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HGS / Hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for HGS
Plan chromogenic HGS IHC in paraffin sections using the catalog antibody at 2 µg/mL (datasheet M01174-1). Compare cytoplasmic staining across cell types, while treating the tissue profile as provisional because it awaits external verification (HPA tissue IHC).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
HGS Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Variable cytoplasmic tissue staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | High cytoplasmic staining in pancreatic exocrine cells (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet M01174-1) | |
| Positive control | Pancreas+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across paraffin sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Cell-type variation: exocrine pancreas high, adipocytes undetected (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Higher in testis and blood leukocytes (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | Two isoforms; epitope coverage is unspecified (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended HGS IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol is accompanied by one published HGS IHC workflow using mouse liver sections (PMC4592276).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet M01174-1) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet M01174-1); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet M01174-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet M01174-1) |
| Primary antibody | Mouse monoclonal (clone 6C2E1) anti-HGS, 2 μg/ml (datasheet M01174-1) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet M01174-1) |
| Detection | Streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC), DAB chromogen (datasheet M01174-1) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | HGS-positive staining in exocrine glandular cells of pancreas (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Cytoplasmic expression at variable levels in most tissues. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 (datasheet M01174-1); the published mouse liver protocol does not specify retrieval (PMC4592276).
Section 2
What Is the Expected HGS Staining Pattern?
HGS is cytoplasmic and associates with early endosome and multivesicular body membranes without a transmembrane segment (UniProt O14964 localization and topology). In paraffin sections, expect cytoplasmic staining in glandular cells, especially pancreatic exocrine cells (HPA: high in pancreatic exocrine cells; medium in several other glandular tissues). Treat this as a guide, not a guaranteed pattern: HPA rates the tissue IHC evidence uncertain, pending external verification (HPA: tissue reliability).
| Cytoplasmic staining in pancreatic exocrine cells, with variable staining across other tissues. | This fits HPA’s reported high pancreatic exocrine signal and variable cytoplasmic expression in most tissues (HPA: tissue IHC). Compare cells within each section; the HPA tissue assessment remains uncertain (HPA: tissue reliability). |
| Predominantly nuclear staining, or a crisp outline of the entire plasma membrane. | These compartments conflict with the reported cytoplasmic and endosomal localization (UniProt O14964 localization; HPA: subcellular). Review morphology, staining distribution and controls before interpreting this as HGS (general IHC practice). |
| Strong adipocyte or cholangiocyte staining despite weak staining in expected positive cells. | HPA reports HGS as not detected in those cell types (HPA: tissue IHC). Check cross-reactivity and endogenous detection activity with appropriate controls (general IHC practice); HPA’s uncertain reliability limits any definitive negative call (HPA: tissue reliability). |
| Haze across tissue, stroma and blank regions, obscuring cell boundaries. | A diffuse field cannot establish the reported cytoplasmic pattern (HPA: tissue IHC). Review nonspecific binding, detection background and washing against control sections (general IHC practice). |
| No convincing signal in pancreatic exocrine cells. | That differs from HPA’s high reported staining in this cell type (HPA: tissue IHC). Check the assay controls and tissue preservation before concluding absence; the reference pattern itself awaits external verification (HPA: tissue reliability). |
💡Expected HGS appearanceA plausible positive result is predominantly cytoplasmic staining in pancreatic exocrine cells, with variable signal elsewhere (HPA: tissue IHC); dominant nuclear staining or uniform staining of HPA-negative cell types warrants review (UniProt O14964 localization; HPA: tissue IHC).
| Cell type and tissue context | HPA reports high pancreatic exocrine staining, medium staining in several glandular cell types, and undetected staining in adipocytes and cholangiocytes (HPA: tissue IHC). Interpret each compartment within identified cells, since these observations carry an uncertain tissue reliability rating (HPA: tissue reliability). |
| Intracellular distribution | UniProt places HGS in the cytoplasm and on early endosome and multivesicular body membranes, with no transmembrane segment (UniProt O14964 localization and topology). HPA ICC-IF supports endosomes and cytosol; its lysosome assignment is uncertain (HPA: subcellular). Chromogenic IHC may resolve cytoplasmic staining without resolving individual vesicles (general IHC practice). |
| Antibody evidence for paraffin IHC | Both listed antibodies, HPA004872 and HPA007728, have uncertain IHC status and supported ICC status (HPA: antibody validation). Supported ICC staining does not independently validate their paraffin-section pattern (HPA: antibody validation; general IHC practice). Seek agreement with morphology and controls before assigning specific HGS staining (general IHC practice). |
| IF/ICC Q&A: Should its puncta be required in IHC? | No. HPA ICC-IF places HGS mainly at endosomes, additionally in cytosol, with lysosomal localization uncertain (HPA: subcellular). Use that evidence to assess compartment plausibility; do not require visible puncta in chromogenic paraffin sections, whose resolution and presentation differ (general IHC practice). |
| Isoforms and antigen recognition | UniProt lists 2 isoforms, but the supplied evidence does not map antibody epitopes to either one (UniProt O14964 isoforms; HPA: antibody entries). An isoform-specific explanation for discordant staining therefore cannot be assigned from these records. Compare antibodies only after checking their documented antigen information (general IHC practice). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Pancreatic exocrine cells show no staining. | The result conflicts with HPA’s reported high signal, although that IHC assessment is uncertain (HPA: tissue IHC and reliability). | Confirm tissue identity and positive assay controls; review retrieval and detection steps as general IHC checks before interpreting absence (general IHC practice). |
| Strong nuclear staining dominates. | Nuclear localization is outside the supplied cytoplasmic and endosomal pattern (UniProt O14964 localization; HPA: subcellular). | Check counterstain separation, secondary-only control and antibody-dependent background, then compare cytoplasmic signal in the same cells (general IHC practice). |
| Adipocytes or cholangiocytes stain strongly. | These cell types are reported as not detected, subject to HPA’s uncertain tissue reliability (HPA: tissue IHC and reliability). | Inspect the negative reagent control for endogenous detection activity and compare staining with pancreatic exocrine cells (general IHC practice; HPA: high in pancreatic exocrine cells). |
| A diffuse brown haze hides cell boundaries. | Background prevents a reliable reading of HPA’s cytoplasmic pattern (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Review blocking, antibody concentration, washing and detection controls as general workflow variables; rescore only where cellular detail is clear (general IHC practice). |
| Only scattered puncta appear, with little diffuse cytoplasm. | Endosomal enrichment is plausible, but ICC-IF also supports cytosolic HGS and does not establish a required paraffin-section appearance (HPA: subcellular; HPA: antibody validation). | Check whether puncta sit within the expected cells and recur across fields; interpret alongside the broader cytoplasmic pattern (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| Two antibodies give different cell patterns. | Both listed antibodies have uncertain IHC validation, and their supplied entries do not identify isoform-specific epitopes (HPA: antibody validation; UniProt O14964 isoforms). | Compare reagent controls, cell morphology and documented antigen information; avoid attributing the difference to an isoform without further evidence (general IHC practice). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing HGS staining
M01174-1 · IHCIHC analysis of HGS using anti-HGS antibody (M01174-1). HGS was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human laryngeal squamous cell car
M01174-1 · IHCIHC analysis of HGS using anti-HGS antibody (M01174-1). HGS was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human colorectal adenocarcinoma t
M01174-2 · IHCIHC analysis of HGS using anti-HGS antibody (M01174-2). HGS was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human bladder epithelial carcinom
M01174-2 · IHCIHC analysis of HGS using anti-HGS antibody (M01174-2). HGS was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human breast infiltrating ductal
M01174-2 · IFIF analysis of HGS using anti-HGS antibody (M01174-2). HGS was detected in an immunocytochemical section of U87 cells. Enzyme antigen retrie
A01174-1 · IHCIHC analysis of HGS using anti-HGS antibody (A01174-1). HGS was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human rectal cancer tissue. Heat me
A01174-1 · IHCIHC analysis of HGS using anti-HGS antibody (A01174-1). HGS was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human rectal cancer tissue. Heat me
A01174-1 · IFIF analysis of HGS using anti-HGS antibody (A01174-1). HGS was detected in immunocytochemical section of Hela cells. Enzyme antigen retrieva
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000185359-HGS/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_1650792
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000185359-HGS/tissue/colon#imid_1650718
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000185359-HGS/tissue/liver#imid_1650735
HPA · PancreasHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Pancreas. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000185359-HGS/tissue/pancreas#imid_1650670
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA004872; green = HGS, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA004872; green = HGS, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for HGS IHC & IF
🧪Run pancreas first; its exocrine glandular cells should stain (HPA: High in exocrine glandular cells). Use adipose tissue adipocytes as the negative comparator (HPA: Not detected in adipocytes); on the pancreatic slide, internal background cells should retain counterstain without specific staining, but the supplied HPA rows do not identify a pancreatic cell type as negative (HPA: High in exocrine glandular cells).
Positive control tissue: Pancreas (Exocrine glandular cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show HGS in A-431, U-251MG, U2OS, RPTEC/TERT1, with annotated localisation: Endosomes (supported), Lysosomes (uncertain) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Run a no-primary (secondary-only) control, a mouse IgG isotype control matched to the primary’s subclass and concentration, and HGS knockout material processed identically if available (caption: mouse primary; standard IHC practice). For the SABC–DAB method, check endogenous peroxidase and biotin background in pancreas (caption: SABC–DAB; standard IHC practice).
⚠️Feasibility: No target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is reported, and the selected M01174-1 paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (caption: fixative not stated). The reported IHC condition uses heat-mediated EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0, but the caption does not establish that retrieval is required for every specimen (caption: EDTA retrieval, pH 8.0). Frozen sections and IF are not shown to be easier in the supplied evidence; IF/ICC offers an endosomal localization readout, while granular pancreatic exocrine staining should be checked against background controls (HPA: Endosomes supported; HPA: High in exocrine glandular cells; standard IHC practice).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for HGS
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Uncertain — Pending external verification.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pancreas | Exocrine glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebellum | Purkinje cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Liver | Cholangiocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Lymph node | Germinal center cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Soft tissue | Fibroblasts | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Spleen | Cells in red pulp | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced HGS IHC Tips
Troubleshoot HGS staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, signal location, controls, and scoring before interpreting chromogenic IHC results.
Which retrieval conditions should I try first for weak HGS staining in paraffin sections?
Start with heat-mediated retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 (datasheet M01174-1). The selected paraffin-section example used that condition before incubation with 2 μg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C, so keep those variables consistent for the first comparison (datasheet M01174-1). If signal remains weak, compare a shorter and longer heating interval on adjacent sections while holding cooling and detection conditions constant (standard IHC practice). Include a known positive tissue section in each run; pancreatic exocrine glandular cells are reported as high, although the tissue IHC reliability is uncertain (HPA tissue IHC). Judge improvement by specific cytoplasmic staining and preserved morphology, rather than total brown signal (UniProt O14964 localisation; standard IHC practice).
How should I troubleshoot fixation-related loss of HGS staining?
Target-specific sensitivity to fixation is unknown, and the selected paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (datasheet M01174-1). Record the fixative, fixation duration, block age, and processing history for every section before comparing staining intensity (standard IHC practice). Run sections with different documented processing histories together using EDTA at pH 8.0 and the same detection reagents (datasheet M01174-1; standard IHC practice). If staining varies, assess morphology and internal positive cells before attributing the difference to fixation, because processing and retrieval can also affect signal (standard IHC practice). Do not infer a fixation effect from HGS topology, modifications, or tissue expression patterns (UniProt O14964; HPA tissue IHC).
What staining pattern fits HGS, and when is diffuse staining suspicious?
Expect cytoplasmic signal with an endosomal component: HGS associates with early endosome and multivesicular body membranes, and HPA reports supported endosomal and cytosolic localisation (UniProt O14964 localisation; HPA subcellular). Fine cytoplasmic puncta are therefore plausible, but chromogenic section thickness and resolution can blur individual vesicles (UniProt O14964 localisation; standard IHC practice). Compare the suspected puncta with nearby unstained cells, a negative reagent control, and morphology on the counterstained section (standard IHC practice). Uniform nuclear staining alone does not match the reported principal locations and warrants a specificity check (UniProt O14964 localisation; HPA subcellular). Do not classify every cytoplasmic aggregate as an endosome: HGS can colocalise with UBQLN1 in ubiquitin-rich aggregates outside endocytic compartments (UniProt O14964 localisation).
Could isoform choice or epitope masking explain inconsistent HGS IHC?
HGS has 2 annotated isoforms, but the supplied antibody caption does not identify its epitope or establish isoform coverage (UniProt O14964 isoforms; datasheet M01174-1). The protein contains a VHS domain at residues 15–143 and a UIM at 258–277, with reported modified residues including phosphotyrosines (UniProt O14964 domains; UniProt O14964 modified residues). Those annotations identify regions to check against a future epitope disclosure; they do not establish which modification affects this antibody (UniProt O14964; standard IHC interpretation). If staining differs between specimens, repeat the documented EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval and compare adjacent sections under identical conditions (datasheet M01174-1; standard IHC practice). Resolve any isoform-specific claim only with epitope information and an appropriate independent control (standard IHC practice).
How can I investigate the HGS pattern with a complementary IF experiment?
Use IF as a complementary localisation check, selecting a separately validated antibody and fixation conditions for that assay (standard IF practice). Multiplex HGS with a marker validated for the cell population being assessed; pancreatic exocrine glandular cells offer a reported high-expression population, subject to uncertain tissue IHC reliability (HPA tissue IHC). Choose a far-red HGS fluorophore when tissue autofluorescence is strong, and inspect single-channel controls before interpreting overlap (standard IF practice). Test mild permeabilisation to expose intracellular epitopes, since HGS is cytosolic and endosome-associated, while the catalog antibody’s epitope and its accessibility are unspecified (HPA subcellular; UniProt O14964 topology; datasheet M01174-1). Score punctate and diffuse signal separately, and compare them with the chromogenic section at matched anatomical regions (standard IF/IHC practice).
How do I reduce brown background without losing genuine HGS signal?
First check a section processed without primary antibody and inspect the distribution of brown deposits relative to tissue edges and damaged areas (standard IHC practice). The selected example used 10% goat serum, a biotinylated secondary antibody, streptavidin-biotin detection, and DAB; retain those details when reproducing its workflow (datasheet M01174-1). Apply a peroxidase block and assess endogenous biotin interference as general controls for this detection chemistry (standard IHC practice). If background persists, titrate primary antibody around the documented 2 μg/ml concentration while keeping retrieval and development time fixed (datasheet M01174-1; standard IHC practice). Preserve cytoplasmic signal in expected cells rather than choosing the palest section, because HGS is broadly expressed (UniProt O14964 tissue specificity; standard IHC practice).
What is a defensible way to quantify variable HGS IHC staining? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and anatomical region before scoring, then measure cytoplasmic HGS staining separately from edge deposits and damaged tissue (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). For cell-based comparisons, report the percentage of positive eligible cells and an H-score calculated as Σ(intensity 0–3 × percentage), with a possible range of 0–300 (standard IHC practice). For sparse cell populations, report positive cells per mm² of viable tissue as well (standard IHC practice). Normalise to the same eligible cell type, viable area, staining batch, and exposure or scanning settings across specimens (standard IHC practice). Record punctate versus diffuse cytoplasmic patterns separately, since HGS has endosomal and cytosolic localisation (HPA subcellular; UniProt O14964 localisation).
How can I distinguish genuine HGS staining from artefact in an IHC section?
A credible result has cytoplasmic staining in intact cells, potentially with a punctate component consistent with HGS endosomal and cytosolic localisation (UniProt O14964 localisation; HPA subcellular). Compare the pattern with a positive tissue control and the no-primary control; HPA reports high pancreatic exocrine glandular staining but labels its tissue IHC reliability uncertain (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). Treat isolated nuclear-only signal, strong section-edge staining, and deposits over necrotic areas as reasons to investigate artefact (UniProt O14964 localisation; standard IHC practice). Check endogenous peroxidase and, for the documented biotin-based workflow, endogenous biotin before calling widespread DAB staining positive (datasheet M01174-1; standard IHC practice). Interpret weak staining in a reportedly negative cell population cautiously because absence in an HPA image is not a universal biological negative (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC interpretation).
Boster reagents
Best HGS / Hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate IHC Antibodies
The catalog shows human paraffin-section IHC for three HGS antibodies and cell IF images for two; all three list human, mouse and rat reactivity (catalog image captions; catalog reactivity).
Real IHC data
Anti-HGS Antibody ® (monoclonal, 6C2E1)
Cat # M01174-1
Real IHC data
Anti-HGS Antibody ® (monoclonal, 4B7E2)
Cat # M01174-2
Real IHC data
Anti-HGS Antibody ®
Cat # A01174-1
M01174-1 has IHC images in human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, colorectal adenocarcinoma, placenta and hepatocellular carcinoma (M01174-1 IHC captions); M01174-2 has IHC images in human bladder, breast, colorectal and endometrial cancers, plus IF in U87 cells (M01174-2 image captions). A01174-1 has IHC images in human rectal and testis cancers and an IF image in HeLa cells (A01174-1 image captions).
Which to pick: For tissue IHC, choose mouse monoclonal M01174-1 or M01174-2, or rabbit A01174-1; each has its own human paraffin-section image using EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 (catalog host and clone fields; respective IHC captions). For IF/ICC, choose M01174-2 or A01174-1: both list those applications and have cell IF images (catalog applications; respective IF captions). For mouse or rat samples, all three list reactivity, though their tissue IHC images show human samples; the IHC captions do not report a fixative (catalog reactivity; respective IHC captions).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry O14964 (HGS_HUMAN, Hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate).
- Human Protein Atlas. HGS tissue IHC expression (reliability: Uncertain).
- Human Protein Atlas. HGS subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the endosomes and lysosomes. In addition localized to the cytosol..
- Human Protein Atlas. HGS antibody validation summary (2 antibodies).
- Pancreatic Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm with Hyaline Globules (Thanatosomes): Report of Two Cases. International medical case reports journal 2021 — PMC8203267.
- A novel TP53 pathway influences the HGS-mediated exosome formation in colorectal cancer. Scientific reports 2016 — PMC4911576.
- The Dual Role of an ESCRT-0 Component HGS in HBV Transcription and Naked Capsid Secretion. PLoS pathogens 2015 — PMC4592276.
- miR-296 regulates growth factor receptor overexpression in angiogenic endothelial cells. Cancer cell 2008 — PMC2597164.
- PubMed PMID:9407053 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:9630564 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:10861283 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for HGS (Hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate). Expected localisation Variable cytoplasmic tissue staining (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet M01174-1). Validated IHC antibody: M01174-1 at 2 μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Pancreas (Exocrine glandular cells); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet M01174-1); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet M01174-1); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet M01174-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet M01174-1); 8. Primary antibody: Mouse monoclonal (clone 6C2E1) anti-HGS, 2 μg/ml (datasheet M01174-1); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet M01174-1). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across paraffin sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Cell-type variation: exocrine pancreas high, adipocytes undetected (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: Two isoforms; epitope coverage is unspecified (UniProt); Regulation: Higher in testis and blood leukocytes (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt O14964, HPA tissue IHC · Uncertain, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the endosomes and lysosomes. In addition…, Datasheet M01174-1, PMC4592276. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/HGS/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.