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INPP5D / Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 1 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for INPP5D
Plan paraffin-section INPP5D IHC around the expected cytoplasmic staining in lymphoid tissue (HPA tissue IHC). Use tonsil as a positive control (HPA tissue IHC; datasheet A03358), then assess staining by cell population (standard IHC practice).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
INPP5D Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Cytoplasmic in lymphoid tissues (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Strong cytoplasmic staining in germinal center cells (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | Citrate pH 6 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A03358) | |
| Positive control | Appendix+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Staining varies among hematopoietic cell populations (UniProt) | |
| Regulation | Varies with hematopoietic maturation (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | Three isoforms; epitope differences are unspecified (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended INPP5D IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody has a datasheet IHC-P protocol (datasheet: A03358). One published chromogenic SHIP1 protocol uses paraffin-embedded kidney sections (PMC12992027).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human tonsil tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A03358) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A03358); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: Citrate pH 6, 20 min (datasheet A03358) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A03358) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-INPP5D, 2μg/ml (datasheet A03358) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A03358) |
| Detection | Streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC), DAB chromogen (datasheet A03358) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | INPP5D-positive staining in germinal center cells of appendix (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: High cytoplasmic expression in lymphoid tissues. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated citrate retrieval at pH 6 (datasheet: A03358); the published kidney protocol reports retrieval without its conditions (PMC12992027).
Section 2
What Is the Expected INPP5D Staining Pattern?
INPP5D should mainly give cytoplasmic staining in lymphoid and hematopoietic cells (HPA tissue IHC: high cytoplasmic expression in lymphoid tissues; UniProt Q92835: immune and hematopoietic expression). Membrane-associated signal can occur because INPP5D moves to the plasma membrane upon activation, although it has no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q92835: localization and topology). HPA rates the tissue IHC pattern Enhanced, citing agreement between staining and RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC: reliability).
| Strong cytoplasmic staining in lymph node or tonsil germinal center cells, with identifiable hematoxylin-stained nuclei. | This matches HPA's high staining in those cells and its cytoplasmic lymphoid profile (HPA tissue IHC: lymph node, tonsil, profile). Score the cells that stain, not the entire tissue as uniformly positive; UniProt reports substantial variation within immune populations (UniProt Q92835: tissue specificity). |
| Predominantly nuclear staining, with little corresponding cytoplasmic signal, in an otherwise positive lymphoid section. | Treat a nuclear-only pattern as suspect: HPA describes cytoplasmic tissue staining, and UniProt lists cytoplasmic and membrane-associated locations, not a nuclear location (HPA tissue IHC: profile; UniProt Q92835: subcellular location). Review the negative control and detection steps before scoring it as INPP5D (general IHC practice). |
| Strong staining in adipocytes or bronchial respiratory epithelial cells while expected immune cells are weak. | HPA reports INPP5D as not detected in those cell types (HPA tissue IHC: adipose tissue, bronchus). Suspect nonspecific antibody binding or endogenous detection activity; check staining against a matched control and inspect whether positive immune cells retain the expected pattern (general IHC practice). |
| Diffuse chromogen across stroma, lumens, and many unrelated cell types, obscuring cellular boundaries. | A broad haze cannot be assigned to INPP5D from these sources; HPA describes a cell-specific, mainly cytoplasmic pattern (HPA tissue IHC: profile and tissue entries). Investigate background from antibody concentration, incomplete blocking, or detection chemistry using the relevant controls (general IHC practice). |
| No convincing staining in bone marrow hematopoietic cells or lymph node germinal center cells. | Both are reported as high-staining populations (HPA tissue IHC: bone marrow, lymph node). A blank result in a known-positive control raises a technical concern, though expression varies among immune cells (UniProt Q92835: tissue specificity); verify section quality, antibody performance, and detection controls before interpreting the study tissue (general IHC practice). |
💡Expected INPP5D appearanceCall a positive result when high cytoplasmic staining marks the expected germinal center or hematopoietic cells (HPA tissue IHC: lymph node, tonsil, bone marrow); a nuclear-only pattern or uniform staining of HPA-negative cell types is suspect (HPA tissue IHC: profile, adipocytes, bronchial epithelium; UniProt Q92835: localization).
| Cell identity and tissue context | HPA reports high staining in germinal center cells, marrow hematopoietic cells, splenic red pulp cells, and some nonimmune populations, including kidney proximal-tubule microvilli (HPA tissue IHC: tissue entries). Interpret each compartment against its own annotated cell type; UniProt's immune-cell specificity does not make every nonimmune HPA signal an artefact (UniProt Q92835: tissue specificity). |
| Cytoplasm versus membrane | UniProt places INPP5D in cytoplasm, cell membrane, membrane rafts, and cytoskeleton, and describes stimulus-dependent movement to membrane ruffles (UniProt Q92835: subcellular location). Membrane-edge staining can therefore be plausible when accompanied by an appropriate cellular pattern; it is not evidence that INPP5D is an integral membrane protein (UniProt Q92835: topology). |
| Variation within immune populations | UniProt reports INPP5D in at least 74% of immature CD34+ cells but only 10% of more mature CD33+ cells, and in most T cells but a minority of B cells (UniProt Q92835: tissue specificity). Do not require equal intensity across every immune cell in a section. |
| Antibody evidence and isoforms | HPA lists two antibodies with Enhanced IHC validation, HPA070455 and CAB016300 (HPA antibodies: IHC validation). UniProt lists three isoforms (UniProt Q92835: isoforms). These records do not identify the recognized epitope or establish whether either antibody detects all isoforms, so avoid assigning a weak region to an isoform. |
| IF/ICC question: where should signal appear? | HPA's ICC-IF summary supports a cytosolic location and lists Hep-G2 images (HPA subcellular ICC-IF: summary, image list). UniProt also allows activation-associated membrane recruitment (UniProt Q92835: localization). These observations inform image interpretation; they do not establish an IF/ICC protocol or make the cell line an IHC tissue control. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Known-positive lymphoid or marrow control is blank. | The result conflicts with HPA's high staining in germinal center or marrow hematopoietic cells (HPA tissue IHC: lymph node, bone marrow); the failed step is undetermined. | Confirm that the expected cells are present, then review deparaffinization, retrieval, primary antibody, and detection controls one step at a time (general IHC practice). No INPP5D-specific retrieval condition or fixation sensitivity is supplied by HPA or UniProt. |
| The whole section stains, including cell types HPA lists as not detected. | Nonspecific binding or endogenous detection activity is possible (general IHC practice); adipocytes and bronchial respiratory epithelium are HPA-negative reference cells (HPA tissue IHC: adipose tissue, bronchus). | Compare a no-primary control and an appropriate detection control; adjust blocking or antibody concentration only after locating the source of background (general IHC practice). |
| Most apparent signal sits over nuclei. | A nuclear-dominant result does not fit HPA's cytoplasmic tissue profile or UniProt's listed locations (HPA tissue IHC: profile; UniProt Q92835: subcellular location). | Check counterstain and chromogen boundaries at higher magnification, compare the no-primary control, and repeat with an IHC-validated antibody if the nuclear pattern persists (general IHC practice; HPA antibodies: IHC validation). |
| Only some immune cells in a positive region stain. | Expression can vary by immune population; UniProt reports different frequencies in CD34+ versus CD33+ cells and T versus B cells (UniProt Q92835: tissue specificity). | Identify the stained population morphologically and score its distribution and intensity separately. Use an independent cell marker if lineage assignment matters (general IHC practice). |
| A sharp peripheral signal appears beside cytoplasmic staining. | Activated INPP5D can move to the plasma membrane and membrane ruffles (UniProt Q92835: subcellular location); section-edge artefact is also possible (general IHC practice). | Check whether the peripheral pattern follows intact cells and recurs in the expected population; compare section edges and the no-primary control before accepting it as membrane-associated signal (general IHC practice). |
| Kidney proximal-tubule microvilli stain while nearby cells do not. | HPA records high staining in proximal-tubule microvilli (HPA tissue IHC: kidney), even though UniProt emphasizes immune and hematopoietic expression (UniProt Q92835: tissue specificity). | Assess the signal in the annotated microvillar location rather than rejecting it solely for being outside lymphoid tissue. Compare appropriate controls and avoid extending that observation to all renal cells (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC: kidney). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing INPP5D staining
A03358 · IHCIHC analysis of SHIP using anti-SHIP antibody (A03358). SHIP was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human tonsil tissue. Heat mediated
A03358 · IHCIHC analysis of SHIP using anti-SHIP antibody (A03358). SHIP was detected in paraffin-embedded section of mouse spleen tissue. Heat mediated
M03358 · IHCImmunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded rat spleen, using SHIP Antibody.
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000168918-INPP5D/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_4199164
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000168918-INPP5D/tissue/colon#imid_4199082
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000168918-INPP5D/tissue/liver#imid_4199091
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000168918-INPP5D/tissue/kidney#imid_4199076
HPA · ICC-IF Hep-G2Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, Hep-G2, antibody HPA070455; green = INPP5D, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF Hep-G2Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, Hep-G2, antibody HPA070455; green = INPP5D, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for INPP5D IHC & IF
🧪Run appendix first: germinal center cells should stain (HPA: High in appendix germinal center cells), while adjacent nonimmune epithelial cells should remain at background (UniProt Q92835: immune and hematopoietic tissue specificity). Use bronchus respiratory epithelium as the negative tissue (HPA: Not detected in respiratory epithelial cells).
Positive control tissue: Appendix (Germinal center cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show INPP5D in Hep-G2, with annotated localisation: Cytosol (supported) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only control, a rabbit IgG control matched to the primary antibody’s isotype and clonality where known (selected A03358 caption: rabbit primary), and INPP5D-knockout tissue as a biological negative if available. For chromogenic detection in appendix, block endogenous peroxidase and check for endogenous biotin signal when using the caption’s biotin-based detection (selected A03358 caption: biotinylated secondary and SABC/DAB).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the selected A03358 paraffin-section caption does not state the fixative (selected A03358 caption). That caption reports citrate retrieval at pH 6 for 20 minutes in tonsil; use it as a starting condition to optimize on appendix (selected A03358 caption). The supplied evidence does not establish whether frozen sections or IF are easier; for appendix, evaluate endogenous peroxidase and biotin background before scoring chromogenic staining (selected A03358 caption: biotin-based SABC/DAB detection).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for INPP5D
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — High consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appendix | Germinal center cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebellum | Granular cells - cytoplasm/membrane | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Kidney | Proximal tubules (microvilli) | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Lymph node | Germinal center cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bronchus | Respiratory epithelial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cervix | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Duodenum | Endocrine cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Epididymis | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced INPP5D IHC Tips
Use the catalog antibody’s paraffin-section evidence and tissue-specific expression patterns to troubleshoot INPP5D chromogenic IHC (datasheet A03358; HPA tissue IHC).
Which retrieval condition should I try first for weak INPP5D staining?
Start with heat-mediated antigen retrieval in citrate buffer at pH 6 for 20 minutes (datasheet A03358). The catalog antibody produced staining in a paraffin-embedded human tonsil section after this treatment, followed by 2 μg/mL primary antibody overnight at 4°C (datasheet A03358). If staining is weak, check heating consistency, section adherence, and whether a known-positive germinal center is present before changing retrieval conditions (standard IHC practice; HPA: High in tonsil germinal center cells). Compare any fallback retrieval condition on adjacent sections with identical antibody and detection settings, because stronger signal alone can also reflect increased background (standard IHC practice).
Could fixation explain weak or uneven INPP5D staining?
Target-specific fixation sensitivity for INPP5D is unknown from the supplied evidence; the catalog image describes a paraffin-embedded tonsil section but does not state its fixative (datasheet A03358). Record the fixative, fixation duration, processing history, and section age for each case, then compare affected sections with a similarly processed positive control (standard IHC practice). If an entire section stains weakly, examine retrieval, reagent performance, and tissue preservation alongside fixation history before attributing the result to INPP5D biology (standard IHC practice). Do not infer a preferred fixative from tissue staining patterns or from the protein’s localization or phosphorylation annotations (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q92835).
Should INPP5D staining be cytoplasmic or membranous?
Expect predominantly cytoplasmic staining in lymphoid tissue sections, consistent with the reported high cytoplasmic expression and supported cytosolic localization (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular). Membrane-associated staining can also be biologically plausible: INPP5D is annotated at the cell membrane and membrane ruffles and can translocate there after activation (UniProt Q92835 localization). It has no transmembrane segment, so a continuous membrane outline in every cell should prompt scrutiny of staining pattern and background rather than an assumption of constitutive surface expression (UniProt Q92835 topology; standard IHC practice). Compare compartments within morphologically identified positive cells on the same section, with attention to tissue edges and damaged areas (standard IHC practice).
Can isoforms or epitope accessibility change the IHC pattern?
INPP5D has 3 annotated isoforms, an SH2 domain at residues 5–101, and a phosphatase domain at 399–715 (UniProt Q92835). The supplied catalog caption does not identify the recognized epitope, so its isoform coverage and sensitivity to specific phosphorylation sites cannot be established from this IHC image (datasheet A03358; UniProt Q92835). Check the antibody’s documented immunogen or epitope before interpreting absent staining as absence of every isoform, and compare sections using the same retrieval and detection conditions (standard IHC practice). If a discrepancy persists, report the antibody and conditions alongside the observed cellular pattern rather than assigning an unverified isoform (standard IHC practice).
How should I assess INPP5D in a multiplex IF experiment?
For a separate IF experiment, pair INPP5D with a marker that identifies the expected immune or hematopoietic cell population, since its abundance varies across those populations (UniProt Q92835 tissue specificity). Select spectrally separated fluorophores after inspecting tissue autofluorescence in each channel, and include single-stain controls to assess bleed-through (standard IF practice). Because INPP5D is supported in the cytosol and has no transmembrane segment, assess permeabilisation for access to an intracellular epitope, while checking whether membrane-associated signal is preserved (HPA subcellular; UniProt Q92835 topology and localization; standard IF practice). The supplied paraffin-section caption establishes chromogenic IHC conditions only; it does not establish IF fixation or staining conditions (datasheet A03358).
What should I check when DAB appears outside expected INPP5D-positive cells?
First compare the suspect staining with a no-primary control and with the expected cellular distribution in the same tissue (standard IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC). The catalog tonsil image used a biotinylated secondary antibody, a streptavidin-biotin complex, and DAB, so evaluate endogenous biotin and endogenous peroxidase as potential contributors to background (datasheet A03358; standard IHC practice). A peroxidase block, suitable serum or protein block, and careful washing are general chromogenic IHC measures; the catalog caption specifically reports a 10% goat serum block (standard IHC practice; datasheet A03358). Diffuse edge staining or precipitate should be assessed separately from staining confined to morphologically intact cells (standard IHC practice).
How can I score INPP5D without confusing cell abundance with expression? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the tissue compartment and cell population before scoring, because INPP5D varies across immune and hematopoietic cells and germinal center cells stain strongly in several lymphoid tissues (UniProt Q92835 tissue specificity; HPA tissue IHC). Report the percentage of positive cells and an intensity-based H-score, or count positive cells per mm² when spatial density is the question (standard IHC practice). Normalize positive-cell counts to the area assessed and, where possible, to the number of eligible cells of the same identified population, so shifts in cell composition remain visible (standard IHC practice). Apply one threshold, exclude necrotic or damaged regions consistently, and score matched processing batches together (standard IHC practice).
How do I distinguish genuine INPP5D signal from artefact?
Favor staining in intact cells with plausible cytoplasmic distribution and the expected local cell population; tonsil germinal center cells are a documented positive reference (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular). Membrane-associated signal can be plausible after activation, but a uniform outline across unrelated cells requires checking against controls because INPP5D has no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q92835 localization and topology; standard IHC practice). Treat staining concentrated at section edges, within necrosis, or in the no-primary control as suspect, and assess endogenous peroxidase or biotin in the DAB detection workflow (standard IHC practice; datasheet A03358). Interpret unexpected cell types against tissue-specific reference patterns rather than assuming every nonimmune signal is artefactual (HPA tissue IHC).
Boster reagents
Best INPP5D / Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 1 IHC Antibodies
IHC images show INPP5D staining in paraffin sections of human tonsil and mouse and rat spleen (A03358 image captions). An ICC/IF-listed antibody has no IF figure (catalog: P03358-1).
Real IHC data
Anti-SHIP/INPP5D Antibody ®
Cat # A03358
Real IHC data
Anti-SHIP INPP5D Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody
Cat # M03358
A03358 lists IHC and Human, Mouse and Rat reactivity, with paraffin-section images from human tonsil and mouse and rat spleen (catalog: A03358 applications/reactivity; A03358 image captions). M03358 lists IHC and Human reactivity, while its paraffin-section image depicts rat spleen (catalog: M03358 applications/reactivity; M03358 image caption).
Which to pick: For cross-species tissue IHC, choose rabbit polyclonal A03358: its listed reactivity covers Human, Mouse and Rat, and its own captions show paraffin-section IHC in all three species; the fixative is unreported (catalog: A03358 host/clonality/reactivity; A03358 image captions). Rabbit monoclonal M03358 is another IHC-listed option, but its rat spleen caption differs from its Human-only reactivity listing; the caption does not report a fixative (catalog: M03358 clone/applications/reactivity; M03358 image caption). For IF/ICC, choose P03358-1 based on its IF/ICC application listing and Human reactivity; no IF figure is provided (catalog: P03358-1 applications/reactivity/IF images).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q92835 (SHIP1_HUMAN, Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 1).
- Human Protein Atlas. INPP5D tissue IHC expression (reliability: Enhanced).
- Human Protein Atlas. INPP5D subcellular location (ICC-IF): Localized to the cytosol..
- Human Protein Atlas. INPP5D antibody validation summary (2 antibodies).
- INPP5D expression is associated with risk for Alzheimer's disease and induced by plaque-associated microglia. Neurobiology of disease 2021 — PMC8082515.
- Inpp5d haplodeficiency alleviates tau pathology in the PS19 mouse model of Tauopathy. Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2024 — PMC11247686.
- Microglial INPP5D limits plaque formation and glial reactivity in the PSAPP mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2023 — PMC10481344.
- INPP5D/SHIP1-mediated immunometabolic remodeling of renal monocytes in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Frontiers in immunology 2026 — PMC12992027.
- PubMed PMID:8769125 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:8874179 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:8723348 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for INPP5D (Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 1). Expected localisation Cytoplasmic in lymphoid tissues (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: Citrate pH 6 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A03358). Validated IHC antibody: A03358 at 2μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Appendix (Germinal center cells); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human tonsil tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A03358); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A03358); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: Citrate pH 6 , 20 min (datasheet A03358); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A03358); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-INPP5D, 2μg/ml (datasheet A03358); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A03358). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Staining varies among hematopoietic cell populations (UniProt); Isoform / epitope: Three isoforms; epitope differences are unspecified (UniProt); Regulation: Varies with hematopoietic maturation (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt Q92835, HPA tissue IHC · Enhanced, HPA ICC-IF · cytosol., Datasheet A03358, PMC12992027. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/INPP5D/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.