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NOVA1 / RNA-binding protein Nova-1 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for NOVA1
Plan NOVA1 staining in paraffin sections using the IHC-validated antibody (datasheet A06087-1). Compare the nuclear expectation with the reported nuclear and cytoplasmic tissue staining, while accounting for uncertain agreement between staining and RNA expression (UniProt; HPA tissue IHC).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
NOVA1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Nuclear expected (UniProt); nuclear and cytoplasmic observed (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining in most tissues (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A06087-1) | |
| Positive control | Cerebellum+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across paraffin sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Staining and RNA expression show low consistency (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Brain-enhanced RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC: RNA specificity) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 3 isoforms; verify epitope coverage (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended NOVA1 IHC & IF Protocols
Compare the catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol (datasheet A06087-1) with four published NOVA1 tissue IHC methods (PMC8799250; PMC4502388; PMC8798774; PMC4804152).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human breast cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A06087-1) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A06087-1); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A06087-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A06087-1) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-NOVA1, 2-5μg/ml (datasheet A06087-1) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A06087-1) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet A06087-1) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | NOVA1-positive staining in cells in granular layer of cerebellum (HPA tissue IHC: Medium). HPA tissue profile: Cytoplasmic and nuclear expression in most tissues. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval for the catalog antibody (datasheet A06087-1). Two published methods used citrate pH 6.0 (PMC8799250; PMC4502388).
Section 2
What Is the Expected NOVA1 Staining Pattern?
NOVA1 is a nuclear RNA-binding protein with no transmembrane segment (UniProt P51513). In paraffin-section IHC, look first for staining in cerebellar granular-layer cells and hippocampal neuronal cells, both reported at medium level (HPA tissue IHC). HPA also reports cytoplasmic and nuclear staining across most tissues, but rates the tissue IHC profile Uncertain because antibody staining and RNA expression have low consistency (HPA tissue IHC).
| Medium staining in cerebellar granular-layer cells or hippocampal neuronal cells, with a nuclear component (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P51513). | This is a useful positive-reference pattern: those exact cell populations have medium HPA tissue IHC staining, and UniProt places NOVA1 in the nucleus (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P51513). Judge the named cells rather than treating every cell in a brain section as an expected positive (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Signal is confined to cell membranes, extracellular space, or an unrelated compartment, without convincing cellular nuclear staining (UniProt P51513). | Treat this as a possible staining artefact and inspect controls: NOVA1 has no transmembrane segment and is annotated as nuclear (UniProt P51513). Cytoplasmic signal alone needs caution, because HPA describes cytoplasmic as well as nuclear tissue staining, while its tissue IHC reliability is Uncertain (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Strong signal appears in adipocytes, cardiomyocytes, or skeletal myocytes, which HPA reports as not detected (HPA tissue IHC). | Consider antibody cross-reactivity or endogenous chromogenic detection activity, especially if a no-primary control also stains (general IHC practice). These HPA negatives refer to the specified cell types in sampled tissues; they do not establish that every cell in those organs lacks NOVA1 (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Diffuse colour covers the section, including tissue spaces, and obscures nuclei and cell boundaries (general IHC practice). | This is background rather than an interpretable NOVA1 distribution (general IHC practice). Check the no-primary control and review blocking, antibody concentration, washing, and chromogen development before assigning cell-level staining (general IHC practice). HPA's Uncertain tissue IHC rating warrants particular restraint in calling a weak diffuse signal positive (HPA tissue IHC). |
| No signal is visible in cerebellar granular-layer cells or hippocampal neuronal cells (HPA tissue IHC). | The run lacks staining in HPA-reported medium positive cell populations, so assess the assay before interpreting study negatives (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). Check tissue identity, the catalog antibody's IHC-P instructions, detection reagents, and a positive control processed alongside the samples (general IHC practice). |
💡Expected NOVA1 appearanceCall a section positive when identifiable cerebellar granular-layer or hippocampal neuronal cells show a convincing nuclear component with staining around the reported medium level; isolated membrane or extracellular colour, or diffuse colour without identifiable positive cells, is suspect (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P51513; general IHC practice).
| Tissue and cell selection (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P51513) | UniProt reports NOVA1 expression in cerebellum, brain stem, hippocampus, and frontal cortex; HPA records medium staining in cerebellar granular-layer cells and hippocampal neuronal cells (UniProt P51513; HPA tissue IHC). HPA's cerebral-cortex example is endothelial cells, so its positive result should not be recast as a neuronal result (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Tissue IHC evidence quality (HPA tissue IHC; HPA antibody validation) | HPA rates the tissue profile Uncertain, citing low consistency with RNA expression and a splice or transcript discrepancy pending external verification (HPA tissue IHC). The listed antibody, HPA004155, has Uncertain IHC validation; a plausible slide pattern alone therefore cannot establish antibody specificity (HPA antibody validation). |
| Subcellular evidence (UniProt P51513; HPA tissue IHC) | UniProt annotates the nucleus, whereas HPA tissue IHC describes cytoplasmic and nuclear expression in most tissues (UniProt P51513; HPA tissue IHC). Record nuclear and cytoplasmic staining separately when scoring; do not require every IHC-positive cell to show exclusively nuclear colour (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| Isoforms and epitope coverage (UniProt P51513) | UniProt lists 3 NOVA1 isoforms and three KH domains, but the supplied evidence gives no catalog-antibody epitope or isoform coverage (UniProt P51513). A difference between sections cannot be attributed to a particular isoform from these records alone (UniProt P51513). |
| IF/ICC Q: Where should signal appear? (HPA subcellular ICC-IF) | A: HPA ICC-IF reports NOVA1 mainly in nucleoli, with additional nucleoplasmic localisation, both supported (HPA subcellular ICC-IF). This is cell-imaging evidence; use the tissue IHC record to interpret paraffin-section chromogenic staining (HPA subcellular ICC-IF; HPA tissue IHC). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Expected cerebellar or hippocampal cells are blank (HPA tissue IHC). | A failed staining run or a missed target cell population is possible; HPA reports those populations at medium level (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Confirm the section and cell identity, then inspect the parallel positive control and follow the catalog antibody's IHC-P instructions for retrieval, dilution, and detection (general IHC practice). Do not infer NOVA1-specific retrieval sensitivity from the supplied records. |
| The whole section has diffuse chromogen colour (general IHC practice). | Non-specific antibody binding, insufficient washing, or endogenous detection activity can produce widespread background (general IHC practice). | Compare a no-primary control; review blocking, washing, antibody dilution, and chromogen development as general IHC checks (general IHC practice). Score NOVA1 only where individual cells remain interpretable. |
| A proposed negative cell type stains strongly (HPA tissue IHC). | Cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity is possible if adipocytes, cardiomyocytes, or skeletal myocytes stain despite HPA's not detected entries (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Check a no-primary control and compare the exact cell type with an expected-positive section in the same run (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC). Treat discordance as unresolved because HPA tissue IHC reliability is Uncertain (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Colour appears only along membranes or outside cells (UniProt P51513). | That distribution conflicts with UniProt's nuclear localisation and absence of a transmembrane segment (UniProt P51513). | Review counterstain, cell boundaries, and no-primary staining before assigning a positive call (general IHC practice). Report a distinct cytoplasmic component separately if present, given HPA's broader tissue IHC description (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Cytoplasmic staining accompanies nuclear staining (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P51513). | HPA describes both compartments in tissue IHC, while UniProt annotates the nucleus; the supplied evidence does not resolve every tissue-level difference (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P51513). | Score the two compartments separately and compare the named cell population with HPA's tissue observations (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). Keep the interpretation provisional because the HPA tissue profile is Uncertain (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Two sections show different cell patterns despite apparently similar staining quality (general IHC practice). | Cell composition may differ; HPA reports positives and negatives for specified cells, and its tissue IHC profile has low consistency with RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC). | Identify and score comparable cell populations, include the same expected-positive control across runs, and document the discrepancy (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). The supplied records do not establish a NOVA1-specific fixation effect. |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing NOVA1 staining
A06087-1 · IHCIHC analysis of Nova1 using anti-Nova1 antibody (A06087-1). Nova1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human breast cancer tissue.
A06087-1 · IHCIHC analysis of Nova1 using anti-Nova1 antibody (A06087-1). Nova1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human colorectal adenocarci
A06087-1 · IFIF analysis of Nova1 using anti-Nova1 antibody (A06087-1) and anti-Beta Tubulin antibody (M01857-3). Nova1 was detected in immunocytochemica
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000139910-NOVA1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_1468564
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000139910-NOVA1/tissue/colon#imid_1468482
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000139910-NOVA1/tissue/liver#imid_1468475
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000139910-NOVA1/tissue/kidney#imid_1468476
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA004155; green = NOVA1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA004155; green = NOVA1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for NOVA1 IHC & IF
🧪Run cerebellum first: cells in the granular layer should stain (HPA: Medium in cerebellar granular-layer cells). Use adipose tissue as the negative tissue (HPA: Not detected in adipocytes); no internal negative cell type is established for cerebellum by the supplied rows, so unstained cells on that slide should show counterstain without target chromogen but should not be assumed to be validated negatives.
Positive control tissue: Cerebellum (Cells in granular layer, HPA Medium)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show NOVA1 in A-431, U-251MG, U2OS, NIH 3T3, with annotated localisation: Nucleoli (supported) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only control; a rabbit IgG isotype control matched to the primary antibody’s clonality; and NOVA1 knockout material or a validated peptide-block control (selected-SKU caption: rabbit primary antibody). For chromogenic detection, quench endogenous peroxidase and inspect vessels for residual background (selected-SKU caption: HRP/DAB detection).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window and fixation effect are unreported, and the selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption does not state a fixative. The paraffin-section example used heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0, but it does not establish that retrieval is required (selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption). The supplied evidence does not establish whether frozen sections or IF/ICC are easier; for cerebellar IF, assess autofluorescence with an unstained section before interpreting nuclear signal (HPA: Medium in cerebellar granular-layer cells; UniProt P51513: nucleus).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for NOVA1
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Uncertain — Low consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data. Caution, Splice and/or transcript discrepancy exists. Pending external verification.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cerebellum | Cells in granular layer | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebral cortex | Endothelial cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Colon | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Hippocampus | Neuronal cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Kidney | Cells in glomeruli | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Esophagus | Squamous epithelial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Heart muscle | Cardiomyocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Liver | Cholangiocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced NOVA1 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot NOVA1 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, nuclear localisation, controls and cell-specific scoring before interpreting chromogenic signal.
What retrieval conditions should I try first when NOVA1 staining is weak?
Start with heat-mediated antigen retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 for NOVA1 paraffin-section IHC (datasheet A06087-1). The documented image used 2 μg/ml catalog antibody overnight at 4°C after retrieval, providing a starting concentration and incubation for troubleshooting (datasheet A06087-1). If nuclear staining remains weak, check deparaffinisation, heating consistency and whether the positive-control section develops signal before changing retrieval conditions (standard IHC practice). Compare any retrieval adjustment on adjacent sections with the same detection and development conditions, since excessive heating can damage morphology and make compartment-level assessment unreliable (standard IHC practice).
Can I attribute weak NOVA1 staining to the tissue fixative?
The catalog image identifies a paraffin-embedded section but does not state its fixative, so target-specific NOVA1 sensitivity to fixation is unknown (datasheet A06087-1). Do not infer a preferred fixative from tissue staining patterns or the protein's nuclear localisation (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P51513 subcellular location). Record the specimen's actual fixative and processing history, then compare sections from the same block using identical pH 8.0 EDTA retrieval and antibody conditions (datasheet A06087-1; standard IHC practice). Assess preservation of nuclei and tissue morphology alongside staining, and use a documented positive-control section to distinguish a specimen-processing problem from a run-wide failure (standard IHC practice).
How should I assess NOVA1 staining in nuclei and cytoplasm?
Prioritise nuclear signal when assessing NOVA1 because UniProt assigns the protein to the nucleus, while HPA subcellular imaging supports nucleolar and additional nucleoplasmic localisation (UniProt P51513 subcellular location; HPA subcellular). HPA tissue IHC also describes cytoplasmic and nuclear expression across many tissues, but rates that staining evidence uncertain (HPA tissue IHC). Score nuclear and cytoplasmic DAB separately rather than combining them into one positive category (standard IHC practice). Use a counterstain that preserves visible nuclear boundaries and inspect individual cells at higher magnification before calling cytoplasmic staining specific (standard IHC practice). Treat a predominantly cytoplasmic result as requiring independent validation, especially when the nuclear control is weak (UniProt P51513 subcellular location; HPA tissue IHC reliability).
Could isoforms or epitope accessibility explain different NOVA1 staining patterns?
NOVA1 has 3 reported isoforms, so results could depend on which sequence the catalog antibody recognises; the supplied caption does not identify its epitope (UniProt P51513 isoforms; datasheet A06087-1). The protein contains 3 KH domains and a reported phosphoserine at residue 154, but these facts do not establish whether this antibody detects particular isoforms or phosphorylation states (UniProt P51513 domains and modified residues). Request or inspect an epitope map before assigning a staining difference to isoform abundance (standard IHC practice). Compare matched sections under the same retrieval and detection conditions, and interpret any discrepancy alongside orthogonal expression evidence rather than treating staining alone as isoform identification (standard IHC practice).
How can I check a chromogenic NOVA1 result with multiplex IF?
Use IF as a separate validation experiment: the catalog image documents paraffin-section chromogenic IHC, not an IF protocol (datasheet A06087-1). Multiplex NOVA1 with a marker for the expected cell type, such as a neuronal marker when examining hippocampal neuronal cells, and require agreement at the single-cell level (HPA tissue IHC; standard IF practice). Choose fluorophores after checking tissue autofluorescence and include single-channel controls to identify spectral bleed-through (standard IF practice). NOVA1 has no transmembrane segment and is assigned to the nucleus, so use an intracellular permeabilisation step compatible with the antibody's epitope and preserve nuclear morphology (UniProt P51513 topology and subcellular location; standard IF practice).
What should I check when DAB obscures NOVA1-positive nuclei?
First compare the stained section with a no-primary control to identify signal from secondary reagents, tissue pigments or endogenous peroxidase (standard IHC practice). The documented assay used 10% goat serum blocking, a peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody and DAB development; these are starting conditions for reproducing that image (datasheet A06087-1). Apply an endogenous-peroxidase block before chromogenic detection and keep DAB development consistent between test and control sections (standard IHC practice). If diffuse colour persists, check wash quality and secondary-antibody background before increasing the primary antibody beyond the documented 2 μg/ml (datasheet A06087-1; standard IHC practice). Inspect nuclear boundaries to avoid mistaking deposited background for NOVA1 localisation (UniProt P51513 subcellular location; standard IHC practice).
How should I quantify NOVA1 IHC across regions or cases? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the compartment and cell population before scoring: nuclear NOVA1 is supported by UniProt, whereas HPA tissue IHC reports broader staining with uncertain reliability (UniProt P51513 subcellular location; HPA tissue IHC). For comparable sections, report the percentage of positive target cells and a nuclear H-score from 0–300 using consistent intensity thresholds (standard IHC practice). If cell abundance varies, report positive-cell density per mm² of viable analysed tissue and normalise counts to the relevant cell population (standard IHC practice). Exclude folds, edges and necrotic areas by a predefined rule, and use matched retrieval, counterstaining and DAB development across the series (standard IHC practice).
When is a NOVA1-positive IHC result convincing rather than artefactual?
A convincing result shows discrete nuclear staining in identifiable cells, consistent with NOVA1's nuclear assignment and supported nucleolar and nucleoplasmic localisation (UniProt P51513 subcellular location; HPA subcellular). In hippocampus, HPA reports medium staining in neuronal cells, but its tissue IHC reliability is uncertain, so cell identity and an independent check matter (HPA tissue IHC). Compare the pattern with a no-primary control and examine tissue edges, folds and necrotic areas for nonspecific DAB deposition (standard IHC practice). Diffuse signal in an unexpected compartment or cell population, especially with staining in the control, warrants investigation of endogenous enzyme activity, detection background and morphology before biological interpretation (standard IHC practice).
Boster reagents
Best NOVA1 / RNA-binding protein Nova-1 IHC Antibodies
A06087-1 has paraffin-section IHC images from human tumors and mouse brain (catalog IHC captions), and IF/ICC images from U2OS and A549 cells (catalog IF captions). Rat reactivity is listed (catalog reactivity).
Real IHC data
Anti-Nova1 Antibody ®
Cat # A06087-1
A06087-1 will render with its own IHC figure of a human breast cancer paraffin section (A06087-1 figure caption). Other IHC captions show human colorectal adenocarcinoma, human liver cancer, and mouse brain paraffin sections; IF captions show U2OS and A549 cells (A06087-1 catalog captions).
Which to pick: For tissue IHC, choose A06087-1: its own figure shows a human breast cancer paraffin section stained after EDTA pH 8 retrieval with 2 μg/ml antibody; the fixative is unreported (A06087-1 IHC figure caption). For IF/ICC, the same SKU has U2OS and A549 cell images at 2 μg/ml (A06087-1 IF captions). For cross-species work, A06087-1 lists human, mouse, and rat reactivity, with a mouse brain IHC image; clonality is unreported (A06087-1 catalog reactivity, IHC captions, and clone field).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry P51513 (NOVA1_HUMAN, RNA-binding protein Nova-1).
- Human Protein Atlas. NOVA1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Uncertain).
- Human Protein Atlas. NOVA1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the nucleoli. In addition localized to the nucleoplasm..
- Human Protein Atlas. NOVA1 antibody validation summary (1 antibodies).
- Expression of neuro-oncological ventral antigen-1 in small-cell lung cancer and its value in pathological diagnosis. Translational cancer research 2020 — PMC8799250.
- Quantitative proteomic analysis shows differentially expressed HSPB1 in glioblastoma as a discriminating short from long survival factor and NOVA1 as a differentiation factor between low-grade astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma. BMC cancer 2015 — PMC4502388.
- NOVA1 expression is associated with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis in patients with small cell lung cancer. Translational cancer research 2020 — PMC8798774.
- Upregulated Neuro-oncological Ventral Antigen 1 (NOVA1) Expression Is Specific to Mature and Immature T- and NK-Cell Lymphomas. Journal of pathology and translational medicine 2016 — PMC4804152.
- PubMed PMID:8398153 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:15489334 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for NOVA1 (RNA-binding protein Nova-1). Expected localisation Nuclear expected (UniProt); nuclear and cytoplasmic observed (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A06087-1). Validated IHC antibody: A06087-1 at 2-5μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Cerebellum (Cells in granular layer); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human breast cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A06087-1); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A06087-1); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A06087-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A06087-1); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-NOVA1, 2-5μg/ml (datasheet A06087-1); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A06087-1). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across paraffin sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Staining and RNA expression show low consistency (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: 3 isoforms; verify epitope coverage (UniProt); Regulation: Brain-enhanced RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC: RNA specificity). Evidence: UniProt P51513, HPA tissue IHC · Uncertain, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the nucleoli. In addition localized to the…, Datasheet A06087-1, PMC8799250, PMC4502388. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/NOVA1/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.