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DSG1 / Desmoglein-1 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for DSG1
Plan DSG1 chromogenic IHC in paraffin sections using the observed membranous pattern in squamous epithelia as a reference (HPA tissue IHC). Compare epidermal layers when scoring, since DSG1 expression is highest in the granular layer (UniProt).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
DSG1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Squamous epithelial cell membranes (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Membranous staining in squamous epithelial cells (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet M02655-1) | |
| Positive control | Cervix+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image M02655-1) | |
| Caveat | Epidermal staining varies by layer (UniProt) | |
| Regulation | Highest in the epidermal granular layer (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 2 isoforms; epitope coverage is unspecified (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended DSG1 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody uses EDTA pH 8.0 heat retrieval (datasheet M02655-1). Four published DSG1 IHC protocols provide tissue-specific methods (PMC12283034; PMC12599537; PMC7436288; PMC9508372).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human lung cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet M02655-1) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet M02655-1); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet M02655-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet M02655-1) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit monoclonal (clone ED-4) anti-DSG1, 1:50 (datasheet M02655-1) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet M02655-1) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet M02655-1) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | DSG1-positive staining in squamous epithelial cells of cervix (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Distinct membranous expression in squamous epithelia. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with EDTA pH 8.0 heat retrieval for the catalog antibody (datasheet M02655-1); the published methods use their stated retrieval conditions with their respective antibodies (PMC12283034; PMC12599537; PMC7436288).
Section 2
What Is the Expected DSG1 Staining Pattern?
In paraffin sections, DSG1 should show distinct cell-border staining in squamous epithelia (HPA: tissue IHC profile). It is a transmembrane desmosomal protein with extracellular and cytoplasmic regions (UniProt Q02413 topology). Expect staining in suprabasal epidermis, strongest toward the granular layer, and in suprabasal esophageal epithelium (UniProt Q02413 tissue specificity). HPA rates its tissue IHC pattern Enhanced, citing consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression (HPA: tissue IHC reliability).
| Distinct cell-border staining in squamous epithelium, with strong skin staining toward the surface (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt Q02413 tissue specificity). | This fits DSG1 at desmosomal cell junctions (UniProt Q02413 subcellular location). HPA reports high staining in skin corneal-layer cells and in squamous epithelial cells of cervix, oral mucosa, and vagina (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Predominantly nuclear or diffuse cytoplasmic staining without convincing cell borders (HPA: tissue IHC profile). | Reassess as a possible artefact because the documented tissue IHC pattern is membranous (HPA: tissue IHC profile). UniProt also lists nucleus and cytoplasm, so compartment alone cannot prove that every such signal is false (UniProt Q02413 subcellular location). |
| Strong staining in cells outside the expected squamous epithelial pattern (HPA: tissue IHC profile). | Consider cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity, then compare a known-positive squamous tissue with a negative control (standard IHC practice). Cell identity matters: HPA reports no detection in adipocytes of adipose tissue or hematopoietic cells of bone marrow (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Widespread haze or staining that obscures cell borders (HPA: tissue IHC profile). | Treat the slide as difficult to interpret until background is reduced (standard IHC practice). A broad deposit does not reproduce the distinct membranous pattern reported by HPA, even if some squamous cells appear positive (HPA: tissue IHC profile). |
| No epithelial cell-border signal in a known-positive squamous tissue (HPA: tissue IHC). | Check tissue preservation, retrieval, antibody and detection controls before calling DSG1 absent (standard IHC practice). Skin, oral mucosa, cervix, and vagina have high reported staining; esophageal squamous cells have medium staining (HPA: tissue IHC). |
💡Expected DSG1 appearanceCall a convincing positive when squamous epithelial cell borders stain distinctly, with strong signal in reported high-staining tissues; isolated nuclear deposits or diffuse background are questionable against the HPA membranous profile (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt Q02413 subcellular location).
| Tissue and epithelial layer (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt Q02413 tissue specificity). | Select and score the relevant squamous cells: HPA reports high staining in skin corneal-layer cells and several squamous epithelia, while UniProt places epidermal expression throughout suprabasal layers, highest in the granular layer (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt Q02413 tissue specificity). |
| Antibody validation (HPA: antibody IHC validation). | HPA022128 and HPA074188 are rabbit polyclonal antibodies with Enhanced IHC status (HPA: antibody IHC validation). That supports the reported tissue pattern; it does not establish identical performance for another antibody or an unreported epitope (HPA: antibody IHC validation). |
| Epitope location (UniProt Q02413 topology). | DSG1 spans the membrane at residues 549–569, with extracellular residues 50–548 and cytoplasmic residues 570–1049 (UniProt Q02413 topology). The supplied antibody records give no epitope, so they cannot predict which region either antibody recognizes (HPA: antibody records). |
| Processing and isoforms (UniProt Q02413 processing and isoforms). | UniProt lists a signal peptide, propeptide, mature chain beginning at residue 50, and two isoforms (UniProt Q02413 processing and isoforms). These features warrant checking an antibody’s stated immunogen when available; the supplied antibody records do not identify its epitope or isoform coverage (HPA: antibody records). |
| IF/ICC: what pattern is expected? (HPA: subcellular summary). | A membrane pattern is the limited expectation from HPA’s IF subcellular summary and UniProt’s desmosomal location (HPA: subcellular summary; UniProt Q02413 subcellular location). HPA supplies no ICC/IF image cell lines or ICC validation for these antibodies, so this IHC evidence cannot establish an IF/ICC result (HPA: subcellular and antibody records). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Skin positive control lacks cell-border staining (HPA: high skin staining). | An IHC workflow or reagent failure is possible; absence of signal alone does not identify the failed step (standard IHC practice). | Inspect tissue morphology, follow the selected antibody’s IHC-P instructions, and verify retrieval and detection controls before interpreting the sample (standard IHC practice). |
| Esophagus is weaker than skin (HPA: tissue IHC). | This may match the reported levels: esophageal squamous cells are medium, whereas skin corneal-layer cells are high (HPA: tissue IHC). | Score the same cell type and layer across sections, using the reported tissue levels as context rather than forcing equal intensity (HPA: tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). |
| Nuclear staining dominates the squamous epithelium (HPA: tissue IHC profile). | It does not match HPA’s distinct membranous IHC pattern, although UniProt includes nucleus among listed locations (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt Q02413 subcellular location). | Check whether cell borders also stain, then compare negative controls and an independent IHC-validated antibody before assigning the nuclear signal to DSG1 (standard IHC practice; HPA: antibody IHC validation). |
| Squamous cells and unrelated cells stain similarly (HPA: tissue IHC profile). | Cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity may explain a pattern that lacks the expected cell-type distinction (standard IHC practice; HPA: tissue IHC). | Review negative controls and assess whether the squamous cell-border pattern persists; investigate detection-system background before scoring unrelated cells as positive (standard IHC practice). |
| Diffuse chromogen obscures epithelial borders (HPA: tissue IHC profile). | Background from blocking, antibody concentration, washing, or detection can make localisation unreliable (standard IHC practice). | Optimize those general IHC steps with appropriate controls and repeat the slide; require resolvable cell borders for the reported pattern (standard IHC practice; HPA: tissue IHC profile). |
| A negative-control tissue shows strong staining (HPA: tissue IHC). | For example, HPA reports no detection in adipocytes of adipose tissue and hematopoietic cells of bone marrow; strong staining there conflicts with that cell-level record (HPA: tissue IHC). | Confirm the stained cell type, examine reagent and detection controls, and withhold a DSG1-specific call until the unexpected signal is resolved (standard IHC practice; HPA: tissue IHC). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing DSG1 staining
M02655-1 · IHCIHC analysis of DSG1 using anti-DSG1 antibody (M02655-1). DSG1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human lung cancer tissue. Heat
M02655-1 · IHCIHC analysis of DSG1 using anti-DSG1 antibody (M02655-1). DSG1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of mouse testis tissue. Heat medi
A02655-1 · IHCImmunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human-skin, antibody was diluted at 1:200
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000134760-DSG1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_21023707
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000134760-DSG1/tissue/colon#imid_21025801
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000134760-DSG1/tissue/liver#imid_21025802
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000134760-DSG1/tissue/kidney#imid_21025811
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for DSG1 IHC & IF
🧪Run skin first: cells in the corneal layer should stain (High; HPA: skin), with DSG1 expected at cell junctions (UniProt Q02413: desmosomal localization). Run adipose tissue as the negative, where adipocytes are Not detected (HPA: adipose tissue); basal epidermal cells on the skin slide should provide an internal negative relative to the suprabasal layers (UniProt Q02413: epidermal expression).
Positive control tissue: Cervix (Squamous epithelial cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA carries no ICC-IF cell line for DSG1; derive a cell-line control from the positive tissue's cell type (Squamous epithelial cells) and confirm it by RNA or western blot first.
Technical controls: Include a no-primary (secondary-only) slide, a concentration-matched rabbit IgG isotype control for the rabbit catalog antibody, and DSG1 knockout tissue as a biological negative (selected IHC caption: rabbit anti-DSG1; standard IHC practice). Quench endogenous peroxidase before HRP/DAB detection and assess native skin pigment when interpreting brown signal (selected IHC caption: HRP/DAB; standard IHC practice).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the exact M02655-1 paraffin-section caption does not state the fixative (selected IHC caption: fixative unreported). That caption uses heat-mediated retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0, followed by primary antibody at 1:50 overnight at 4°C; it supports that workflow without establishing whether retrieval is essential (selected IHC caption). Relative ease of frozen sections or IF is unreported in the supplied evidence (selected IHC caption: paraffin IHC; HPA subcellular: no ICC-IF images); in skin, distinguish junctional staining from pigment or signal retained in the corneal layer (UniProt Q02413: desmosomal localization; HPA: corneal-layer staining; standard IHC practice).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for DSG1
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — High consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cervix | Squamous epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Oral mucosa | Squamous epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Skin | Cells in corneal layer | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Vagina | Squamous epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Esophagus | Squamous epithelial cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced DSG1 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot DSG1 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, membrane localisation, tissue context and controls before interpreting chromogenic signal.
What retrieval should I try first if DSG1 staining is weak?
Start with heat-mediated antigen retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 for the catalog antibody (datasheet M02655-1). The selected paraffin-section example used that retrieval before a 1:50 primary incubation overnight at 4°C (datasheet M02655-1). Compare retrieved and unretrieved serial sections while keeping antibody concentration and DAB development constant (standard IHC practice). Judge improvement by crisp staining at cell contacts in suprabasal squamous epithelium, especially toward the granular layer of epidermis (UniProt Q02413 tissue specificity; HPA: distinct membranous expression in squamous epithelia). If staining remains weak, optimise heating duration on paired sections and check whether the positive control stains before changing buffer (standard IHC practice).
Could fixation explain weak or uneven DSG1 staining?
The selected DSG1 tissue caption identifies a paraffin section but does not state its fixative, so target-specific fixation sensitivity is unknown (datasheet M02655-1: fixative not stated). Record the fixative, fixation duration and processing history for each section before attributing a weak result to DSG1 biology (standard IHC practice). Compare sections processed together and use a squamous epithelial positive control to check whether the run can reveal the expected membrane pattern (HPA: distinct membranous expression in squamous epithelia; standard IHC practice). Keep retrieval at EDTA pH 8.0 while evaluating processing differences, because this is the selected antibody's documented condition (datasheet M02655-1). Avoid interpreting a failed control as tissue-specific loss (standard IHC practice).
Where should convincing DSG1 staining appear in a paraffin section?
Expect staining at cell-to-cell borders in squamous epithelium, consistent with DSG1 at the cell membrane and desmosomes (HPA: distinct membranous expression in squamous epithelia; UniProt Q02413 subcellular location). In epidermis, inspect suprabasal layers and the granular layer, where protein expression is highest (UniProt Q02413 tissue specificity). The extracellular region spans residues 50–548, the membrane segment 549–569, and the cytoplasmic region 570–1049 (UniProt Q02413 topology). UniProt also lists cytoplasmic and nuclear locations, so an isolated diffuse or nuclear DAB signal needs control comparison before assignment to DSG1 (UniProt Q02413 subcellular location; standard IHC practice). Compare cell borders with a counterstained companion section to confirm the stained cells (standard IHC practice).
How could epitope position affect DSG1 staining?
First establish which epitope the antibody recognises; this payload gives no epitope sequence or isoform specificity for the catalog antibody (datasheet M02655-1: epitope not stated; UniProt Q02413: 2 isoforms). DSG1 has extracellular residues 50–548, a transmembrane segment at 549–569, and cytoplasmic residues 570–1049 (UniProt Q02413 topology). Its signal peptide and propeptide precede the mature chain, while glycosylation sites include residues 110 and 180 (UniProt Q02413 processing and glycosylation). Those features identify possible epitope contexts but do not establish why this antibody stains weakly (UniProt Q02413 topology; standard IHC interpretation). If an epitope is later documented, assess whether processing or retrieval could affect access using matched positive controls (standard IHC practice).
How should I assess DSG1 alongside another marker by IF?
Use a marker that identifies the expected squamous epithelial cells, then assess whether DSG1 signal outlines contacts between those cells (HPA: distinct membranous expression in squamous epithelia; standard IF practice). Choose spectrally separated fluorophores and inspect unstained tissue in each channel so autofluorescence does not masquerade as colocalisation (standard IF practice). If the antibody recognises a cytoplasmic epitope, assess gentle permeabilisation; an accessible extracellular epitope may need a different approach, but this antibody's epitope is unreported (UniProt Q02413 topology; datasheet M02655-1: epitope not stated; standard IF practice). Confirm secondary-only controls and acquire channels separately before interpreting overlap (standard IF practice). The supplied caption documents chromogenic staining in a paraffin section, not IF performance (datasheet M02655-1).
How can I reduce diffuse brown background without losing DSG1 borders?
Start by comparing a no-primary control, a documented positive control and the test section under the same DAB development conditions (standard IHC practice). The selected example used 10% goat serum blocking, a 1:50 primary dilution overnight at 4°C, and a peroxidase-conjugated secondary for 30 minutes at 37°C (datasheet M02655-1). Peroxidase blocking, adequate washes and restrained DAB development help distinguish reagent or enzyme background from specific chromogenic signal (standard IHC practice). If diffuse colour persists, titrate primary antibody and secondary exposure on paired sections while preserving EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval (datasheet M02655-1; standard IHC practice). Retain conditions that preserve sharp squamous cell borders (HPA: membranous squamous epithelial expression).
What should I score when comparing DSG1 across sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the squamous epithelial compartment before scoring and report the percentage of cells with convincing cell-border DAB staining (HPA: distinct membranous expression in squamous epithelia; standard IHC practice). An H-score can combine staining intensity categories with the percentage of eligible cells, using the same thresholds across slides (standard IHC practice). For a spatial readout, report positive border length or positive-cell density per mm² of evaluable epithelium, with the measured area stated (standard image analysis practice). Normalise to the number of evaluable epithelial cells or epithelial area, and analyse comparable suprabasal layers when relevant (UniProt Q02413 tissue specificity; standard IHC practice). Exclude folded, necrotic and edge-affected areas consistently before scoring (standard IHC practice).
How do I distinguish a true DSG1-positive result from artefact?
A persuasive result shows crisp membranous borders in appropriate squamous epithelial cells, with suprabasal enrichment in epidermis (HPA: distinct membranous expression in squamous epithelia; UniProt Q02413 tissue specificity). Check that the positive control shows this pattern and that a no-primary control lacks comparable DAB deposits (standard IHC practice). Diffuse nuclear-only colour, staining confined to section edges or necrotic areas, and deposits reproduced in the no-primary control warrant investigation before calling DSG1 positive (UniProt Q02413 subcellular location; standard IHC practice). Endogenous peroxidase can produce misleading chromogenic signal, so assess peroxidase blocking when the pattern conflicts with cell borders (standard IHC practice). Interpret weak staining in the context of the scored cell population and tissue architecture (standard IHC practice).
Boster reagents
Best DSG1 / Desmoglein-1 IHC Antibodies
Two anti-DSG1 antibodies have IHC images from paraffin sections of human skin, human lung cancer tissue, and mouse testis (catalog image captions). Both list IF and human, mouse, and rat reactivity (catalog applications and reactivity).
Real IHC data
Anti-DSG1/Desmoglein 1 Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody
Cat # M02655-1
Real IHC data
Anti-Dsg1/Desmoglein 1 Antibody
Cat # A02655-1
M02655-1 has IHC images from paraffin sections of human lung cancer tissue and mouse testis (M02655-1 image captions). A02655-1 has an IHC image from paraffin-embedded human skin (A02655-1 image caption); both list IF, but neither provides an IF image (catalog applications and image records).
Which to pick: For tissue IHC, choose M02655-1 for its rabbit monoclonal format and documented paraffin-section staining at 1:50 with EDTA retrieval (M02655-1 catalog entry and image caption); choose A02655-1 for the pictured paraffin-embedded human skin example at 1:200 (A02655-1 image caption). For IF/ICC, M02655-1 lists both applications, while A02655-1 lists IF only; both list 1:50 as the IF dilution (catalog applications and dilutions). Both list human, mouse, and rat reactivity (catalog reactivity); the captions establish paraffin processing for each SKU, but do not report the fixative (catalog image captions).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q02413 (DSG1_HUMAN, Desmoglein-1).
- Human Protein Atlas. DSG1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Enhanced).
- Human Protein Atlas. DSG1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Membrane.
- Human Protein Atlas. DSG1 antibody validation summary (2 antibodies).
- Desmoglein 1 and 3 as potential markers of occult lymph node metastasis in oral cancer. Journal of oral and maxillofacial pathology : JOMFP 2025 — PMC12283034.
- Exogenous ephrin-A3 reverses loss of vaginal epithelial barrier protection in progestin-treated mice. Mucosal immunology 2025 — PMC12599537.
- Negative Expression of DSG1 and DSG2, as Prognostic Biomarkers, Impacts on the Overall Survival in Patients with Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Analytical cellular pathology (Amsterdam) 2020 — PMC7436288.
- Desmogleins 1, 3, and E-cadherin immunohistochemical expression within mucocutaneous pemphigus vulgaris. The Pan African medical journal 2022 — PMC9508372.
- PubMed PMID:1711210 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:1770008 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for DSG1 (Desmoglein-1). Expected localisation Squamous epithelial cell membranes (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet M02655-1). Validated IHC antibody: M02655-1 at 1:50 (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Cervix (Squamous epithelial cells); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human lung cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet M02655-1); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet M02655-1); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet M02655-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet M02655-1); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit monoclonal (clone ED-4) anti-DSG1, 1:50 (datasheet M02655-1); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet M02655-1). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image M02655-1); Caveat: Epidermal staining varies by layer (UniProt); Isoform / epitope: 2 isoforms; epitope coverage is unspecified (UniProt); Regulation: Highest in the epidermal granular layer (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt Q02413, HPA tissue IHC · Enhanced, HPA ICC-IF · Membrane, Datasheet M02655-1, PMC12283034, PMC12599537. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/DSG1/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.