF summary emphasizes plasma membrane and an additional basal-body location, whereas its tissue IHC summary reports cytoplasmic and membranous staining (HPA subcellular; HPA tissue IHC). The observations come from different preparations. | Use the separate IF/ICC guide for that application. For this IHC-P section, judge staining against the tissue IHC pattern and cell populations; do not infer an IF/ICC protocol from the localization summary (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing CTNND1 staining
A02333-3 · IHCIHC analysis of delta 1 Catenin/CAS/CTNND1 using anti-delta 1 Catenin/CAS/CTNND1 antibody (A02333-3). delta 1 Catenin/CAS/CTNND1 was detecte
A02333-3 · IHCIHC analysis of delta 1 Catenin/CAS/CTNND1 using anti-delta 1 Catenin/CAS/CTNND1 antibody (A02333-3). delta 1 Catenin/CAS/CTNND1 was detecte
A02333-3 · IFIF analysis of delta 1 Catenin/CAS/CTNND1 using anti-delta 1 Catenin/CAS/CTNND1 antibody (A02333-3). delta 1 Catenin/CAS/CTNND1 was detected
M02333-2 · IHCIHC analysis of CTNND1 using anti-CTNND1 antibody (M02333-2). CTNND1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human breast cancer tiss
M02333-2 · IHCIHC analysis of CTNND1 using anti-CTNND1 antibody (M02333-2). CTNND1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human colorectal adenoca
M02333-2 · IFIF analysis of CTNND1 using anti-CTNND1 antibody (M02333-2). CTNND1 was detected in an immunocytochemical section of RT4 cells. Enzyme antig
M02333-4 · IHCRat liver was stained with anti-Catenin δ-1 rabbit antibody
M02333-4 · IHCHuman cervical squamous carcinoma was stained with anti-Catenin δ-1 rabbit antibody
M02333 · IFImmunofluorescent analysis of MCF-7 cells, using delta 1 Catenin/p120 Catenin Antibody .
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000198561-CTNND1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_4082148
HPA · EsophagusHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Esophagus. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000198561-CTNND1/tissue/esophagus#imid_4082136
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000198561-CTNND1/tissue/colon#imid_4082074
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000198561-CTNND1/tissue/liver#imid_4082075
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA015955; green = CTNND1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA015955; green = CTNND1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for CTNND1 IHC & IF
🧪Run placenta first: cytotrophoblasts should stain (HPA: High in placenta cytotrophoblasts). Use caudate glial cells as the negative tissue (HPA: Not detected in caudate glial cells); on the placenta slide, assess background in neighboring unstained cells without assigning them an unsupported cell identity (HPA: positive cell type specified as cytotrophoblasts).
Positive control tissue: Placenta (Cytotrophoblasts, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Caudate (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show CTNND1 in A-431, U-251MG, U2OS, ASC52telo, RPTEC/TERT1, hTERT-RPE1 (serum starved), with annotated localisation: Plasma membrane (enhanced) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include no-primary (secondary-only) and rabbit isotype controls matched to the primary antibody’s clonality, plus CTNND1 knockout tissue if available (caption: rabbit primary antibody; standard IHC control practice). For the caption’s SABC/DAB detection method, block or assess endogenous peroxidase and biotin signal on the placenta slide (caption: SABC/DAB; standard IHC control practice).
⚠️Feasibility: A CTNND1-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the selected A02333-3 paraffin-section caption does not state the fixative (caption: paraffin-embedded section; fixative not stated). The caption uses heat-mediated EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0, but does not establish that retrieval is essential; the supplied evidence does not establish whether frozen sections or IF are easier (caption: EDTA retrieval; HPA: ICC-IF plasma membrane localization). For placenta, check whether endogenous peroxidase or biotin produces background in the SABC/DAB workflow (HPA: High in placenta cytotrophoblasts; caption: SABC/DAB).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for CTNND1
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Placenta | Cytotrophoblasts | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Testis | Sertoli cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caudate | Glial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebellum | Cells in granular layer | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Hippocampus | Glial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Spleen | Cells in red pulp | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Vagina | Squamous epithelial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced CTNND1 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot CTNND1 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, compartment-specific signal, cell identity, and scoring against matched controls.
Which retrieval conditions should I try first for weak CTNND1 staining?
Start with heat-mediated retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 for paraffin sections (datasheet A02333-3). The selected tissue image used this retrieval before incubation with 2 μg/ml catalog antibody overnight at 4°C, so first verify that these documented steps were followed (datasheet A02333-3). If staining remains weak, compare retrieval duration on adjacent sections while holding antibody concentration, detection, and development constant; include a section processed with the documented conditions as a reference (standard IHC practice). Assess whether cell-contact staining improves without diffuse background or tissue damage, since CTNND1 occurs at adherens junctions and in cytoplasm (UniProt O60716 localisation).
Could fixation explain loss of CTNND1 staining in my paraffin sections?
The selected paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative, so CTNND1 sensitivity to any specific fixative or fixation duration is unknown for this antibody (datasheet A02333-3). Record the fixative, time in fixative, processing schedule, and section age for each specimen before attributing a weak result to fixation (standard IHC practice). Compare sections with documented processing using the same EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval and 2 μg/ml primary-antibody condition, then evaluate staining alongside tissue preservation (datasheet A02333-3; standard IHC practice). A convincing result should have interpretable cellular detail and a reproducible distribution; HPA tissue patterns cannot establish this antibody’s fixation tolerance (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice).
Should CTNND1 stain junctions, cytoplasm, or nuclei in tissue sections?
Expect to evaluate cell borders and cytoplasm separately: CTNND1 is reported at adherens junctions and in cytoplasm, and HPA describes cytoplasmic and membranous staining in most tissues (UniProt O60716 localisation; HPA tissue IHC). Nuclear localisation is also reported, with GLIS2-associated translocation described by similarity, so nuclear signal requires context rather than automatic rejection (UniProt O60716 localisation). Compare border staining with intact cell contacts and use an appropriate counterstain to confirm the apparent compartment in 2 adjacent fields or sections (standard IHC practice). Because CDH1 enhances membrane localisation and NANOS1 can shift CTNND1 toward cytoplasm, score these compartments independently instead of treating redistribution as total protein loss (UniProt O60716 localisation).
Could isoform choice or epitope accessibility change my CTNND1 IHC result?
CTNND1 has 32 listed isoforms, and the supplied product caption does not identify this antibody’s epitope or establish which isoforms it detects (UniProt O60716 isoforms; datasheet A02333-3). Keratinocytes preferentially express shorter isoforms, especially 3A, whereas melanocytes and melanoma cells primarily express long isoform 1A; this makes isoform coverage relevant when comparing those cells (UniProt O60716 tissue specificity). CTNND1 also has numerous annotated modified residues, but their effects on this antibody’s staining are untested here (UniProt O60716 modified residues; datasheet A02333-3). Request epitope mapping or isoform validation before assigning a negative section to isoform absence, and compare compartments under identical retrieval and detection conditions (standard IHC practice).
How should I investigate CTNND1 localisation by multiplex IF?
Use IF as a separate assay: HPA reports mainly plasma-membrane localisation, with an additional basal-body location, in its subcellular evidence (HPA subcellular). Pair CTNND1 with a marker that identifies the expected cell type in the specimen, and acquire separate channels plus single-stain controls so overlapping signals can be interpreted (standard IF practice). Choose a fluorophore channel with low measured tissue autofluorescence and check unstained tissue before interpreting faint signal (standard IF practice). CTNND1 has no transmembrane segment and is associated with the cytoplasmic side of cell contacts, so optimise permeabilisation for antibody access to that side while checking whether border detail survives (UniProt O60716 topology and localisation; standard IF practice).
How can I reduce diffuse brown staining without losing junctional CTNND1?
The selected paraffin-section image used 10% goat-serum blocking, 2 μg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C, and biotin-based detection with DAB (datasheet A02333-3). Run a no-primary control and inspect whether staining persists, then check peroxidase blocking, washing, secondary-antibody concentration, and DAB development time as general chromogenic IHC variables (standard IHC practice). With biotin-based detection, assess endogenous-biotin background in the tissue before interpreting diffuse colour as CTNND1 (datasheet A02333-3; standard IHC practice). Adjust one variable at a time and preserve readable cell borders, since junctional and cytoplasmic CTNND1 distributions provide a useful pattern check (UniProt O60716 localisation; HPA tissue IHC).
What is a defensible way to score CTNND1 staining across sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and scoring region before reviewing groups, then record membranous, cytoplasmic, and nuclear staining separately because CTNND1 can occupy those compartments (UniProt O60716 localisation; standard IHC practice). For each compartment, report percentage of positive cells and intensity, or calculate an H-score from percentages at intensity grades 0–3 (standard IHC practice). If measuring stained area or cell density, normalise to viable tissue area in mm² or to the count of eligible cells, excluding folds and necrosis (standard IHC practice). Apply one threshold and acquisition setting throughout a comparison, and report cell-type composition because HPA tissue staining varies by cell population (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice).
When is apparent CTNND1 positivity more likely to be artefact?
Give greatest weight to reproducible staining in intact cells at plausible borders or in cytoplasm, consistent with CTNND1 junctional localisation and HPA tissue staining (UniProt O60716 localisation; HPA tissue IHC). Treat signal restricted to torn edges, folds, necrotic areas, or poorly preserved cells as suspect and compare it with adjacent intact tissue (standard IHC practice). Check a no-primary control for endogenous enzyme or detection-system colour before assigning isolated brown deposits to CTNND1 (standard IHC practice). Cell identity matters: HPA reports high staining in placental cytotrophoblasts and testicular Sertoli cells, while several listed cell populations are undetected, so interpret each compartment within its identified cell population (HPA tissue IHC).
Boster reagents
Best CTNND1 / Catenin delta-1 IHC Antibodies
The catalog includes CTNND1 antibodies with IHC images from human, mouse and rat tissues and IF images from human cells (catalog image captions).
Real IHC data
Anti-delta 1 Catenin/CAS/CTNND1 Antibody ®
Cat # A02333-3
Real IHC data
Anti-delta 1 Catenin/CAS/CTNND1 Antibody ® (monoclonal, 8G7E4)
Cat # M02333-2
Real IHC data
Anti-Catenin δ-1 Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody
Cat # M02333-4
Real IF data
Anti-delta 1 Catenin/p120 Catenin Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody
Cat # M02333
A02333-3 has paraffin-section IHC images from human liver cancer, mouse lung and intestine, and rat lung; M02333-2 has paraffin-section IHC images from human breast, colorectal and laryngeal cancers (catalog IHC captions). M02333-4 has IHC images from rat and mouse liver and human cervical and liver cancers; M02333 has an IF image from MCF-7 cells, with IHC listed as an application but no IHC image supplied (catalog image captions; catalog applications).
Which to pick: For paraffin-section IHC with documented processing, choose A02333-3 or mouse monoclonal M02333-2: each caption reports EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 and an overnight primary incubation at 2 μg/ml; the fixative is unreported (A02333-3 and M02333-2 IHC captions). For IF/ICC, A02333-3 and M02333-2 have cell images and 5 μg/ml primary incubations, while rabbit monoclonal M02333 has an MCF-7 IF image (catalog IF captions). For cross-species tissue IHC, A02333-3 has paraffin-section images from human, mouse and rat samples; M02333-4 also has tissue images across those species, though its captions do not specify processing (catalog IHC captions).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry O60716 (CTND1_HUMAN, Catenin delta-1).
- Human Protein Atlas. CTNND1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Enhanced).
- Human Protein Atlas. CTNND1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the plasma membrane. In addition localized to the basal body..
- Human Protein Atlas. CTNND1 antibody validation summary (3 antibodies).
- Free apical surface hetero-cellular CDH1 homophilic binding is a major mediator of blastocyst-endometrium interaction in humans. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 2026 — PMC13061149.
- Overexpression of CTNND1 in hepatocellular carcinoma promotes carcinous characters through activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR 2016 — PMC4872337.
- Glomerular proteomic profiling reveals early differences between preexisting and de novo type 2 diabetes in human renal allografts. BMC nephrology 2023 — PMC10464146.
- Anoikis-related CTNND1 is associated with immuno-suppressive tumor microenvironment and predicts unfavorable immunotherapeutic outcome in non-small cell lung cancer. Journal of Cancer 2024 — PMC10758022.
- PubMed PMID:9653641 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:9205841 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for CTNND1 (Catenin delta-1). Expected localisation Cytoplasmic and membranous in most tissues (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A02333-3). Validated IHC antibody: A02333-3 at 2-5 μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Placenta (Cytotrophoblasts); negative Caudate. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human liver cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A02333-3); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A02333-3); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A02333-3); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A02333-3); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-CTNND1, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A02333-3); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A02333-3). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A02333-3); Caveat: CDH1 can enhance membrane localization (UniProt); Isoform / epitope: 32 isoforms; epitope coverage depends on splice region (UniProt); Regulation: No staining-intensity regulator established (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt O60716, HPA tissue IHC · Enhanced, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the plasma membrane. In addition localized to…, Datasheet A02333-3, PMC10464146, PMC10758022. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/CTNND1/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.