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GRHL2 / Grainyhead-like protein 2 homolog · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for GRHL2
Plan chromogenic GRHL2 IHC on paraffin sections using the IHC-validated antibody at 2–5 μg/ml (datasheet A04120-2). Assess granular nuclear and cytoplasmic staining with appropriate controls, bearing in mind that the tissue staining profile has uncertain reliability (HPA tissue IHC).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
GRHL2 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Granular nuclear and cytoplasmic staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Granular nuclear and cytoplasmic signal in several tissues (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A04120-2) | |
| Positive control | Appendix+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation conditions consistent across paraffin sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Tissue staining has low consistency with RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | RNA expression is tissue enhanced in skin (HPA tissue RNA) | |
| Isoform / epitope | Two isoforms; confirm epitope coverage (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended GRHL2 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody protocol uses EDTA pH 8.0 heat retrieval (datasheet A04120-2). The published options below cover mouse intestinal, human pancreatic, and human bladder tissue (PMC13414807; PMC6341798; PMC7127877).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human adenocarcinoma of the right colon tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A04120-2) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A04120-2); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A04120-2); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A04120-2) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-GRHL2, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A04120-2) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A04120-2) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet A04120-2) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | GRHL2-positive staining in glandular cells of appendix (HPA tissue IHC: Medium). HPA tissue profile: Granular cytoplasmic and nuclear expression in several tissues. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with EDTA pH 8.0 heat retrieval for the catalog antibody (datasheet A04120-2). Use citrate pH 6.0 when reproducing the pancreatic protocol (PMC6341798).
Section 2
What Is the Expected GRHL2 Staining Pattern?
GRHL2 is primarily nuclear, with detection also reported at cell–cell contacts (UniProt Q6ISB3: subcellular location). In paraffin IHC, expect staining in selected epithelial cells, including bronchial respiratory epithelium and intestinal glands (HPA: medium staining in bronchus, colon and duodenum). HPA also describes granular cytoplasmic and nuclear staining across several tissues, but rates its tissue IHC profile uncertain because staining and RNA expression show low consistency (HPA: tissue IHC).
| Nuclear staining in bronchial respiratory epithelial cells or colon glands, with adjacent cells providing contrast. | This fits GRHL2’s nuclear location and HPA’s medium staining in those cell types (UniProt Q6ISB3: subcellular location; HPA: bronchus and colon). Record the stained cell type and compartment separately. A plausible pattern supports interpretation, but HPA’s tissue IHC reliability is uncertain (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Predominantly cytoplasmic staining with little or no nuclear staining in an expected epithelial population. | Treat this as a localisation discrepancy: nucleoplasm is the supported ICC-IF location, although HPA tissue IHC describes granular cytoplasmic as well as nuclear staining (HPA: subcellular; HPA: tissue IHC). Review morphology and controls before calling the cytoplasmic signal specific; the tissue profile alone cannot settle it. |
| Strong staining in alveolar cells, adipocytes or liver cholangiocytes. | Those cell populations are listed as not detected in HPA tissue IHC (HPA: lung alveolar cells; adipose adipocytes; liver cholangiocytes). Consider nonspecific antibody binding or endogenous chromogen activity as general IHC possibilities. Check the relevant negative control and confirm which cells carry the signal; absence in HPA is not proof that every specimen must be negative. |
| Diffuse colour across epithelium, stroma and blank areas, without a discernible cellular pattern. | A field-wide deposit is difficult to reconcile with the cell-resolved HPA observations (HPA: tissue IHC). In general IHC practice, background can arise from insufficient blocking, excess antibody or chromogen development, or inadequate washing. Evaluate a no-primary control before interpreting weak compartmental staining. |
| No staining in bronchial respiratory epithelium or colon glands. | HPA reports medium staining in these populations, so their absence warrants a run-level check (HPA: bronchus and colon). Confirm that the expected cells are present, then inspect positive controls, retrieval, detection and antibody dilution as general IHC practice. Because HPA rates tissue IHC uncertain, one negative specimen does not establish biological absence (HPA: tissue IHC). |
💡Expected GRHL2 appearanceA defensible positive call is cell-resolved nuclear staining in the expected epithelium, potentially medium in bronchial respiratory cells or colon glands; isolated diffuse deposit or strong staining in HPA-negative cell populations is suspect rather than confirmatory (UniProt Q6ISB3: subcellular location; HPA: bronchus, colon and tissue IHC).
| Compartment and cell identity | UniProt places GRHL2 in the nucleus and reports detection at cell–cell contacts; HPA tissue IHC describes granular nuclear and cytoplasmic staining (UniProt Q6ISB3: subcellular location; HPA: tissue IHC). Score nuclear, cytoplasmic and junctional patterns separately, and identify the stained cell population. UniProt lists no transmembrane segment, so a membrane pattern should not be assumed to represent a membrane-spanning form (UniProt Q6ISB3: topology). |
| Tissue-specific evidence and its limit | HPA records medium staining in bronchial respiratory epithelial cells and several glandular populations, but low staining in kidney tubule cells and not detected in lung alveolar cells (HPA: tissue IHC). Specify the cell population when choosing controls; a whole-organ label can hide this distinction. UniProt reports high kidney expression, so kidney should not be treated as an unambiguous strong IHC control (UniProt Q6ISB3: tissue specificity; HPA: kidney). |
| Antibody validation | The HPA tissue IHC profile is rated uncertain for low agreement between staining and RNA data; HPA004820 is also IHC uncertain (HPA: tissue IHC; HPA: antibody validation). This lowers confidence in a tissue-only positive call. HPA062839 has supported ICC-IF validation, which addresses a different application and does not establish IHC-P performance (HPA: antibody validation). |
| Isoforms and epitope information | UniProt lists 2 GRHL2 isoforms and a 1–625 protein chain, with no signal peptide, propeptide or annotated glycosylation sites in this record (UniProt Q6ISB3: isoforms, processing and glycosylation). These facts do not identify either antibody’s epitope or predict retrieval sensitivity. If staining differs between samples, consult the antibody’s documented immunogen and IHC-P instructions before proposing an isoform explanation. |
| IF/ICC relevance? | Yes, as a localisation cross-check: HPA supports nucleoplasmic localisation in ICC-IF and lists images from HaCaT, RT-4 and U2OS cells (HPA: subcellular). That evidence helps assess whether an IHC pattern is plausible, but the supported ICC-IF antibody status and cell images do not validate a paraffin IHC result (HPA: antibody validation; HPA: subcellular). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| The expected epithelium is present, but the slide has no specific signal. | The run may have insufficient detectable signal; HPA reports medium staining in bronchial respiratory epithelium and colon glands, subject to uncertain tissue IHC reliability (HPA: bronchus, colon and tissue IHC). | General IHC practice: check the positive control and detection reagents, then verify retrieval and dilution against the IHC-validated antibody’s instructions. Reassess only after the control performs as expected. |
| Colour appears mainly in cytoplasm and nuclei remain pale. | This differs from supported nucleoplasmic ICC-IF localisation, although granular cytoplasmic tissue staining is reported (HPA: subcellular; HPA: tissue IHC). | Score compartments separately. General IHC practice: compare a no-primary control, review counterstain and cell boundaries, and repeat with an independently validated IHC antibody if the localisation remains decisive. |
| Alveolar cells or adipocytes appear strongly positive. | HPA lists those populations as not detected; nonspecific binding or endogenous detection activity are general IHC possibilities (HPA: lung alveolar cells; adipose adipocytes). | Confirm cell identity and compare no-primary and appropriate detection controls. In general IHC practice, address endogenous enzyme activity when using enzyme-based chromogenic detection. |
| Weak colour covers both cells and blank slide regions. | The lack of a cell-resolved pattern limits interpretation against HPA’s tissue observations (HPA: tissue IHC). Excess reagent, incomplete blocking or inadequate washing are general IHC causes. | Use a no-primary control to locate background. General IHC practice: review blocking, washes, antibody dilution and chromogen development before assigning any weak cellular signal. |
| Kidney tubules stain weakly despite an expectation of high kidney expression. | UniProt reports high kidney expression, while HPA tissue IHC records low staining in tubule cells; the measurements do not imply the same IHC intensity (UniProt Q6ISB3: tissue specificity; HPA: kidney). | Record the observed tubule pattern and compare a separate epithelial positive control. Avoid treating kidney RNA or broad expression descriptions as a fixed staining-intensity threshold. |
| A positive field contains mixed stained and unstained cell populations. | HPA reports GRHL2 staining by cell type within tissues, and its tissue IHC reliability is uncertain (HPA: tissue IHC). Apparent heterogeneity can also reflect cell identification or local technical variation in general IHC practice. | Identify the stained cells on the counterstain, score their compartment and intensity separately, and compare another area plus the run controls before calling biological heterogeneity. |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing GRHL2 staining
A04120-2 · IHCIHC analysis of GRHL2 using anti-GRHL2 antibody (A04120-2). GRHL2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human adenocarcinoma of the
A04120-2 · IHCIHC analysis of GRHL2 using anti-GRHL2 antibody (A04120-2). GRHL2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human breast cancer tissue.
A04120-2 · IFIF analysis of GRHL2 using anti-GRHL2 antibody (A04120-2). GRHL2 was detected in an immunocytochemical section of A431 cells. Enzyme antigen
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000083307-GRHL2/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_1617744
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000083307-GRHL2/tissue/colon#imid_1617686
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000083307-GRHL2/tissue/liver#imid_1617679
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000083307-GRHL2/tissue/kidney#imid_1617680
HPA · ICC-IF HaCaTHuman Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, HaCaT, antibody HPA062839; green = GRHL2, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF HaCaTHuman Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, HaCaT, antibody HPA062839; green = GRHL2, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for GRHL2 IHC & IF
🧪Run bronchus first: respiratory epithelial cells should show GRHL2 staining (HPA: Medium in bronchus respiratory epithelial cells). Use lung alveolar cells as the negative tissue (HPA: Not detected in lung alveolar cells); compare adjacent non-epithelial cells on the bronchus slide for background, without treating them as a validated GRHL2-negative population.
Positive control tissue: Appendix (Glandular cells, HPA Medium)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show GRHL2 in HaCaT, RT-4, U2OS, with annotated localisation: Nucleoplasm (supported) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only control and a concentration-matched rabbit IgG isotype control (caption: rabbit anti-GRHL2 primary; standard IHC practice). Use identically processed GRHL2-knockout material as a biological negative, and quench endogenous peroxidase before HRP/DAB detection, especially when assessing inflammatory cells (caption: HRP/DAB detection; standard IHC practice).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the selected A04120-2 paraffin-section caption does not state the fixative. That caption uses heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0, but does not establish whether retrieval is required (caption: EDTA retrieval); the supplied evidence does not show that frozen sections or IF are easier. In bronchus, assess any peroxidase signal from inflammatory cells separately from respiratory epithelial staining (HPA: Medium in bronchus respiratory epithelial cells; standard IHC practice).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for GRHL2
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Uncertain — Low consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appendix | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bronchus | Respiratory epithelial cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Caudate | Neuronal cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebellum | Cells in granular layer | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebral cortex | Neuronal cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Fallopian tube | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Liver | Cholangiocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Lung | Alveolar cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced GRHL2 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot GRHL2 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, nuclear localisation, cell type and controls before interpreting chromogenic signal (UniProt Q6ISB3; HPA tissue IHC).
What should I change when GRHL2 staining is weak after antigen retrieval?
Start with heat-mediated antigen retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 for paraffin sections (datasheet A04120-2). The selected image used this retrieval before overnight incubation at 4°C with 2 μg/ml primary antibody, so keep those documented conditions together during the first comparison (datasheet A04120-2). If staining remains weak, vary heating duration on adjacent sections while keeping antibody concentration, detection and exposure to DAB consistent (standard IHC practice). Judge improvement by sharper staining in epithelial nuclei, while checking a no-primary control for increased background; GRHL2 is a nuclear transcription factor, although cell-contact staining is also reported (UniProt Q6ISB3; standard IHC practice).
How can I troubleshoot fixation-related loss of GRHL2 staining?
The selected paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative, so target-specific fixation sensitivity is unknown for this antibody (datasheet A04120-2). Record the fixative and fixation duration for each specimen, then compare sections processed together with the same EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval and 2 μg/ml primary concentration used in the selected image (datasheet A04120-2; standard IHC practice). Include a section with interpretable epithelial nuclei and a no-primary control in each run to separate tissue preservation from background (UniProt Q6ISB3; standard IHC practice). If a fixation condition gives weak signal, inspect morphology and repeat with matched processing before attributing the difference to GRHL2 biology (standard IHC practice).
Should GRHL2 staining appear outside the nucleus?
Prioritise nuclear staining when assessing GRHL2 because it is a transcription factor and supported nucleoplasmic localisation is reported (UniProt Q6ISB3; HPA subcellular). UniProt also reports detection at cell-cell contact areas, while tissue IHC describes granular cytoplasmic and nuclear staining with uncertain reliability (UniProt Q6ISB3; HPA tissue IHC). For the paraffin assay, compare each compartment with a no-primary section and inspect whether staining follows intact cells rather than tissue edges or damaged regions (standard IHC practice). Record nuclear, cytoplasmic and contact-area scores separately; a cytoplasmic-only result warrants confirmation with an independent specificity control before it is called GRHL2 (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice).
Could isoforms or epitope masking explain discordant GRHL2 IHC results?
GRHL2 has 2 listed isoforms, and its Grh/CP2 DNA-binding domain spans residues 244–482 (UniProt Q6ISB3). The supplied antibody caption does not map its epitope, so it cannot establish whether both isoforms are detected in paraffin sections (datasheet A04120-2). When samples disagree, repeat the documented EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval and 2 μg/ml primary condition on matched sections before assigning the difference to isoforms (datasheet A04120-2; standard IHC practice). If discordance persists, compare with an independently validated antibody whose epitope is known and score nuclear staining by cell type; GRHL2 has no annotated glycosylation or modified-residue sites in the supplied record (UniProt Q6ISB3; standard IHC practice).
How should I compare multiplex IF with this GRHL2 IHC result?
Treat IF/ICC as a separate assay: the selected antibody evidence describes chromogenic staining of a paraffin section, with no fixative specified (datasheet A04120-2). Multiplex GRHL2 with a marker identifying the expected epithelial population, and check whether nuclear signal occurs in marker-positive cells; keratinocyte expression and epithelial roles are reported for GRHL2 (UniProt Q6ISB3; standard IF practice). Choose spectrally separated fluorophores and place the weaker signal in a channel with low measured tissue autofluorescence, using single-stain controls to assess bleed-through (standard IF practice). Because GRHL2 is nucleoplasmic and has no transmembrane segment, permeabilise fixed cells sufficiently for nuclear epitope access, then compare any cell-contact signal separately (HPA subcellular; UniProt Q6ISB3; standard IF practice).
What controls distinguish GRHL2 signal from chromogenic background?
Run a no-primary section beside the test section to reveal secondary-reagent, endogenous-enzyme and DAB-related background (standard IHC practice). The selected image used 10% goat-serum blocking, 2 μg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C, and a peroxidase-conjugated secondary for 30 minutes at 37°C (datasheet A04120-2). If diffuse staining persists, check the general peroxidase-blocking step, washes and DAB development while holding the documented retrieval condition constant (datasheet A04120-2; standard IHC practice). Assess nuclear staining in intact glandular or respiratory epithelial cells and compare it with the no-primary section; these cell types show medium staining in the HPA tissue panel, whose overall reliability is uncertain (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice).
How should I score heterogeneous GRHL2 staining in paraffin sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the epithelial compartment before scoring and report the percentage of positive nuclei with an intensity-based H-score from 0–300 (UniProt Q6ISB3; standard IHC practice). If cell density varies, also report positive nuclei per mm² and normalise that density to the area of viable, evaluable epithelium rather than total section area (standard IHC practice). Keep nuclear scores separate from cytoplasmic or cell-contact staining because those locations have different levels of support in the supplied evidence (HPA subcellular; HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q6ISB3). Apply the same threshold, counterstain review and region-selection rules across sections, and exclude folds and necrosis from the denominator (standard IHC practice).
When is a GRHL2-positive area convincing rather than artefactual?
A convincing result shows staining in intact cells with a plausible nuclear component, consistent with GRHL2 transcription-factor function and supported nucleoplasmic localisation (UniProt Q6ISB3; HPA subcellular). Check cell identity: HPA reports medium staining in colon glandular and bronchial respiratory epithelial cells, but calls its tissue IHC reliability uncertain because staining and RNA data have low consistency (HPA tissue IHC). Treat staining confined to section edges, necrotic regions or a no-primary control as suspect, and investigate endogenous peroxidase or DAB background before assigning positivity (standard IHC practice). Report isolated cytoplasmic staining or apparent positivity in an unexpected cell type separately and seek an independent specificity control before drawing a biological conclusion (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice).
Boster reagents
Best GRHL2 / Grainyhead-like protein 2 homolog IHC Antibodies
A04120-2 has human paraffin-section IHC images and A431-cell IF data (catalog: A04120-2 applications and image captions).
Real IHC data
Anti-GRHL2 Antibody ®
Cat # A04120-2
A04120-2 has IHC images from human paraffin-embedded right-colon adenocarcinoma, breast cancer, placenta, and stomach cancer sections (catalog: A04120-2 IHC captions). The same SKU has an IF image from A431 cells (catalog: A04120-2 IF caption).
Which to pick: Choose A04120-2 for human paraffin-section IHC; its right-colon adenocarcinoma caption documents 2 μg/ml primary antibody after heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0, but does not report the fixative (catalog: A04120-2 IHC caption). For IF/ICC, A04120-2 is also listed for both applications, with A431-cell IF shown at 5 μg/ml (catalog: A04120-2 applications and IF caption). No cross-species choice is supported because the catalog lists human reactivity only; the antibody’s clonality is unreported (catalog: A04120-2 reactivity and clone fields).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q6ISB3 (GRHL2_HUMAN, Grainyhead-like protein 2 homolog).
- Human Protein Atlas. GRHL2 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Uncertain).
- Human Protein Atlas. GRHL2 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Localized to the nucleoplasm..
- Human Protein Atlas. GRHL2 antibody validation summary (2 antibodies).
- GRHL2 contributes to the maintenance of intestinal epithelial barrier integrity during LPS-induced injury. Frontiers in immunology 2026 — PMC13414807.
- Overexpression of grainyhead-like transcription factor 2 is associated with poor prognosis in human pancreatic carcinoma. Oncology letters 2019 — PMC6341798.
- Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) inhibits keratinocyte differentiation through epigenetic mechanism. Cell death & disease 2012 — PMC3542624.
- GRHL2 Acts as an Anti-Oncogene in Bladder Cancer by Regulating ZEB1 in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) Process. OncoTargets and therapy 2020 — PMC7127877.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:15489334 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:12393799 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for GRHL2 (Grainyhead-like protein 2 homolog). Expected localisation Granular nuclear and cytoplasmic staining (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A04120-2). Validated IHC antibody: A04120-2 at 2-5 μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Appendix (Glandular cells); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human adenocarcinoma of the right colon tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A04120-2); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A04120-2); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A04120-2); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A04120-2); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-GRHL2, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A04120-2); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A04120-2). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation conditions consistent across paraffin sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Tissue staining has low consistency with RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: Two isoforms; confirm epitope coverage (UniProt); Regulation: RNA expression is tissue enhanced in skin (HPA tissue RNA). Evidence: UniProt Q6ISB3, HPA tissue IHC · Uncertain, HPA ICC-IF · nucleoplasm., Datasheet A04120-2, PMC13414807, PMC6341798. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/GRHL2/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.