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6 Citations 6 Q&As
Facts about C-C motif chemokine 1.
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Human | |
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Gene Name: | CCL1 |
Uniprot: | P22362 |
Entrez: | 6346 |
Belongs to: |
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intercrine beta (chemokine CC) family |
C-C motif chemokine 1; CCL1; chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1; I-309; inflammatory cytokine I-309; P500; SCYA1; SCYA1Small-inducible cytokine A1; SCYA2; SISe; small inducible cytokine A1 (I-309, homologous to mouse Tca-3); T lymphocyte-secreted protein I-309; TCA3; TCA-3
Mass (kDA):
10.992 kDA
Human | |
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Location: | 17q12 |
Sequence: | 17; NC_000017.11 (34360328..34363233, complement) |
Secreted.
The CCL1 Marker, a biomarker that can be used to diagnose and treat many diseases, is new. This article will discuss the CCL1 Marker's benefits and applications in breast carcinoma. It can also be used as a biomarker to diagnose TB disease. This article will discuss the latest developments concerning this promising biomarker.
CCL1 marker can be used to monitor levels of inflammation. This marker is expressed primarily on lymphocytes. It is highly controlled by Sp1. It plays an important role in transendothelial cells migration and integrin mediated adhesion. It could be a valuable therapeutic target. Here are three other benefits of the CCL1Marker.
Researchers recently found that intratumoral CCL1 expression was significantly correlated with the high levels of CCL1 in breast cancer tissues. CCL1 expression was associated with tumors with high estrogen receptor levels, invasiveness, or lower grades. While CCL1-TLR4 expression was not statistically significant but they were correlated to patient survival.
Basal-like breast cancer had a higher expression of the CCL1 marker than HER2+ and HER2-negative. In addition, the basal-like subtype showed higher mRNA levels of CCL1/2/3/5/10/11/16. CCL11 expression was highest in luminal A/B breast cancers. These results suggest CCL1 as a valuable biomarker during early-stage breast carcinoma.
CCL1 (small secreted protein) is involved in cell-trafficking. It is produced primarily by activated macrophages, activated monocytes and T cells. It is also expressed on T regulatory and monocytes. CCL1 is a potent anti-chemoattractant of T, M and other cells. CCL1 could be used in breast cancer treatment and other forms of immunology.
A CCL1 gene-expression panel was developed that included data for the expression of CC and CXC chemokines in primary tumor samples. Researchers found that CCL1/5/7/11/19/20/22/25 chemokine expression was elevated in primary tumors, while CCL2/3/4/8/13/14/15/16/18/22/24/28 were downregulated in primary tumors. Additionally, CCL9/10/11/13 levels were higher in primary tumours than in normal cells. However, their transcription levels were significantly lower than those of CXCL2/3/4/12/17.
While CRP has been demonstrated to be a useful biomarker in TB diagnosis, it is still not validated. Clinical tests based on this biomarker are not as sensitive as symptom-based testing. To improve the specificity and sensitivity, a multi-biomarker research is required. The study should include subgroups that can validate its potential to be a TB Biomarker. The study should include children, patients with HIV coinfection, as well as those with diabetes.
Three differential metabolites were identified in the urine of TB patients during the current study. Each of these substances was associated with the severity and correlated to transmission rates. These results suggest that sputum bacillus loads could be a promising indicator of TB disease. However, it is important to note that such a biomarker is only valid if it is highly sensitive and noninvasive.
The study also revealed that TB gene expression is a predictor for LTBI in children. Researchers found that 95% LTBI patients didn't progress to active TB. Due to this, serial IGRA responses are often reduced after successful TB therapy. Further, the researchers found that positive IGRA responses could be used to differentiate active TB from LTBI.
To evaluate the diagnostic potential of these biomarkers, the study authors conducted a multicenter evaluation. These results are encouraging for clinicians and public health professionals. The limitations of the study make it difficult for clinicians to apply these findings in clinical practice. To evaluate the clinical utility and efficacy of TB biomarkers, it is important that multicenter, large-scale trials with gold-standard diagnostic tests be conducted.
There are many biomarkers for detecting TB. Eight genes were significantly more common in the cured group compared to the relapsed. This study suggests that a gene called Pragmin may play an important role in the immune response by inhibiting the C-terminal Src kinase. Relapsed patients also had RUNX2 downregulated. RUNX2 may inhibit PI3K/AKT signaling in cells.
Tumor heterogeneity plays a key role in tumor progression and metastasis, and is associated with enhanced Th2 and NK cell responses. It also causes Treg dysfunction and promotes IL-12 secretion. These effects are not a direct measure of tumor immunity. However, they may be important in maintaining chemotherapeutic efficacy. Some of these natural agents have been shown to influence the progression of tumors. Polysaccharide compounds have therapeutic effects on tumor-induced genetic instability and antigrowth signaling.
Complexity is involved in the function of antitumor immunoglobulin in tumor development and progress. Tumor growth produces antigen that stimulates the host's natural inflammation. Antitumor immunity can then be used to manage the primary tumor, and eliminate metastases. Tumor-specific immunity may also prevent the spread of cancer from primary tumor to metastatic sites. Researchers are currently studying the role of EE inducing antitumor immunity (in the development of cancer) to determine the role of antitumor immune in tumor progression.
There are many biological agents that can induce trained antitumor immunity responses in tumor cells. These compounds are commonly used in cancer immunotherapy trials. These biological agents are derived directly from fungal cells walls and have been shown effective in inducing anti-tumor immunity. It is unknown however, which leukocyte populations are capable of maintaining trained immunity. Because the life span of macrophages is longer than that of trained immunity, researchers focused on determining which differentiation type contributes to trained immune response.
Anti-PD-1 therapy does not inhibit PD-1 expression, but alternative candidates may have high intratumoral CD8+T cells. Moreover, these alternative candidate molecules may have defined cell subsets that are sensitive to cytokine accessibility. Previous research has shown that PD-1 is highly expressed among antigen-experienced T cell subsets, which are the most responsive to immunotherapy. It might also depend on additional cytokine signals to promote rapid proliferation. PD-1 could therefore be a therapeutic target to deliver IL-2 to antigen-specific T cell lines.
EE induced antitumor immunity is a therapeutic target for cancer treatments. But it also has other uses. The immune system may play a major role in tumor reduction in vivo. Therefore, a therapeutic drug targeting EE induced antitumor resistance might be developed. If EE-induced immune system can be used in the treatment of PD1-related genes, then the success rate will be much higher.
PMID: 2809212 by Miller M.D., et al. A novel polypeptide secreted by activated human T lymphocytes.
PMID: 2212659 by Miller M.D., et al. Sequence and chromosomal location of the I-309 gene. Relationship to genes encoding a family of inflammatory cytokines.
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