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HMGCS2 / Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, mitochondrial · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for HMGCS2
Plan chromogenic IHC-P for HMGCS2 using liver hepatocytes as a positive control (HPA tissue IHC). The guide covers expected cytoplasmic staining across positive cell types (HPA tissue IHC) and the catalog antibody’s IHC-P working range of 2–5 μg/ml (datasheet A04371-2).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
HMGCS2 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Cytoplasmic tissue staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Hepatocytes, GI endocrine cells and enterocytes: cytoplasmic (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A04371-2) | |
| Positive control | Appendix+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across paraffin sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | GI staining varies by cell type and site (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Liver expression 200-fold higher (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 3 isoforms; mature chain 38–508; check epitope coverage (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended HMGCS2 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody protocol specifies heat-mediated EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval (datasheet A04371-2). Published IHC options cover colon tissue (PMC11023725) and breast apocrine carcinoma (PMC4229141).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human gastric cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A04371-2) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A04371-2); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A04371-2); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A04371-2) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-HMGCS2, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A04371-2) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A04371-2) |
| Detection | Streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC), DAB chromogen (datasheet A04371-2) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | HMGCS2-positive staining in endocrine cells of appendix (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Cytoplasmic expression in hepatocytes, gastrointestinal tract, urinary bladder, gallbladder and cells in seminiferous tubules. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with EDTA pH 8.0 heat retrieval (datasheet A04371-2); neither published option specifies a retrieval method (PMC11023725; PMC4229141).
Section 2
What Is the Expected HMGCS2 Staining Pattern?
In paraffin-section IHC, expect HMGCS2 staining in hepatocyte cytoplasm and in selected gastrointestinal, gallbladder and kidney cell populations (HPA: tissue IHC, Enhanced). Its mitochondrial localization supports a cytoplasmic, sometimes granular pattern; a precise mitochondrial outline may not resolve with chromogenic detection (UniProt P54868: mitochondrion; HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). HMGCS2 has no transmembrane segment, so a membrane-rim pattern is unexpected (UniProt P54868: topology).
| Clear cytoplasmic staining in hepatocytes, with low background in the surrounding section. | This fits the strongest reference tissue: HPA records high hepatocyte staining and tissue-enriched liver RNA (HPA: liver tissue IHC; HPA: RNA specificity). Compare cell-localized signal with the counterstain and nearby unstained areas; a uniform tint across the section is less persuasive than staining confined to hepatocytes. |
| Cytoplasmic staining in selected nonhepatic cells, including intestinal endocrine cells or kidney collecting ducts. | These can be valid positives: HPA reports high staining in appendix, colon, duodenal and rectal endocrine cells, small-intestinal enterocytes, gallbladder glandular cells, and kidney collecting ducts (HPA: tissue IHC). UniProt describes low kidney and colon expression at the tissue level, so bulk expression should not be used to dismiss a cell-restricted IHC signal (UniProt P54868: tissue specificity). |
| Predominantly nuclear staining or a sharp plasma-membrane rim in otherwise positive cells. | Treat this as a localization mismatch requiring investigation: UniProt places HMGCS2 in mitochondria and annotates no transmembrane segment (UniProt P54868: subcellular location and topology). Check whether the signal follows tissue edges, nuclei or the detection reagents before scoring it as HMGCS2. |
| Staining concentrated in an unexpected cell population, such as adipocytes, while expected cells are weak. | Consider cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity before interpreting the result biologically. HPA reports HMGCS2 as not detected in adipocytes, while hepatocytes stain highly (HPA: adipose tissue and liver IHC). An HPA negative is a comparison for this assay, not proof that every sample must be negative. |
| Diffuse color throughout cells, stroma or the whole section, or no signal in hepatocytes. | Diffuse staining lacks the cell and compartment restriction expected from HPA tissue IHC and mitochondrial localization (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt P54868: mitochondrion). A blank liver section is inconclusive until a working positive control, detection reagents and the antibody's IHC-P conditions have been checked (HPA: high hepatocyte staining; general IHC practice). |
💡Expected HMGCS2 appearanceCall a section positive when hepatocytes show clear cytoplasmic staining, with signal also possible in HPA-listed gastrointestinal, gallbladder or collecting-duct cells; nuclear, membrane-rim or indiscriminate tissue-wide color is suspect (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt P54868: mitochondrion and topology).
| Cell distribution across tissues | Liver is the strongest reference because HPA reports high hepatocyte staining and liver-enriched RNA (HPA: liver IHC and RNA specificity). Other high calls are cell-specific; do not require every cell in a positive organ to stain (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Compartment and optical resolution | HMGCS2 is mitochondrial, and HPA ICC-IF mainly localizes it to mitochondria (UniProt P54868: subcellular location; HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). In chromogenic IHC, score a cell-restricted cytoplasmic pattern without requiring individual mitochondria to resolve (general IHC microscopy practice). |
| Protein forms and antibody coverage | UniProt lists three isoforms and a mature chain spanning residues 38–508 (UniProt P54868: isoforms and processing). The supplied evidence gives no epitope or isoform coverage for the catalog antibody; staining alone cannot identify an isoform or establish recognition of the processed chain. |
| Strength of the reference pattern | HPA rates the tissue pattern Enhanced and lists three antibodies with Enhanced IHC validation (HPA: tissue reliability and antibody validation). That supports use of the documented distribution as a comparator, while an unexpected result in a new specimen still needs its own controls. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Liver positive control has no visible hepatocyte staining. | The expected high hepatocyte signal is missing; the supplied sources do not identify a target-specific fixation failure (HPA: liver IHC). | Check the catalog antibody's IHC-P instructions, reagent activity, detection sequence and a concurrent positive control; review retrieval conditions as a general IHC workflow check, without assuming HMGCS2-specific retrieval sensitivity. |
| Most of the section shows uniform brown color. | A tissue-wide deposit does not match HPA's selected cell pattern and can arise from nonspecific detection or residual endogenous enzyme activity (HPA: tissue IHC; general chromogenic IHC practice). | Inspect no-primary and detection-only controls, then review blocking, washing and detection timing. Reassess only cell-localized signal after the background is controlled (general IHC practice). |
| Apparent signal is strongest in nuclei or along cell borders. | That compartment conflicts with mitochondrial HMGCS2 and its lack of a transmembrane segment (UniProt P54868: location and topology). | Compare with the counterstain and a no-primary control; check for edge deposits or chromogen precipitate before calling the compartment positive (general IHC practice). |
| Adipocytes stain strongly while hepatocytes remain weak. | The distribution conflicts with the HPA comparison: adipocytes are not detected and hepatocytes are high (HPA: adipose tissue and liver IHC). Cross-reactivity or detection background is plausible, but the image alone cannot distinguish them. | Repeat with appropriate negative detection controls and a liver positive control. Confirm that the signal belongs to cells rather than extracellular deposits before interpreting a new distribution (general IHC practice). |
| Kidney collecting ducts stain despite a low kidney expression summary. | These observations use different scales: HPA calls collecting-duct staining high, whereas UniProt describes low kidney expression overall (HPA: kidney IHC; UniProt P54868: tissue specificity). | Score the collecting ducts separately from other renal cells and compare the location and cytoplasmic pattern with the HPA reference; do not reject a localized positive solely because whole-tissue expression is low. |
| An IF image appears more punctate than the chromogenic IHC section. | HPA approves mitochondrial localization by ICC-IF, while individual organelles may be unresolved in chromogenic paraffin sections (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF; general IHC microscopy practice). | Use the mitochondrial IF finding as a localization check and assess this IHC section for the expected cell-restricted cytoplasmic signal; consult the separate IF/ICC guide for that application's workflow. |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing HMGCS2 staining
A04371-2 · IHCIHC analysis of HMGCS2 using anti-HMGCS2 antibody (A04371-2). HMGCS2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human gastric cancer tis
A04371-2 · IHCIHC analysis of HMGCS2 using anti-HMGCS2 antibody (A04371-2). HMGCS2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human laryngeal squamous
A04371-2 · IFIF analysis of HMGCS2 using anti-HMGCS2 antibody (A04371-2). HMGCS2 was detected in an immunocytochemical section of CACO-2 cells. Enzyme an
A04371-1 · IHCHMGCS2 Antibody (C-term) IHC analysis in formalin fixed and paraffin embedded human hepatocarcinoma followed by peroxidase conjugation of th
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000134240-HMGCS2/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_7005728
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000134240-HMGCS2/tissue/colon#imid_7005654
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000134240-HMGCS2/tissue/liver#imid_7005647
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000134240-HMGCS2/tissue/kidney#imid_7005648
HPA · ICC-IF RT-4Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, RT-4, antibody HPA027423; green = HMGCS2, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF RT-4Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, RT-4, antibody HPA027423; green = HMGCS2, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for HMGCS2 IHC & IF
🧪Run kidney first: collecting duct cells should stain strongly (HPA: High in kidney collecting ducts). Use adipose tissue as the negative tissue (HPA: Not detected in adipocytes); cells outside the collecting ducts on the kidney slide should show low background, but their HMGCS2 status should not be assumed from the supplied HPA row.
Positive control tissue: Appendix (Endocrine cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show HMGCS2 in RT-4, with annotated localisation: Mitochondria (approved) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only control and a rabbit IgG control matched to the primary antibody’s clonality (selected-SKU caption: rabbit primary antibody); use an HMGCS2 knockout specimen or validated peptide competition as a biological specificity control. Check for endogenous peroxidase and biotin signal in kidney before interpreting chromogenic staining (selected-SKU caption: biotinylated secondary and SABC–DAB detection).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window and fixation effect are unreported, and the selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption does not state a fixative. Heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 was used for the pictured paraffin section, but retrieval dependence was not established (selected-SKU caption). There is no supplied evidence that frozen sections or IF are easier; ICC-IF images support mitochondrial localization in RT-4 cells (HPA: approved mitochondrial location), while kidney sections warrant attention to endogenous biotin signal with the caption’s biotin-based detection.
HPA tissue IHC evidence for HMGCS2
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — High consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appendix | Endocrine cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Colon | Endocrine cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Duodenum | Endocrine cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Gallbladder | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Kidney | Collecting ducts | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Caudate | Glial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebellum | Cells in granular layer | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced HMGCS2 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot HMGCS2 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, cellular location, detection background, and scoring against defined tissue controls.
How should I adjust retrieval when HMGCS2 staining is weak in paraffin sections?
Start with heat mediated retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 for paraffin sections (datasheet A04371-2). The selected gastric cancer image used this buffer before 2 μg/mL primary antibody overnight at 4°C (datasheet A04371-2). Check heating, cooling, section thickness, and antibody exposure before trying citrate retrieval as a fallback (standard IHC practice). Include liver hepatocytes and a matched no primary slide to distinguish poor retrieval from detection background (HPA: High in hepatocytes; standard IHC practice). Keep retrieval time and temperature consistent across cases so processing differences do not masquerade as expression differences (standard IHC practice).
Can fixation explain weak or uneven HMGCS2 staining?
Target specific fixation sensitivity is unknown: the selected paraffin section caption does not state a fixative (datasheet A04371-2). Record the fixative, fixation duration, tissue thickness, and processing schedule for each specimen before comparing staining (standard IHC practice). If signal varies, compare similarly processed sections using the same EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval and 2 μg/mL primary incubation (datasheet A04371-2). Examine morphology and staining together, since uneven processing can make a section difficult to interpret (standard IHC practice). Use a concurrently processed liver control to detect run variation, while treating fixation effects as unresolved (HPA: High in hepatocytes; standard IHC practice).
What HMGCS2 staining pattern should count as correctly localised?
Expect a cytoplasmic pattern consistent with mitochondria, rather than nuclear or cell surface staining (UniProt P54868: mitochondrion; HPA: cytoplasmic tissue expression). In liver, assess hepatocytes first because they provide a strong tissue reference (HPA: High in hepatocytes). Compare questionable staining with adjacent morphology and a no primary control under identical chromogen development (standard IHC practice). HMGCS2 has no annotated transmembrane segment, so a crisp membrane outline alone needs independent validation (UniProt P54868 topology). Chromogenic deposits cannot establish mitochondrial colocalisation by themselves; use the cellular pattern and appropriate controls when reporting compartment level conclusions (standard IHC practice).
Could isoforms or epitope processing change HMGCS2 IHC staining?
HMGCS2 has 3 annotated isoforms and a processed chain spanning residues 38–508 (UniProt P54868 isoforms and processing). Without the catalog antibody’s epitope map, do not assume that every isoform or the precursor is detected equally (UniProt P54868 isoforms; standard IHC interpretation). Check whether any supplied immunogen or epitope information overlaps the processed chain before explaining a negative section as absent protein (standard IHC practice). Annotated acetylation and succinylation sites could matter only if they overlap the recognized epitope; that overlap is unreported here (UniProt P54868 modified residues). Validate an unexpected pattern with an independently characterized epitope when available (standard IHC practice).
How should I investigate HMGCS2 localisation by multiplex IF?
Treat IF as a separate assay and compare its cellular pattern with mitochondrial localisation reported for HMGCS2 (HPA: approved mitochondrial location). Multiplex with a marker identifying the expected cell type, such as hepatocytes in liver, plus a mitochondrial marker when compartment confirmation matters (HPA: High in hepatocytes; standard IF practice). Choose spectrally separated fluorophores, favouring a red or far red HMGCS2 channel if tissue autofluorescence obscures shorter wavelengths (standard IF practice). The antibody epitope’s side of the mitochondrial membrane is unspecified, so optimize detergent permeabilisation for intracellular access without assuming an exposed surface epitope (standard IF practice). Include single stain and no primary controls to assess bleed through and background (standard IF practice).
What causes diffuse brown signal in HMGCS2 chromogenic IHC?
Start by comparing the stained section with a matched no primary control and checking whether deposits follow tissue edges or damaged areas (standard IHC practice). Block endogenous peroxidase before DAB development, because residual enzyme activity can produce brown signal independent of antibody binding (standard IHC practice). The selected image used 10% goat serum, a biotinylated secondary, and a streptavidin–biotin detection complex (datasheet A04371-2). With that detection chemistry, check endogenous biotin and secondary binding using appropriate omission controls (standard IHC practice). Titrate primary antibody around the documented 2 μg/mL condition and keep DAB development matched across slides (datasheet A04371-2; standard IHC practice).
How should I score HMGCS2 staining across tissue sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the scored cell population and exclude folds, necrosis, and poorly preserved regions before measuring signal (standard IHC practice). For hepatocytes, record the percentage positive and intensity, then calculate an H-score from 0–300 if ordinal intensity scoring is reproducible (HPA: High in hepatocytes; standard IHC practice). For discrete positive cells, report counts per mm² alongside the measured tissue area (standard IHC practice). Normalize each result to the number of eligible cells or viable tissue area, and compare only sections processed with matched retrieval and DAB development (standard IHC practice). Set positivity thresholds using controls before examining group labels (standard IHC practice).
When is unexpected HMGCS2 staining likely to be artefactual?
Give greatest weight to intracellular staining in the expected cells: hepatocytes are strongly positive, and HMGCS2 is mainly mitochondrial (HPA: High in hepatocytes; HPA: approved mitochondrial location). Nuclear outlines, surface rims, and uniform staining in unrelated cells warrant scrutiny against a no primary control (UniProt P54868 topology; standard IHC practice). Discount signal confined to section edges, folds, or necrotic tissue, where staining can be misleading (standard IHC practice). Check a DAB positive result against an endogenous peroxidase control before assigning it to HMGCS2 (standard IHC practice). The selected gastric cancer section demonstrates staining under its stated conditions but does not establish that every tumour cell is positive (datasheet A04371-2).
Boster reagents
Best HMGCS2 / Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, mitochondrial IHC Antibodies
Two anti-HMGCS2 antibodies have human paraffin-section IHC images (catalog IHC captions); A04371-2 also has IF data in CACO-2 cells (catalog IF caption) and lists human, mouse, and rat reactivity (catalog reactivity).
Real IHC data
Anti-HMGCS2 Antibody ®
Cat # A04371-2
Real IHC data
Anti-HMGCS2 Antibody (C-term)
Cat # A04371-1
A04371-1 has an IHC image from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human hepatocarcinoma (A04371-1 IHC caption). A04371-2 has IHC images from paraffin-embedded human gastric, laryngeal, liver, and gall bladder cancers, plus IF data in CACO-2 cells (A04371-2 IHC and IF captions).
Which to pick: For tissue IHC, choose A04371-1 when documented fixation matters: its polyclonal antibody is listed for human IHC-P and imaged in paraffin-section, paraffin-embedded hepatocarcinoma (A04371-1 catalog applications, reactivity, dilution data, and IHC caption). For IF/ICC, choose A04371-2, which lists both applications and has a CACO-2 IF image; its IHC captions document paraffin sections but do not report the fixative (A04371-2 catalog applications, IF caption, and IHC captions). For cross-species work, A04371-2 lists human, mouse, and rat reactivity, while its pictured IHC examples are human (A04371-2 catalog reactivity and IHC captions). The selected A04371-2 tissue-IHC caption documents paraffin sections, but does not specify the fixative (selected-SKU IHC image A04371-2).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry P54868 (HMCS2_HUMAN, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, mitochondrial).
- Human Protein Atlas. HMGCS2 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Enhanced).
- Human Protein Atlas. HMGCS2 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the mitochondria..
- Human Protein Atlas. HMGCS2 antibody validation summary (3 antibodies).
- Identifying Macrophage-Related Genes in Ulcerative Colitis Using Weighted Coexpression Network Analysis and Machine Learning. Mediators of inflammation 2023 — PMC11023725.
- FABP7 and HMGCS2 are novel protein markers for apocrine differentiation categorizing apocrine carcinoma of the breast. PloS one 2014 — PMC4229141.
- The gene encoding the ketogenic enzyme HMGCS2 displays a unique expression during gonad development in mice. PloS one 2020 — PMC6946174.
- Molecular hydrogen attenuates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by modulating β-hydroxybutyrate metabolism. Molecular biology reports 2025 — PMC12289799.
- PubMed PMID:7893153 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:9305755 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for HMGCS2 (Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, mitochondrial). Expected localisation Cytoplasmic tissue staining (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A04371-2). Validated IHC antibody: A04371-2 at 2-5 μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Appendix (Endocrine cells); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human gastric cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A04371-2); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A04371-2); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A04371-2); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A04371-2); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-HMGCS2, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A04371-2); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A04371-2). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across paraffin sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: GI staining varies by cell type and site (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: 3 isoforms; mature chain 38–508 ; check epitope coverage (UniProt); Regulation: Liver expression 200-fold higher (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt P54868, HPA tissue IHC · Enhanced, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the mitochondria., Datasheet A04371-2, PMC11023725, PMC4229141. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/HMGCS2/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.