This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website.
- Table of Contents
PDCD2L / uS5 assembly chaperone PDCD2L · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for PDCD2L
Plan chromogenic PDCD2L IHC in paraffin sections with the catalog antibody at 1:50–1:200 (datasheet). Compare strongly stained breast glandular cells with oral mucosal squamous cells reported as undetected, and score cytoplasmic signal (HPA tissue IHC).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
PDCD2L Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Cytoplasmic staining in tissue sections (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Cytoplasmic signal across tissues; high in glandular cells (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | Tris-EDTA pH 9.0 HIER, 95–98 °C, 20 min (rule: nuclear antigen) | |
| Positive control | Adrenal gland+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Oral mucosa+1 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A14105) | |
| Caveat | Staining and RNA show medium consistency; verify specificity (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Expression regulation is unreported (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | No isoforms annotated; mature chain spans residues 2–358 (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended PDCD2L IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol (datasheet) is followed by one published PDCD2L paraffin-section workflow (PMC13085924).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded rat heart tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A14105) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A14105); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat-induced epitope retrieval in Tris-EDTA buffer, pH 9.0, 20 min at 95–98 °C (standard rule: nuclear antigen) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% normal serum of the secondary host, 30 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-PDCD2L, 1:50-1:200 (datasheet A14105) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (standard) |
| Detection | HRP-polymer secondary, DAB chromogen 5–10 min (standard) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | PDCD2L-positive staining in glandular cells of adrenal gland (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Cytoplasmic expression in all tissues. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with Tris-EDTA pH 9.0 retrieval at 95–98 °C for 20 min (page antigen retrieval); PDCD2L localizes to the nucleus and nucleolus (UniProt Q9BRP1).
Section 2
What Is the Expected PDCD2L Staining Pattern?
PDCD2L has a cytoplasmic tissue IHC profile (HPA tissue IHC), while UniProt annotates nucleolar, nuclear and cytosolic localisation and no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q9BRP1). High staining is reported in selected glandular, respiratory epithelial and neuronal cells (HPA tissue IHC). HPA rates the tissue staining Approved, with medium consistency against RNA data and external verification pending (HPA tissue IHC).
| Clear cytoplasmic staining in breast or cervical glandular cells, bronchial respiratory epithelial cells, or caudate neurons. | This matches cell types scored High in tissue IHC (HPA tissue IHC). Assess the stained cells and compartment together; a strong chromogen signal alone does not establish the expected pattern (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Predominantly nuclear, membranous or sharply organelle-like staining in an IHC section, with little cytoplasmic signal. | This differs from the reported cytoplasmic tissue IHC profile (HPA tissue IHC). Nuclear localisation is annotated separately (UniProt Q9BRP1), so review the controls and staining distribution before calling a nuclear result artefactual. A membrane-only result also conflicts with the lack of a transmembrane segment (UniProt Q9BRP1). |
| Strong staining in oral or vaginal squamous epithelial cells. | Those cells are scored Not detected (HPA tissue IHC). Consider cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity, then compare matched control sections and the expected cytoplasmic pattern (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). Do not treat one unexpected cell population as proof of PDCD2L expression. |
| Diffuse chromogen across tissue, extracellular spaces or the whole section, without cell boundaries. | This cannot be scored as the reported cellular cytoplasmic pattern (HPA tissue IHC). Check the detection-only control and background handling; widespread colour may reflect nonspecific binding or endogenous detection activity (general IHC practice). |
| No signal in a section containing breast glandular or bronchial respiratory epithelial cells. | Both cell populations are scored High (HPA tissue IHC), making the result a useful reason to review section quality, antigen retrieval, antibody incubation and detection controls (general IHC practice). A single negative section does not overturn the HPA pattern, whose external verification remains pending (HPA tissue IHC). |
💡Expected PDCD2L appearanceCall a result supportive when identifiable cells show cytoplasmic chromogen, including strong signal in an HPA High cell population (HPA tissue IHC); diffuse colour without cellular boundaries or strong staining in HPA Not detected squamous cells is suspect (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice).
| Tissue and cell selection | HPA scores adrenal, breast, cervical, duodenal, endometrial and fallopian glandular cells High; bronchial respiratory epithelial and caudate neuronal cells are also High (HPA tissue IHC). Oral and vaginal squamous cells are Not detected, while esophageal squamous cells, skeletal myocytes and adipocytes are Low (HPA tissue IHC). Interpret intensity by cell population. |
| Compartment and assay | Tissue IHC is described as cytoplasmic (HPA tissue IHC). UniProt also annotates the nucleus and nucleolus alongside cytosol (UniProt Q9BRP1). These records support checking assay context when a nuclear component appears; they do not establish a required nuclear IHC signal. |
| IF/ICC Q: What localisation should be considered? | A: HPA reports approved mitochondrial localisation in ICC-IF images from A-431, A-549 and U2OS (HPA subcellular). This is separate from the cytoplasmic tissue IHC profile (HPA tissue IHC) and the nuclear, nucleolar and cytosolic UniProt annotation (UniProt Q9BRP1). Interpret the assays in their own context. |
| Evidence strength | The listed HPA052181 antibody is Approved for IHC and ICC (HPA antibodies). Tissue IHC has medium consistency with RNA data and awaits external verification (HPA tissue IHC). Approval supports using the published pattern as a reference, while ambiguous or unexpected staining still needs controls. |
| RNA versus protein staining | HPA calls RNA tissue enhanced in skeletal muscle, yet scores skeletal myocytes Low by tissue IHC (HPA tissue IHC). UniProt lists higher expression in lung, colon, mammary gland, cervix, stomach and small intestine (UniProt Q9BRP1). Use the cell-level IHC observations to choose staining comparators; RNA enrichment alone does not predict a strong chromogen result. |
| Topology and processing | UniProt annotates no transmembrane segment or signal peptide and lists a PDCD2L chain spanning residues 2–358 (UniProt Q9BRP1). These annotations give no basis to expect a membrane-restricted pattern. They do not specify antibody epitope position or target-specific antigen retrieval conditions (UniProt Q9BRP1). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Expected positive cells are blank. | Section or detection failure is possible; the chosen cells may also differ from an HPA High population (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Confirm cell identity against the HPA tissue IHC entries, then review retrieval, antibody incubation and detection controls in the established IHC workflow (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). No PDCD2L-specific retrieval condition is supplied. |
| Oral or vaginal squamous cells stain strongly. | That conflicts with their Not detected scores (HPA tissue IHC); nonspecific binding or endogenous detection activity is possible (general IHC practice). | Review a detection-only control and the staining distribution, then compare with a High cell population on a suitable section (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| Colour covers the section uniformly. | Acellular or uniform colour does not match the cell-associated cytoplasmic tissue profile (HPA tissue IHC); background from binding or detection is possible (general IHC practice). | Inspect tissue edges and empty areas, assess the detection-only control, and review blocking, washes and chromogen development (general IHC practice). |
| Only nuclei appear positive in IHC. | Nuclear localisation is annotated (UniProt Q9BRP1), but the HPA tissue IHC profile is cytoplasmic (HPA tissue IHC). | Check whether cytoplasmic signal is present in HPA High cells and compare control sections before deciding whether the nuclear-only result is specific (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| A membrane outline dominates the IHC result. | A membrane-restricted pattern is unsupported by the reported cytoplasmic staining and lack of a transmembrane segment (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q9BRP1). | Reassess cellular localisation at higher magnification and inspect detection controls for edge staining or background (general IHC practice). |
| Skeletal muscle is weak despite the RNA enrichment label. | HPA labels RNA tissue enhanced in skeletal muscle while scoring myocytes Low by IHC (HPA tissue IHC). | Score the observed myocyte staining against the protein IHC entry and use an HPA High cell population to assess whether the staining run produced an interpretable signal (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing PDCD2L staining
A14105 · IHCImmunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded rat heart using PDCD2L antibody at dilution of 1:100 .Perform microwave antigen retrieval with 10
A14105 · IHCImmunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded human liver using PDCD2L antibody at dilution of 1:100 .Perform microwave antigen retrieval with 1
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000126249-PDCD2L/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_19901485
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000126249-PDCD2L/tissue/colon#imid_19902848
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000126249-PDCD2L/tissue/liver#imid_19902865
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000126249-PDCD2L/tissue/kidney#imid_19902850
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA052181; green = PDCD2L, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA052181; green = PDCD2L, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for PDCD2L IHC & IF
🧪Run breast first: glandular cells should stain (HPA: High in breast glandular cells). Use oral mucosa squamous epithelial cells as the negative tissue (HPA: Not detected); on the breast slide, cells without specific staining should show counterstain alone as an internal background reference, without assuming a particular cell type is negative.
Positive control tissue: Adrenal gland (Glandular cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Oral mucosa (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show PDCD2L in A-431, A-549, U2OS, with annotated localisation: Mitochondria (approved) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary (secondary-only) control, an isotype control matched to the primary antibody’s host species and class where applicable, and a PDCD2L knockout specimen or a peptide-block control if the immunizing peptide is available (standard IHC practice). For chromogenic detection, quench endogenous peroxidase; block endogenous biotin if using a biotin-based detection system (standard IHC practice).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the fixative is unreported in the A14105 paraffin-section caption (selected A14105 tissue-IHC caption). That caption reports microwave retrieval in 10 mM PBS, pH 7.2, with antibody at 1:100 in rat heart; retrieval conditions for breast need validation (selected A14105 tissue-IHC caption; HPA: High in breast glandular cells). Frozen sections or IF are not established as easier by the supplied evidence; for IF interpretation, HPA reports mitochondrial ICC-IF localization while UniProt lists nucleus, nucleolus and cytosol, so confirm the expected staining pattern with controls (HPA subcellular; UniProt Q9BRP1 subcellular).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for PDCD2L
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Approved — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data. Pending external verification.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bronchus | Respiratory epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Caudate | Neuronal cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cervix | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced PDCD2L IHC Tips
Troubleshoot PDCD2L staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, compartment, controls and scoring before interpreting biological differences.
How should I retrieve PDCD2L in paraffin sections?
Start with Tris-EDTA at pH 9.0, heated to 95–98 °C for 20 min (page retrieval setting). Cool sections consistently, then compare signal and tissue preservation against a matched control section (standard IHC practice). If staining is weak, test microwave retrieval in 10 mM PBS at pH 7.2, the condition shown for paraffin-embedded rat heart with antibody A14105 at 1:100 (A14105 tissue-IHC caption). Keep antibody dilution, detection and exposure to chromogen constant across the comparison so a retrieval change is interpretable (standard IHC practice). The caption does not report a fixative (A14105 tissue-IHC caption).
Could fixation explain weak or uneven PDCD2L staining?
Target-specific fixation sensitivity is unknown from the supplied evidence; the paraffin-section caption does not state its fixative (A14105 tissue-IHC caption). Record the fixative and fixation duration for each specimen, and compare sections processed together before changing retrieval or antibody concentration (standard IHC practice). Uneven staining near tissue edges can reflect differences in processing or reagent coverage, so inspect morphology and repeat staining on a matched section (standard IHC practice). Keep retrieval at Tris-EDTA pH 9.0, 95–98 °C for 20 min during that comparison (page retrieval setting). Do not infer a fixation preference from the tissue expression profile or PDCD2L modifications (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q9BRP1).
Which staining compartment should I accept as PDCD2L?
Assess cytoplasmic staining first because the tissue-IHC profile reports cytoplasmic expression across tissues (HPA tissue IHC). Inspect nuclear and nucleolar signal separately because those locations, along with cytosol, are annotated for PDCD2L (UniProt Q9BRP1 subcellular location). Mitochondrial localisation is also reported in cell imaging, so a punctate pattern warrants comparison with an independent compartment marker before interpretation in paraffin sections (HPA subcellular; standard IHC practice). Score each compartment independently at the same magnification and with the same chromogen development conditions (standard IHC practice). Treat diffuse nuclear colour without cellular detail cautiously, especially when the matched negative control also stains (standard IHC practice).
How can epitope choice affect interpretation of PDCD2L staining?
The supplied record annotates 0 isoforms and no protein domains, so it provides no isoform-specific staining prediction (UniProt Q9BRP1). PDCD2L has no annotated transmembrane segment or signal peptide; an intracellular epitope is therefore consistent with its annotated nuclear and cytosolic locations (UniProt Q9BRP1 topology and subcellular location). Its annotated modifications include N-acetylalanine at residue 2, phosphoserine at 20 and phosphothreonine at 22 (UniProt Q9BRP1 modified residues). If the antibody epitope is disclosed, check whether it overlaps those residues before attributing a staining difference to expression (standard IHC practice). The supplied caption gives no epitope position for A14105 (A14105 tissue-IHC caption).
How should I follow up a PDCD2L IHC pattern by multiplex IF?
Use IF as a separate validation experiment and pair PDCD2L with a marker for the cell population being assessed, such as glandular cells in breast sections (HPA tissue IHC: High in breast glandular cells; standard IF practice). Choose a PDCD2L fluorophore channel after measuring tissue autofluorescence and include single-stain controls to check spectral bleed-through (standard IF practice). Apply permeabilisation appropriate for access to intracellular epitopes, because PDCD2L has no transmembrane segment and is annotated in the nucleus and cytosol (UniProt Q9BRP1 topology and subcellular location; standard IF practice). Compare punctate fluorescence with a mitochondrial marker if testing the approved cell-imaging localisation (HPA subcellular: mitochondria approved; standard IF practice).
What should I adjust when PDCD2L chromogen obscures tissue detail?
Run a no-primary control through the same detection and chromogen steps to identify background from the detection system (standard IHC practice). For peroxidase-based detection, block endogenous peroxidase before adding detection reagents and compare the no-primary result with the PDCD2L section (standard IHC practice). Titrate the catalog antibody around the documented 1:100 use in paraffin-embedded rat heart, changing one condition at a time (A14105 tissue-IHC caption; standard IHC practice). Shorten chromogen development or strengthen blocking if diffuse colour persists, while keeping retrieval at Tris-EDTA pH 9.0 for the first comparison (standard IHC practice; page retrieval setting). Preserve counterstain contrast so individual cells remain identifiable (standard IHC practice).
How should I quantify PDCD2L across paraffin sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define cell types and compartments before scoring, because tissue IHC reports cytoplasmic expression while the protein record also annotates nuclear and nucleolar locations (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q9BRP1 subcellular location). For identifiable cells, report percent positive and an H-score from intensity categories; for dispersed positive cells, report counts per mm² of viable tissue (standard IHC practice). Normalise counts to viable tissue area and compare intensity only among sections stained in the same run with matched chromogen development (standard IHC practice). Exclude folds, edges and necrotic regions from the scoring mask, and retain the same threshold across groups (standard IHC practice).
When is a PDCD2L-positive area likely to be artefact?
Give greatest weight to staining in intact cells and compare their identity with documented positive populations, including bronchial respiratory epithelial cells and breast glandular cells (HPA tissue IHC: High in bronchus and breast). Cytoplasmic staining is supported by tissue IHC; nuclear or nucleolar signal has separate protein-location support, while mitochondrial localisation comes from cell imaging (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q9BRP1 subcellular location; HPA subcellular). Question colour confined to section edges, folds or necrotic areas, especially when it lacks clear cellular boundaries (standard IHC practice). Check a no-primary control for endogenous enzyme or detection background before calling such regions positive (standard IHC practice).
Boster reagents
Best PDCD2L / uS5 assembly chaperone PDCD2L IHC Antibodies
A14105 has IHC images from paraffin-embedded rat heart and human liver (catalog image captions). No IF images or IF/ICC application are listed (catalog applications and image captions).
Real IHC data
Anti-PDCD2L Antibody
Cat # A14105
A14105 is listed for IHC and has images of paraffin-embedded rat heart and human liver stained at 1:100 (catalog applications and image captions). Its listed reactivity is human, mouse and rat; the supplied IHC images cover human and rat only (catalog reactivity and image captions).
Which to pick: Choose A14105 for paraffin-section IHC: its captions document microwave antigen retrieval in 10 mM PBS, pH 7.2, and the fixative is unreported (catalog image captions). For cross-species work, A14105 lists human, mouse and rat reactivity, with IHC images for human and rat; its host is rabbit and clonality is unreported (catalog reactivity, image captions, host and clone fields). No IF/ICC antibody can be selected from this payload because A14105 has no listed IF/ICC application or IF image (catalog applications and image captions).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q9BRP1 (PDD2L_HUMAN, uS5 assembly chaperone PDCD2L).
- Human Protein Atlas. PDCD2L tissue IHC expression (reliability: Approved).
- Human Protein Atlas. PDCD2L subcellular location (ICC-IF): Localized to the mitochondria..
- Human Protein Atlas. PDCD2L antibody validation summary (1 antibodies).
- PDCD2L overexpression represents an unfavorable prognostic marker and its inhibition shows promising therapeutic potential for gastric cancer. Cancer biomarkers : section A of Disease markers 2025 — PMC13085924.
- Pan-cancer analysis of oncogenic role of Programmed Cell Death 2 Like (PDCD2L) and validation in colorectal cancer. Cancer cell international 2022 — PMC8881831.
- PubMed PMID:15057824 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:15489334 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:17393540 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for PDCD2L (uS5 assembly chaperone PDCD2L). Expected localisation Cytoplasmic staining in tissue sections (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: Tris-EDTA pH 9.0 HIER, 95–98 °C, 20 min (rule: nuclear antigen). Validated IHC antibody: A14105 at 1:50-1:200 (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Adrenal gland (Glandular cells); negative Oral mucosa. IHC workflow; specimen preparation unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded rat heart tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A14105); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A14105); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat-induced epitope retrieval in Tris-EDTA buffer, pH 9.0 , 20 min at 95–98 °C…; 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% normal serum of the secondary host, 30 min , room temperature (standard); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-PDCD2L, 1:50-1:200 (datasheet A14105); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (standard). Watch for: Fixation: Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A14105); Caveat: Staining and RNA show medium consistency; verify specificity (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: No isoforms annotated; mature chain spans residues 2–358 (UniProt); Regulation: Expression regulation is unreported (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt Q9BRP1, HPA tissue IHC · Approved, HPA ICC-IF · mitochondria., Datasheet A14105, PMC13085924. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/PDCD2L/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.