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GLIPR2 / Golgi-associated plant pathogenesis-related protein 1 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for GLIPR2
Plan chromogenic IHC on paraffin sections using high staining in lung macrophages as a reference (HPA tissue IHC). This guide covers the catalog antibody’s 2–5 μg/ml IHC range (datasheet A10232-1) and how to interpret cytoplasmic staining (HPA tissue IHC).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
GLIPR2 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Cytoplasmic staining (HPA tissue IHC); Golgi membrane association (UniProt) | |
| Staining pattern | Cytoplasmic staining; high in lung macrophages (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A10232-1) | |
| Positive control | Appendix+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Epididymis+1 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A10232-1) | |
| Caveat | Lung macrophages may be mistaken for tumor staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Regulation not established (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | No annotated isoforms; no transmembrane segment (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended GLIPR2 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol is accompanied by one published GLIPR2 tissue microarray IHC method (PMC10929020).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human lung cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A10232-1) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A10232-1); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A10232-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A10232-1) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-GLIPR2, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A10232-1) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A10232-1) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet A10232-1) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | GLIPR2-positive staining in glandular cells of appendix (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: General cytoplasmic expression. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 for the catalog antibody (datasheet A10232-1); the published method does not specify retrieval (PMC10929020).
Section 2
What Is the Expected GLIPR2 Staining Pattern?
GLIPR2 is associated with Golgi membranes through a myristate and has no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q9H4G4). In paraffin sections, expect mainly cytoplasmic staining, especially in lung macrophages, bone marrow hematopoietic cells, and several epithelial cell populations scored High by HPA (HPA: tissue IHC). HPA rates the tissue staining Approved, with medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression (HPA: reliability).
| Cytoplasmic signal in lung macrophages or bone marrow hematopoietic cells. | This fits HPA's High staining in both populations and its general cytoplasmic profile (HPA: tissue IHC). Score the specified cells rather than treating every cell in the section as an equivalent positive control. |
| Predominantly nuclear or extracellular staining with little cytoplasmic signal. | This differs from HPA's general cytoplasmic profile and UniProt's Golgi membrane association (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt Q9H4G4). Investigate artefact before interpreting it as GLIPR2 localisation. |
| Strong staining in an unexpected cell population while expected cells remain weak. | Cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity is possible (general IHC practice). Compare cell identities with HPA's tissue-specific observations; GLIPR2 has low tissue specificity, so an unlisted cell is not automatically negative (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Uniform colour across cells and surrounding tissue, obscuring cell boundaries. | Diffuse background prevents a reliable cytoplasmic call (general IHC practice). Check the detection controls and staining distribution before assigning a GLIPR2 score; the HPA profile describes cellular cytoplasmic expression (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| No signal in lung macrophages or bone marrow hematopoietic cells. | A failed or insensitive staining run is possible because HPA scores these populations High (HPA: tissue IHC). Review section quality and assay controls; target-specific fixation sensitivity is not established by the supplied UniProt or HPA records. |
💡Expected GLIPR2 appearanceCall a positive result when identifiable HPA High cells show clear cytoplasmic staining, especially lung macrophages or bone marrow hematopoietic cells; isolated nuclear, extracellular, or uniform background colour is suspect (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice).
| Cell and tissue selection | HPA scores lung macrophages and bone marrow hematopoietic cells High, but epididymal and parathyroid glandular cells Not detected (HPA: tissue IHC). Use these as contextual comparisons, recognizing HPA's low tissue specificity and medium staining–RNA consistency (HPA: tissue IHC; reliability). |
| Subcellular interpretation | UniProt places GLIPR2 at Golgi membranes without a transmembrane segment and describes myristate-dependent membrane binding (UniProt Q9H4G4). HPA describes general cytoplasmic IHC staining; a distinct Golgi outline is therefore not required to recognize its reported tissue pattern (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Antibody evidence | HPA029478 is IHC Approved, while its ICC assessment is Uncertain (HPA: antibodies). HPA's Approved tissue reliability reflects medium consistency with RNA expression; it does not make every stained cell or compartment a confirmed GLIPR2 signal (HPA: reliability). |
| Retrieval and detection | Antigen retrieval, blocking, and detection controls are general IHC variables (general IHC practice). The supplied HPA and UniProt records give no GLIPR2-specific retrieval setting or fixation effect, so evaluate changes against controls instead of predicting a target-specific response. |
| IF/ICC Q: Should vesicles define the IHC-P result? | A: HPA reports mainly vesicles and additional microtubules in ICC-IF, both uncertain; HPA's tissue IHC profile is general cytoplasmic expression (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF; tissue IHC). Interpret paraffin-section staining against the IHC profile. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| The expected High cell population is unstained. | Section or staining performance may be inadequate (general IHC practice); HPA reports High staining in lung macrophages and bone marrow hematopoietic cells (HPA: tissue IHC). | Confirm that the expected cells are present, review assay controls, and check the IHC-validated antibody's documented IHC-P procedure (general IHC practice). Do not infer GLIPR2 fixation sensitivity from this result. |
| Colour covers most of the section without clear cellular boundaries. | Nonspecific background or detection activity may obscure cellular staining (general IHC practice). | Review the negative detection control, blocking, and wash performance, then score only distinguishable cellular signal (general IHC practice). Compare it with HPA's cytoplasmic profile (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Nuclei or extracellular material stain more strongly than cytoplasm. | The distribution conflicts with HPA's general cytoplasmic IHC profile and UniProt's Golgi membrane assignment (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt Q9H4G4). | Check counterstain and negative detection controls, then reassess the cellular compartment before calling the section positive (general IHC practice). |
| A glandular population differs from another glandular population. | HPA scores appendix and prostate glandular cells High, but epididymal and parathyroid glandular cells Not detected (HPA: tissue IHC). | Identify the tissue and cell population before comparing scores; do not apply one glandular-cell expectation across organs (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Bronchial and nasopharyngeal ciliated cells show different distributions. | HPA reports High staining in the bronchial ciliated cell body and in the nasopharyngeal ciliary axoneme (HPA: tissue IHC). | Record the tissue and the stained cell structure separately. Assess each observation against its corresponding HPA entry rather than imposing one compartment pattern on both (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| A low-staining section is being used to judge run failure. | HPA reports Low staining in liver hepatocytes and several neural and glandular populations (HPA: tissue IHC). A weak result there gives limited evidence about assay performance. | Check an available HPA High population and the assay controls before concluding that the run failed (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing GLIPR2 staining
A10232-1 · IHCIHC analysis of GLIPR2 using anti-GLIPR2 antibody (A10232-1). GLIPR2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human lung cancer tissue
A10232-1 · IHCIHC analysis of GLIPR2 using anti-GLIPR2 antibody (A10232-1). GLIPR2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human lung cancer tissue
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000122694-GLIPR2/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_7402341
HPA · LungHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Lung. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000122694-GLIPR2/tissue/lung#imid_7405423
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000122694-GLIPR2/tissue/colon#imid_7405470
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000122694-GLIPR2/tissue/liver#imid_7405479
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA029478; green = GLIPR2, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA029478; green = GLIPR2, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for GLIPR2 IHC & IF
🧪Run bronchus first and assess the ciliated cells, which are reported as High for GLIPR2 (HPA: bronchus, ciliated cells). Use epididymis glandular cells as the negative tissue (HPA: epididymis, glandular cells, Not detected); on the bronchus slide, assess neighboring cells outside the ciliated compartment for background staining against the no-primary control, without assuming they lack GLIPR2.
Positive control tissue: Appendix (Glandular cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Epididymis (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show GLIPR2 in A-431, U-251MG, U2OS, with annotated localisation: Vesicles (uncertain) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only slide and a concentration-matched rabbit IgG isotype control (selected-SKU IHC caption: rabbit primary antibody; standard IHC practice). If available, use GLIPR2 knockout material as a biological specificity control (standard IHC practice). Quench endogenous peroxidase and check for airway autofluorescence if evaluating IF (standard IHC/IF practice).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the selected-SKU paraffin-section caption does not state the fixative (selected-SKU IHC caption: fixative unreported). That caption uses heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0, but does not establish that GLIPR2 staining depends on that retrieval method (selected-SKU IHC caption: EDTA pH 8.0). Whether frozen sections or IF are easier is unreported; check bronchial background carefully because airway autofluorescence can complicate IF interpretation (standard IHC/IF practice).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for GLIPR2
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Approved — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appendix | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bronchus | Ciliated cells (cell body) | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cervix | Squamous epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Esophagus | Squamous epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced GLIPR2 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot GLIPR2 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, cellular context, controls and scoring before interpreting chromogenic signal.
Which antigen retrieval should I try first if GLIPR2 staining is weak?
Use heat-mediated antigen retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 first (datasheet A10232-1). The catalog antibody stained a paraffin-embedded human lung cancer section after that retrieval, with primary antibody at 2 μg/ml overnight at 4°C (datasheet A10232-1). If signal remains weak, compare retrieval runs on adjacent sections while keeping antibody concentration, detection and development consistent (standard IHC practice). Include a section with retrieval omitted to assess whether the treatment improves specific cellular staining (standard IHC practice). The caption does not state a fixative, so this result cannot establish retrieval performance across fixation conditions (datasheet A10232-1).
How should I handle fixation when GLIPR2 staining varies between samples?
Record the fixative and fixation duration for each specimen, then compare sections processed and stained together (standard IHC practice). Target-specific sensitivity to fixation is unknown: the catalog antibody's paraffin-section caption does not state the fixative (datasheet A10232-1). Do not infer a preferred fixative from the observed tissue staining or from GLIPR2's Golgi membrane association (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q9H4G4 localisation). If specimens differ in fixation history, assess staining with matched controls before treating an intensity difference as biological (standard IHC practice). Keep retrieval at EDTA pH 8.0 as the initial comparison condition (datasheet A10232-1).
What staining pattern is plausible for GLIPR2 in paraffin sections?
Look for cytoplasmic staining and assess whether a punctate or perinuclear component is present, rather than requiring a sharply outlined membrane pattern (HPA tissue IHC: general cytoplasmic expression; UniProt Q9H4G4: Golgi membrane association). GLIPR2 associates with lipid-enriched Golgi membrane microdomains through its myristate and has no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q9H4G4 topology and localisation). Bright-field IHC may not resolve individual Golgi structures, so record the observable pattern without assigning every punctum to the Golgi (standard IHC practice). HPA reports vesicles as its main IF location and microtubules as an additional location, both uncertain (HPA subcellular). Compare localisation in intact cells across the section before calling diffuse deposits specific (standard IHC practice).
Could an isoform or hidden epitope explain discordant GLIPR2 staining?
The supplied record lists 0 isoforms, so an isoform-specific explanation is unsupported here (UniProt Q9H4G4 isoforms). It also lists no glycosylation sites or modified residues, while describing a myristate-dependent membrane association; those annotations do not identify this antibody's epitope (UniProt Q9H4G4 processing and localisation). Check the antibody's stated immunogen or epitope information before proposing that retrieval exposes a particular region (standard IHC practice). Where epitope information is unavailable, compare matched sections with the catalog retrieval condition, EDTA pH 8.0, and appropriate controls (datasheet A10232-1; standard IHC practice). Avoid assigning a staining difference to an unreported splice form or modification (UniProt Q9H4G4 isoforms and PTMs).
How can IF help assess GLIPR2 localisation seen by chromogenic IHC?
On the separate IF/ICC workflow, multiplex GLIPR2 with a marker of the cell population under study; a macrophage marker is relevant when investigating lung macrophages (HPA tissue IHC: High in lung macrophages). Choose fluorophores that remain distinguishable from the specimen's autofluorescence, and include single-colour and unstained controls (standard IF practice). GLIPR2 associates with Golgi membranes without a transmembrane segment, but the antibody epitope's accessible side is not supplied (UniProt Q9H4G4 topology; datasheet A10232-1). Set permeabilisation according to the established epitope accessibility and compare its effect on cellular signal (standard IF practice). Interpret vesicular or microtubule colocalisation cautiously because those HPA assignments are uncertain (HPA subcellular).
How do I reduce diffuse brown staining without losing GLIPR2 signal?
Assess an adjacent section without primary antibody, and check whether brown signal persists in the same structures (standard IHC practice). Block endogenous peroxidase before HRP and DAB detection, then optimise blocking, washing and chromogen development against the specific signal (standard IHC practice). The catalog example used 10% goat serum, 2 μg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C, and a peroxidase-linked secondary for 30 minutes at 37°C (datasheet A10232-1). Treat those as tested conditions for its paraffin-section image, then compare any adjustment on matched sections (datasheet A10232-1; standard IHC practice). Review cell shape and compartment before accepting widespread cytoplasmic colour as GLIPR2 (HPA tissue IHC: general cytoplasmic expression).
How should I score GLIPR2 IHC across specimens with different cell mixtures? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and region of interest before scoring, because a mixed field can combine biologically distinct sources of signal (standard IHC practice). Depending on the question, report an H-score, the percentage of positive cells, or positive-cell density per mm² using the same threshold and analysis rules across sections (standard IHC practice). Normalise cell-based measures to the number of eligible cells and area-based measures to evaluable tissue area (standard IHC practice). Stratify lung macrophages from other cells when relevant, since HPA reports High staining in those macrophages (HPA tissue IHC). Include negative controls and comparable staining batches when setting thresholds, and document excluded damaged or necrotic areas (standard IHC practice).
When is apparent GLIPR2 positivity more likely to be artefact?
Give greater weight to reproducible staining within intact cells in a plausible cytoplasmic distribution (HPA tissue IHC: general cytoplasmic expression; standard IHC practice). Check cell identity: lung macrophages show High staining in the supplied tissue profile, while glandular cells of epididymis and parathyroid gland are Not detected (HPA tissue IHC). A purely nuclear or extracellular deposit conflicts with the reported Golgi membrane association and warrants control review (UniProt Q9H4G4 localisation; standard IHC practice). Be wary of staining concentrated at section edges or necrotic zones, and check no-primary controls for endogenous enzyme-related DAB signal (standard IHC practice). HPA labels its tissue staining Approved with medium RNA consistency, so interpret discordant specimens alongside morphology and controls (HPA tissue IHC).
Boster reagents
Best GLIPR2 / Golgi-associated plant pathogenesis-related protein 1 IHC Antibodies
A10232-1 has IHC images from paraffin sections of human lung cancer tissue and rat spleen (catalog IHC captions); its listed reactivity is human, mouse and rat (catalog reactivity).
Real IHC data
Anti-GLIPR2 Antibody ®
Cat # A10232-1
A10232-1 is listed for IHC and has paraffin-section images from human lung cancer tissue and rat spleen (catalog applications; catalog IHC captions). No IF/ICC image or application is listed for A10232-1 (catalog applications; catalog IF images).
Which to pick: Choose rabbit antibody A10232-1 for paraffin-section IHC, starting at 2–5 μg/ml; its IHC captions show 2 μg/ml with EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0, and the fixative is unreported (catalog host; catalog IHC dilution; catalog IHC captions). For IF/ICC, A10232-1 has no listed validation, so its IHC results do not establish IF/ICC performance (catalog applications; catalog IF images). For cross-species work, human, mouse and rat reactivity is listed, while the paraffin-section IHC images cover human and rat only (catalog reactivity; catalog IHC captions).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q9H4G4 (GAPR1_HUMAN, Golgi-associated plant pathogenesis-related protein 1).
- Human Protein Atlas. GLIPR2 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Approved).
- Human Protein Atlas. GLIPR2 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to vesicles. In addition localized to the microtubules..
- Human Protein Atlas. GLIPR2 antibody validation summary (1 antibodies).
- Identification of pivotal genes and regulatory networks associated with SAH based on multi-omics analysis and machine learning. Scientific reports 2025 — PMC12022295.
- GLIPR2: a potential biomarker and therapeutic target unveiled - Insights from extensive pan-cancer analyses, with a spotlight on lung adenocarcinoma. Frontiers in immunology 2024 — PMC10929020.
- Application of a novel myristoylproteomics approach identifies GLIPR2 as a key pro-ferroptotic substrate in non-small cell lung cancer. Materials today. Bio 2026 — PMC12955691.
- PubMed PMID:11865038 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:12137952 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for GLIPR2 (Golgi-associated plant pathogenesis-related protein 1). Expected localisation Cytoplasmic staining (HPA tissue IHC); Golgi membrane association (UniProt). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A10232-1). Validated IHC antibody: A10232-1 at 2-5 μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Appendix (Glandular cells); negative Epididymis. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human lung cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A10232-1); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A10232-1); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A10232-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A10232-1); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-GLIPR2, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A10232-1); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A10232-1). Watch for: Fixation: Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A10232-1); Caveat: Lung macrophages may be mistaken for tumor staining (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: No annotated isoforms; no transmembrane segment (UniProt); Regulation: Regulation not established (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt Q9H4G4, HPA tissue IHC · Approved, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to vesicles. In addition localized to the…, Datasheet A10232-1, PMC10929020. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/GLIPR2/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.