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PAIP1 / Polyadenylate-binding protein-interacting protein 1 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for PAIP1
Plan chromogenic PAIP1 IHC in paraffin sections using the catalog antibody at 2–5 μg/ml (datasheet A07792-2). Use cytoplasmic staining in glandular cells or kidney tubules as a reference, and interpret staining cautiously because antibody and RNA data have low consistency (HPA tissue IHC).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
PAIP1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | General cytoplasmic staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Cytoplasmic staining in glandular cells and kidney tubules (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A07792-2) | |
| Positive control | Cervix+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Bone marrow |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Antibody staining has low consistency with RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Low tissue specificity of RNA (HPA tissue RNA) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 3 isoforms; epitope coverage is unknown (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended PAIP1 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol is accompanied by published PAIP1 methods for oral squamous cell carcinoma (PMC8841500) and gallbladder cancer (PMC8267329).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human ovarian serous adenocarcinoma tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A07792-2) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A07792-2); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A07792-2); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A07792-2) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-PAIP1, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A07792-2) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A07792-2) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet A07792-2) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | PAIP1-positive staining in glandular cells of cervix (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: General cytoplasmic expression. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 (datasheet: A07792-2); citrate at pH 6.0 is a published alternative for oral tissue (PMC8841500).
Section 2
What Is the Expected PAIP1 Staining Pattern?
PAIP1 is annotated in the cytoplasm and has no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q9H074). In paraffin sections, expect predominantly cytoplasmic staining in glandular cells of cervix, endometrium, parathyroid gland, prostate and stomach, and in kidney tubule cells, where HPA reports high staining (HPA tissue IHC). HPA rates its tissue IHC profile Approved but reports low consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression; interpret intensity alongside controls (HPA tissue IHC).
| Distinct cytoplasmic chromogen in glandular cells or kidney tubule cells, with recognizable cell borders. | This matches the broad cytoplasmic expectation (UniProt Q9H074; HPA tissue IHC). HPA reports high staining in the named glandular tissues and kidney tubules, but its Approved profile has low consistency with RNA expression. Compare cells within the same section before treating intensity as a quantitative measure (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| Predominantly nuclear staining, with little or no cytoplasmic signal in otherwise well-preserved cells. | A nuclear-only pattern conflicts with the annotated cytoplasmic location (UniProt Q9H074) and HPA's general cytoplasmic IHC profile (HPA tissue IHC). Treat it as suspect, then check the counterstain, detection controls and staining in an HPA high-expression tissue. A nuclear signal alone does not establish a new PAIP1 location (general IHC practice). |
| Strong chromogen in hematopoietic cells of bone marrow, while expected glandular or tubule cells are weak. | HPA reports PAIP1 as not detected in bone marrow hematopoietic cells and high in several glandular populations and kidney tubules (HPA tissue IHC). Investigate cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity using controls. The HPA bone marrow result is a comparison point, not proof that every positive cell is nonspecific (general IHC practice). |
| Diffuse chromogen covers extracellular space, tissue edges or many cell types without clear cytoplasmic boundaries. | This obscures the cell-level cytoplasmic pattern expected for PAIP1 (UniProt Q9H074; HPA tissue IHC). Consider nonspecific detection or uneven staining and review the negative control and tissue morphology (general IHC practice). Do not score diffuse deposit as PAIP1-positive cells merely because a section comes from an HPA high-staining tissue. |
| No cytoplasmic signal in a glandular or kidney tubule population reported as high by HPA. | A negative result differs from the reported pattern (HPA tissue IHC), but cannot by itself distinguish a failed assay from variation in the specimen. Check that the relevant cells are present, then review the IHC-validated antibody, retrieval, detection and positive control under the same run conditions (general IHC practice). |
💡Expected PAIP1 appearanceCall an IHC result consistent with PAIP1 when cytoplasmic staining is discernible in HPA high-staining glandular cells or kidney tubules; a predominantly nuclear deposit, diffuse background or strong staining of HPA-undetected bone marrow hematopoietic cells warrants control review (UniProt Q9H074; HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice).
| Which cells provide an intensity reference? | HPA reports high staining in glandular cells of cervix, endometrium, parathyroid gland, prostate and stomach, and in kidney tubule cells (HPA tissue IHC). Adrenal and appendix glandular cells are medium; several listed epithelial or other populations are low (HPA tissue IHC). Select a reference with the relevant cell population present. |
| How strong is the tissue-pattern evidence? | The tissue IHC profile is Approved, with low consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC). HPA073653 is Approved for IHC; the supplied antibody record does not label its IHC result Enhanced (HPA antibodies). Use the reported pattern as a guide and assess each run with controls. |
| Does topology predict a membrane-only IHC pattern? | UniProt annotates PAIP1 as cytoplasmic and lists no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q9H074). The IHC tissue profile describes general cytoplasmic expression (HPA tissue IHC). A membrane-only chromogenic pattern would need separate validation; topology alone does not identify an IHC epitope. |
| Can this IHC pattern distinguish isoforms or processing states? | UniProt lists three isoforms, no signal peptide or propeptide, and a chain spanning residues 1–479 (UniProt Q9H074). The supplied sources give no antibody epitope or isoform-specific IHC pattern. Do not assign a stain to one isoform or infer shedding from tissue staining. |
| What should IF/ICC show? | HPA reports enhanced plasma membrane and cytosol localization in ICC-IF images from SiHa, U2OS and HEK293 cells; HPA076187 is Approved for ICC (HPA subcellular; HPA antibodies). That observation belongs to the separate IF/ICC context and does not establish a membrane-only pattern in paraffin IHC. |
| Is PAIP1-specific fixation sensitivity known? | The supplied UniProt and HPA records do not report a PAIP1-specific fixation effect (UniProt Q9H074; HPA tissue IHC). Record the section preparation and apply routine IHC controls, but do not attribute a weak or negative result to PAIP1 epitope masking without separate evidence (general IHC practice). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Expected glandular or kidney tubule cells show no signal. | The expected cells may be absent, or an assay step may have failed; HPA reports high staining in these populations (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Confirm cell identity on the counterstained section. Review the IHC-validated antibody, retrieval and detection records, and compare a positive tissue processed in the same run (general IHC practice). |
| Staining is mainly nuclear. | The distribution conflicts with cytoplasmic PAIP1 annotation and HPA's general cytoplasmic IHC profile (UniProt Q9H074; HPA tissue IHC). | Recheck cellular boundaries and counterstain, then compare the positive and negative controls. Score nuclear-only staining as unresolved until its specificity is supported (general IHC practice). |
| Bone marrow hematopoietic cells stain strongly. | HPA reports PAIP1 as not detected in that population; cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity is possible (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Inspect a control omitting the primary antibody and review detection blocking. Compare the result with an HPA high-staining glandular or tubule population (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC). |
| Diffuse background obscures individual cells. | Nonspecific chromogen or detection background can hide a cytoplasmic pattern (general IHC practice; UniProt Q9H074). | Check the negative control, tissue edges, blocking and wash steps; adjust the general IHC workflow until cell boundaries can be read (general IHC practice). |
| A low-staining tissue looks weaker than a high-staining reference. | This can agree with HPA: cerebellar molecular-layer cells, oral and esophageal squamous cells, epididymal glandular cells, vaginal squamous cells and placental decidual cells are listed as low (HPA tissue IHC). | Score the named cell population rather than the whole tissue, and compare sections stained in the same run before calling assay failure (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| ICC-IF shows a membrane component that is unclear in chromogenic IHC. | HPA reports plasma membrane and cytosol localization in ICC-IF, while its tissue IHC profile is general cytoplasmic expression (HPA subcellular; HPA tissue IHC). | Interpret each application against its own HPA pattern. Use the IHC tissue profile for paraffin-section scoring and the separate IF/ICC guide for fluorescence assessment (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing PAIP1 staining
A07792-2 · IHCIHC analysis of PAIP1 using anti-PAIP1 antibody (A07792-2). PAIP1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human ovarian serous adenoc
A07792-2 · IHCIHC analysis of PAIP1 using anti-PAIP1 antibody (A07792-2). PAIP1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human rectum adenocarcinoma
A07792-2 · IFIF analysis of PAIP1 using anti-PAIP1 antibody (A07792-2). PAIP1 was detected in an immunocytochemical section of HELA cells. Enzyme antigen
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000172239-PAIP1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_20048345
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000172239-PAIP1/tissue/colon#imid_20048255
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000172239-PAIP1/tissue/liver#imid_20048256
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000172239-PAIP1/tissue/kidney#imid_20048257
HPA · ICC-IF SiHaHuman Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, SiHa, antibody HPA076187; green = PAIP1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF SiHaHuman Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, SiHa, antibody HPA076187; green = PAIP1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for PAIP1 IHC & IF
🧪Run cervix first; its glandular cells should stain (HPA: cervix glandular cells, High). Use bone marrow hematopoietic cells as the negative tissue (HPA: bone marrow hematopoietic cells, Not detected); on the cervix slide, use nonglandular cells as an internal negative only if they show background-level staining, since their PAIP1 status is not specified by the supplied HPA row (HPA: cervix glandular cells, High).
Positive control tissue: Cervix (Glandular cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Bone marrow (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show PAIP1 in SiHa, U2OS, HEK293, with annotated localisation: Plasma membrane (enhanced), Cytosol (enhanced) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only control and a concentration-matched nonimmune rabbit IgG isotype control (caption: rabbit primary antibody; standard IHC practice). Confirm specificity with PAIP1 knockout material if available (standard IHC practice). Block endogenous peroxidase and check the no-primary cervix section for DAB background (caption: HRP/DAB detection; standard IHC practice).
⚠️Feasibility: No target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is reported, and the selected A07792-2 paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (caption: A07792-2). That caption uses heat-mediated EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0, but does not establish whether PAIP1 staining depends on that retrieval condition (caption: A07792-2). Frozen-section performance, whether tissue IF is easier, and cervix-specific artefacts are unreported; the supplied IF evidence consists of ICC-IF cell images (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF cell lines).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for PAIP1
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Approved — Low consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cervix | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Endometrium | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Kidney | Cells in tubules | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Parathyroid gland | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Prostate | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced PAIP1 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot PAIP1 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, cytoplasmic localisation, cell identity and controls before comparing signal across samples.
Which retrieval condition should I try first for weak PAIP1 staining?
Start with heat-mediated antigen retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 (datasheet A07792-2). This is the condition used for the catalog antibody's paraffin-section image, where PAIP1 was detected in human ovarian serous adenocarcinoma tissue (caption A07792-2). Keep retrieval time and temperature consistent across slides, then assess both signal and tissue preservation against a matched control (standard IHC practice). If staining remains weak, optimise heating duration on serial sections before testing another buffer as a fallback; compare each change using the same antibody concentration and detection conditions (standard IHC practice).
Could fixation explain weak or uneven PAIP1 staining?
The selected PAIP1 image identifies a paraffin-embedded section but does not state its fixative, so target-specific fixation sensitivity is unknown (caption A07792-2). Record the fixative, fixation duration and processing history for each specimen, and compare samples processed alike (standard IHC practice). If signal varies within a section, examine morphology and compare well-preserved regions with poorly preserved or damaged areas before changing antibody conditions (standard IHC practice). Test any proposed fixation change with matched specimens and the same EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval condition; the caption cannot establish that a particular fixative improves PAIP1 detection (datasheet A07792-2; standard IHC practice).
Where should convincing PAIP1 staining appear in tissue sections?
Prioritise interpretable cytoplasmic staining: UniProt assigns PAIP1 to the cytoplasm, and the tissue IHC profile describes general cytoplasmic expression (UniProt Q9H074; HPA tissue IHC). Compare the stained cells with an adjacent section or a clear counterstain so epithelial, stromal and inflammatory compartments are scored separately (standard IHC practice). HPA reports high staining in kidney tubular cells and several glandular cell populations, which can guide selection of a comparison section without guaranteeing performance of this antibody (HPA tissue IHC). Diffuse nuclear staining alone should prompt review of controls and morphology before it is called PAIP1 positive (UniProt Q9H074 localisation; standard IHC practice).
Can this stain distinguish PAIP1 isoforms or epitope accessibility?
Do not assign an isoform from this chromogenic stain alone: UniProt lists 3 PAIP1 isoforms, while the supplied caption does not identify the antibody's epitope or isoform coverage (UniProt Q9H074; caption A07792-2). PAIP1 has a MIF4G domain at residues 159–376, but that domain location does not establish where this antibody binds (UniProt Q9H074). Check the catalog antibody's epitope documentation before interpreting differences between specimens, and keep retrieval and detection conditions matched (standard IHC practice). If isoform specificity matters, validate it with an independently characterised isoform-specific reagent or an appropriate loss-of-target control (standard IHC practice).
How should I investigate PAIP1 localisation by multiplex IF?
Treat IF/ICC as a separate validation exercise: the selected antibody evidence here is a chromogenic paraffin-section image, while HPA reports PAIP1 in cytosol and at the plasma membrane in subcellular imaging (caption A07792-2; HPA subcellular). Multiplex PAIP1 with a marker for the cell population being examined so apparent overlap is assessed within identified cells (standard IF practice). Choose fluorophores after checking the specimen's autofluorescence and include single-colour controls to evaluate spectral bleed-through (standard IF practice). Because PAIP1 has no transmembrane segment, test permeabilisation when assessing intracellular signal, while recognising that epitope accessibility remains unknown for this antibody (UniProt Q9H074 topology; standard IF practice).
What should I change when PAIP1 DAB staining looks nonspecific?
Check a no-primary control first to separate detection-system background from staining dependent on the primary antibody (standard IHC practice). The selected image used 10% goat serum blocking, 2 μg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C, and peroxidase-based DAB detection (caption A07792-2). For unwanted DAB deposition, verify the peroxidase block and assess whether pigment or damaged tissue accounts for the signal (standard IHC practice). If background depends on the primary antibody, optimise its concentration and washing on comparable sections while retaining EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval as the starting condition (datasheet A07792-2; standard IHC practice).
How can I compare PAIP1 staining across paraffin sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and analysis area before scoring, and exclude folds, necrosis and section edges by the same rule for every sample (standard IHC practice). For cytoplasmic PAIP1, report the percentage of positive cells and an H-score: sum the percentages at intensity grades 0–3 multiplied by their grades, yielding 0–300 (UniProt Q9H074 localisation; standard IHC practice). Alternatively, count positive cells per mm² within a defined compartment and normalise to that compartment's viable cell count or area (standard IHC practice). Keep staining batch, exposure and scoring thresholds consistent, and report which cell type was measured (standard IHC practice).
How do I distinguish genuine PAIP1 positivity from an artefact?
Look for cellular cytoplasmic signal in preserved tissue, consistent with PAIP1's UniProt localisation and HPA's general tissue IHC profile (UniProt Q9H074; HPA tissue IHC). Judge cell identity before calling an area positive: HPA reports high staining in several glandular populations and kidney tubular cells, but no detection in bone-marrow hematopoietic cells (HPA tissue IHC). Treat staining confined to cut edges, necrotic areas or a no-primary control as suspect, and check endogenous peroxidase or pigment when DAB appears outside intact cells (standard IHC practice). Interpret cross-tissue agreement cautiously because HPA rates its tissue staining approved yet reports low consistency with RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC).
Boster reagents
Best PAIP1 / Polyadenylate-binding protein-interacting protein 1 IHC Antibodies
A07792-2 has human IHC images from paraffin sections of ovarian serous adenocarcinoma and rectum adenocarcinoma, plus an IF image from HELA cells (catalog image captions).
Real IHC data
Anti-PAIP1 Antibody ®
Cat # A07792-2
A07792-2 is the sole listed SKU; its IHC images show human paraffin-embedded ovarian serous adenocarcinoma and rectum adenocarcinoma sections (catalog IHC image captions). Its IF image shows HELA cells, and its listed applications include IHC, ICC, and IF (catalog IF image caption; catalog applications).
Which to pick: Choose A07792-2 for human paraffin-section chromogenic IHC: its ovarian-section caption documents EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0, 2 μg/ml primary antibody, and HRP/DAB detection (A07792-2 IHC image caption). For human IF/ICC, the same SKU lists both applications and shows HELA-cell IF at 5 μg/ml (catalog applications; A07792-2 IF image caption). No cross-species choice is supported: A07792-2 lists human reactivity only, has no clone designation, and its paraffin-section captions do not report the fixative (catalog reactivity and clone field; A07792-2 IHC image captions).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q9H074 (PAIP1_HUMAN, Polyadenylate-binding protein-interacting protein 1).
- Human Protein Atlas. PAIP1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Approved).
- Human Protein Atlas. PAIP1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Localized to the plasma membrane and cytosol..
- Human Protein Atlas. PAIP1 antibody validation summary (2 antibodies).
- Paip1 Indicated Poor Prognosis in Cervical Cancer and Promoted Cervical Carcinogenesis. Cancer research and treatment 2019 — PMC6790838.
- Effect of PAIP1 on the metastatic potential and prognostic significance in oral squamous cell carcinoma. International journal of oral science 2022 — PMC8841500.
- Upregulation of PAIP1 promotes the gallbladder tumorigenesis through regulating PLK1 level. Annals of translational medicine 2021 — PMC8267329.
- Paip1 overexpression is involved in the progression of gastric cancer and predicts shorter survival of diagnosed patients. OncoTargets and therapy 2019 — PMC6701649.
- PubMed PMID:9548260 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:11230166 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:15372022 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for PAIP1 (Polyadenylate-binding protein-interacting protein 1). Expected localisation General cytoplasmic staining (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A07792-2). Validated IHC antibody: A07792-2 at 2-5 μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Cervix (Glandular cells); negative Bone marrow. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human ovarian serous adenocarcinoma tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A07792-2); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A07792-2); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A07792-2); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A07792-2); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-PAIP1, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A07792-2); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A07792-2). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Antibody staining has low consistency with RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: 3 isoforms; epitope coverage is unknown (UniProt); Regulation: Low tissue specificity of RNA (HPA tissue RNA). Evidence: UniProt Q9H074, HPA tissue IHC · Approved, HPA ICC-IF · plasma membrane and cytosol., Datasheet A07792-2, PMC8841500, PMC8267329. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/PAIP1/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.