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- Table of Contents
5 Citations 9 Q&As
Facts about Interleukin-15.
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Human | |
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Gene Name: | IL15 |
Uniprot: | P40933 |
Entrez: | 3600 |
Belongs to: |
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IL-15/IL-21 family |
IL15; IL-15; IL-15MGC9721; interleukin 15; interleukin-15
Mass (kDA):
18.086 kDA
Human | |
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Location: | 4q31.21 |
Sequence: | 4; NC_000004.12 (141636583..141733987) |
Most abundant in placenta and skeletal muscle. It is also detected in the heart, lung, liver and kidney. IL15- S21AA is preferentially expressed in tissues such as testis and thymus.
[Isoform IL15-S48AA]: Secreted.; [Isoform IL15-S21AA]: Cytoplasm. Nucleus. IL15-S21AA is not secreted, but rather is stored intracellularly, appearing in the nucleus and cytoplasmic components.
This article examines the potential advantages of IL-15 as a marker for HIV-specific immune responses and as a surrogate indicator for the immunogenicity of vaccines. It also discusses its temporary nature and low risk in the therapeutic context. It's an excellent read for those working in the field of immunology that need to determine the best treatment regimen for a patient. Why do we want to utilize it?
The success of protection offered by vaccinations rests on the interaction between cellular, humoral and inherent immunity. For instance, a strong defence against the highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 virus requires multiple types of immunity. It is crucial to monitor the immune responses of individuals who suffer from immunosuppression, especially those with cell-mediated immune system. Additionally, this is relevant in the current rollout of extended-interval vaccination programmes in countries like the UK.
The wide range of variability observed in experimental groups suggests that the GMTs of mRNA vaccines aren't statistically different, which makes it difficult to draw conclusions from them. However, the GMTs of two mRNA-based vaccines that contain the same mRNA showed higher neutralizing titers , compared to the BNT162b2 vaccine. In addition, three vaccines that have the GSAS mutation showed higher GMTs than WT and 2P vaccines.
It is important to note that these results contradict the belief that vaccine-induced immune responses are heightened in patients suffering from inflammatory diseases. For instance, high-dose influenza vaccines are not effective in preventing viral infection of nasal tissue or upper respiratory tract. The vaccines' shorter duration and lower shed rates may have an impact on transmission. However, these findings must be confirmed to make informed choices about vaccines.
To determine whether the IL-15 gene is an indirect indicator of vaccine-related immunity We gave NHPs with five micrograms of mRNA , and examined the titers of their serum. Ten of the 12 NHPs developed antibodies that were reactivity to recombinant S proteins in an ELISA test. We also evaluated the neutralization potential of two vaccines using the PsVNa and MN assays.
The study included patients with confirmed psoriasis receiving immunosuppressive treatment. The BNT162b2 vaccine was given to healthy volunteers as a control. After vaccination, the immuneogenicity was checked.
It is well-known that IL-15 can be a marker of an HIV-specific immune response. It is not known how this process functions. The IL-15 mRNA as well as the protein are present on HIV-positive cells, but they are not visible in healthy donors. However, IL-15 expression may be linked with a higher number of HIV-specific T cell cells that may indicate a more effective immune response to HIV infection.
In a recent study T cells from individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) were evaluated for coexpression of IL-15. The researchers analyzed the response of T cells to single HIV antigens (Gag, Pol, and Nef) that were stimulated by a Gag peptide pool. The researchers also assessed the effects of continuous ART on levels of IL-15.
The IL-15 levels in CD4+ T cells were higher. This is consistent with the presence of HIV-specific CD4+ T cells, which likely persist and increase throughout the course of HIV therapy. It is important to remember that the immune system does not stop at HIV infection. Other antigens, including cancer, can also cause the growth of clonal populations. There are also reports of the widespread distribution of cell clones with high levels of metastases. However researchers were unable to analyze specific CD7+ T cell receptors in one case.
Recent research suggests that the IL-15 mRNA levels that are present in patients who have received cART could also indicate a more active and healthy HIV-infected immune system. In the same way, a more effective immune response to HIV treatment might be characterized by higher levels of IL-15 found in the blood. It could be a sign that indicates an effective and robust immune response to HIV that is specific to the disease. This will provide greater understanding of the functions of cART in living.
A new study has demonstrated that HIV-infected patients receiving bNAb or ATI had higher CD4+ T cell counts than untreated HIV patients. This is in line with previous studies. These findings are in line with previous studies. Furthermore, bNAb plus ATI treatment improved CD8+ and CD4+ T cell immune responses in HIV-1-infected people, which could be due to an improved bNAb treatment.
The IL-15 gene that is expressed in human monocytes and macrophages, serves a variety of purposes. IL-15 not only enhances the immune system, but also plays a role in various physiological processes such as modulating phagocytosis, protecting neutrophils from apoptosis and regulating the process of phagocytosis. In addition, IL-15 increases the secretion of IL-8 and IL-1R antagonist. It also activates JAK2 and the p38 MAPK as well as the Syk kinase protein without the binding of yc. It stimulates B lymphocyte proliferation, and increases the release of immunoglobulins.
Interestingly, IL-15 expression correlates with increased survival in colorectal cancer patients. This is due to the fact that it is involved in the development of an innate-like cells that aid in immunosurveillance and impede cancer development. The IL-15 gene in the CAR T cells increases antitumor activity in the laboratory. It also represents an attractive candidate for immunotherapy.
Although many things remain to be discovered about the role played by IL-15 in the formation of tumors and carcinogenesis induced by inflammation, there are some known facts. Studies have shown that the serum levels of IL-15 in mice decrease as they age. Thus, the anti-inflammatory effects of IL-15 are being studied extensively. It is also crucial to keep track of serum IL-15 levels for both healthy and sick individuals.
While IL-22 enhances proinflammatory immune responses, it also triggers an ensuing transition from a proinflammatory state to an immunosuppressive state. IL-22 acts as a tumor-inhibiting cell cytokine that activates STAT3. Additionally, IL-22 suppresses IL-12 production and induces antiapoptotic protein expression. These are potentially promising targets for clinical applications.
Although IL-15 isn't a cell-surface cytokine, its presence within the body is strongly linked with the development of cancer. It has been linked to the development of cancer through inflammation. However, more attention has been drawn to the tumor biology of IL-1 members. In the context of chronic inflammation, IL-1 is produced both by immune and non-immune cells. Nonetheless, the safety of this immune stimulator is a major concern.
PMID: 8178155 by Grabstein K.H., et al. Cloning of a T cell growth factor that interacts with the beta chain of the interleukin-2 receptor.
PMID: 8932977 by Krause H., et al. Genomic sequence and chromosomal location of the human interleukin-15 gene (IL15).
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