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PGK1 / Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for PGK1
Plan PGK1 staining in paraffin sections using kidney glomerular cells as a high-staining reference and smooth muscle cells as a low-staining comparison (HPA tissue IHC). The IHC-validated antibody M01449-1 has a reported primary dilution of 1:25 (datasheet M01449-1).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
PGK1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Cytoplasmic and nuclear tissue staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Widespread cytoplasmic and nuclear staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | Citrate pH 6 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet M01449-1) | |
| Positive control | Breast+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Smooth muscle |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Use formaldehyde-fixed paraffin sections (selected-SKU IHC image M01449-1); keep fixation consistent. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Staining may reflect protein from more than one gene (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Testis expression decreases in elderly men (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 2 isoforms; epitope coverage is unspecified (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended PGK1 IHC & IF Protocols
Compare the catalog antibody’s citrate pH 6 heat retrieval protocol (datasheet M01449-1) with published PGK1 IHC protocols for neuroblastoma (PMC3869792) and endometrial tissue (PMC5787500).
| Sample | Formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded human kidney tissue (datasheet M01449-1) |
| Fixation | Image formalin-fixed; duration unreported (datasheet M01449-1); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: Citrate pH 6 (datasheet M01449-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% normal serum of the secondary host, 30 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Primary antibody | Mouse monoclonal (clone 1086CT10.2.1) anti-PGK1, 1:25 (datasheet M01449-1) |
| Primary incubation | 1 hours at 37°C (datasheet M01449-1) |
| Detection | HRP-polymer secondary, DAB chromogen 5–10 min (standard) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | PGK1-positive staining in glandular cells of breast (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Ubiquitous cytoplasmic and nuclear expression. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with citrate pH 6 heat retrieval (datasheet M01449-1); the endometrial tissue protocol also uses heated citrate buffer, without stating its pH (PMC5787500).
Section 2
What Is the Expected PGK1 Staining Pattern?
PGK1 is a soluble protein with cytosolic and mitochondrial matrix localization and no transmembrane segment (UniProt P00558: subcellular location and topology). In paraffin sections, expect broad cytoplasmic staining, with nuclear staining also reported by HPA (HPA: ubiquitous cytoplasmic and nuclear expression). HPA records high staining in several glandular populations, kidney glomerular cells, lymph node non-germinal center cells, and late spermatids (HPA: tissue IHC). Its tissue IHC reliability is Approved, with medium consistency against RNA data and a multi-gene targeting caution (HPA: reliability).
| Cytoplasmic stain in breast or cervix glandular cells, with possible nuclear stain. | This fits the reported distribution (HPA: High in breast and cervix glandular cells; ubiquitous cytoplasmic and nuclear expression). Judge intensity against cells on the same section; the HPA High label describes its observed staining level, not a universal exposure or scoring threshold. |
| A crisp membrane rim dominates while cytoplasm is clear. | Membrane-only staining conflicts with the reported cytosolic and mitochondrial matrix locations and lack of a transmembrane segment (UniProt P00558: location and topology). Check whether the rim also appears in controls before assigning it to PGK1; HPA's nuclear observation remains compatible (HPA: tissue IHC profile). |
| Strong signal appears in smooth muscle cells while an expected positive population is clear. | HPA lists smooth muscle cells as Not detected and several glandular populations as High (HPA: tissue IHC). Investigate nonspecific antibody binding or endogenous chromogen activity as possibilities; the pattern alone cannot establish cross-reactivity, particularly because HPA cautions that staining may include proteins from more than one gene (HPA: reliability). |
| Color spreads across tissue, empty spaces, or the entire section without cell boundaries. | This is diffuse background rather than an interpretable cellular pattern. Compare a primary-antibody omission control and a known-positive tissue; those are general IHC controls. PGK1's reported cytoplasmic and nuclear expression does not justify treating uniform extracellular deposit as specific staining (HPA: tissue IHC profile). |
| No cellular signal appears in breast glandular cells or kidney glomerular cells. | Both are reported High by HPA (HPA: breast glandular cells; kidney cells in glomeruli). An entirely blank result therefore needs a technical check before a biological interpretation. HPA's Approved rating has medium RNA–staining consistency, so one negative section does not resolve true PGK1 abundance (HPA: reliability). |
💡Expected PGK1 appearanceCall an IHC result positive when defined cells show predominantly cytoplasmic staining, potentially with nuclear staining, in an HPA High population such as breast glandular cells; membrane-only rims or diffuse extracellular color are suspect (HPA: tissue IHC profile and breast High; UniProt P00558: topology).
| Compartment and tissue context | UniProt places PGK1 in cytosol and mitochondrial matrix (UniProt P00558: location), while HPA reports cytoplasmic and nuclear tissue staining (HPA: tissue IHC profile). Interpret nuclear color with that source difference in view; neither source supplies a fixed nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio. |
| Antibody evidence | Four listed antibodies have Approved IHC status (HPA: HPA045385, HPA073644, HPA073656, CAB010065). HPA also flags multi-gene targeting and medium RNA–staining consistency (HPA: reliability); an Approved label alone cannot identify the source of every stained cell. |
| Isoforms and epitope coverage | Two PGK1 isoforms are recorded (UniProt P00558: isoforms 1 and 2). Their presence does not show whether an antibody distinguishes them; no epitope position or isoform-specific IHC result is supplied. Treat a difference between antibodies as unresolved until their epitopes and validation are known. |
| Antigen retrieval in paraffin sections | Retrieval conditions can affect IHC staining as a general workflow matter. No PGK1-specific fixation sensitivity or retrieval condition is supplied by UniProt or HPA; optimize with a known-positive section and compare staining alongside background, without attributing changes to a demonstrated PGK1 epitope effect. |
| IF/ICC: what should a sperm image show? | HPA approves localization to the mid piece, principal piece, and end piece, while cautioning that the antibodies target proteins from multiple genes (HPA: ICC-IF subcellular). This IF/ICC observation supports a spatial comparison; it is not an IHC-P protocol or proof that each segment's signal is PGK1 alone. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Known-positive glandular cells are blank. | Primary binding, retrieval, or detection may have failed; the slide alone cannot identify which step. These cells are reported High (HPA: breast and cervix glandular cells). | Run a known-positive section through the same IHC workflow; check reagent order, antibody use, detection, and counterstain. Adjust retrieval or dilution only with a concurrent control, since PGK1-specific fixation sensitivity is unreported. |
| Smooth muscle cells stain strongly. | HPA reports them as Not detected (HPA: smooth muscle cells). Nonspecific binding or endogenous detection activity is possible; HPA also cautions that antibodies may target proteins from more than one gene (HPA: reliability). | Compare a primary-antibody omission control and an appropriate endogenous-activity control. Recheck the named cell type on the counterstain; do not assign the smooth muscle signal to PGK1 solely from its color. |
| All compartments show a uniform brown haze. | Diffuse deposit may reflect excess reagent, inadequate washing, or endogenous chromogen activity in a general IHC workflow; it does not match a defined cellular pattern (HPA: cytoplasmic and nuclear profile). | Review omission controls, blocking, washing, and detection development. Reassess cell boundaries after background falls; avoid raising a positivity score merely because the entire section darkens. |
| Only cell borders stain. | A membrane-only pattern conflicts with PGK1's reported cytosolic and mitochondrial matrix localization and absence of a transmembrane segment (UniProt P00558: location and topology). | Compare an HPA High population on the same run and inspect omission controls. Review detection artifacts and antibody specificity before interpreting a border-only signal as a new PGK1 location. |
| Two antibodies give different nuclear staining. | HPA reports nuclear tissue staining, but its antibody evidence carries a multi-gene caution (HPA: tissue IHC profile and reliability). The supplied record gives no epitope mapping or antibody-specific nuclear comparison. | Score cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments separately, document antibody identity, and compare matched sections. Treat the discordance as unresolved; do not infer an isoform, processing event, or fixation effect from this comparison alone. |
| A weak section is treated as a definitive negative. | HPA records Low staining in several populations, including small-intestine glandular cells, while breast glandular cells are High (HPA: tissue IHC). Weak color can therefore have different meaning across sampled cell types. | Identify the cell population and compare it with a concurrent HPA High control. Score localized cellular signal separately from background, and report an uncertain result when the control or cell identity is unclear. |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing PGK1 staining
M01449-1 · IHCM01449-1 staining PGK1 in human kidney tissue sections by Immunohistochemistry (IHC-P -paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections).
M01449-1 · IHCM01449-1 staining PGK1 in human liver tissue sections by Immunohistochemistry (IHC-P -paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections). T
PA2045 · IHCIHC analysis of PGK1 using anti-PGK1 antibody (PA2045). PGK1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of Human Lung Cancer tissue. Heat m
A01449 · IFICC staining PGK1 in HepG2 cells (green). The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with
PB9774 · IFIF analysis of PGK1 using anti-PGK1 antibody (PB9774). PGK1 was detected in an immunocytochemical section of U87 cells. Enzyme antigen retri
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000102144-PGK1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_2845944
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000102144-PGK1/tissue/colon#imid_2845870
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000102144-PGK1/tissue/liver#imid_2845879
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000102144-PGK1/tissue/kidney#imid_2845880
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA073644; green = PGK1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA073644; green = PGK1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for PGK1 IHC & IF
🧪Run breast first: its glandular cells should stain for PGK1 (HPA: High in breast glandular cells). Run smooth muscle as the negative tissue (HPA: Not detected in smooth muscle cells); within the breast slide, identifiable vascular smooth muscle cells, if present, should lack specific staining (HPA: Not detected in smooth muscle cells).
Positive control tissue: Breast (Glandular cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Smooth muscle (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show PGK1 in A-431, U2OS, Sperm, with annotated localisation: Mid piece (approved), Principal piece (approved), End piece (approved) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include no-primary (secondary-only) and host-species- and immunoglobulin-class-matched isotype controls, plus PGK1 knockout tissue or a peptide-block control if the immunizing peptide is available (standard IHC practice). With the biotinylated secondary used in the selected caption, check endogenous peroxidase and biotin background in breast tissue (selected SKU M01449-1 caption: biotinylated secondary; standard chromogenic IHC practice).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the selected SKU's fixative is unreported (selected SKU M01449-1 caption metadata). The paraffin-section example uses heat retrieval in citrate buffer at pH 6, but it does not establish that retrieval is required (selected SKU M01449-1 caption). No matched comparison establishes whether frozen sections or IF are easier; for breast IHC, glandular background from the biotin-based detection system should be checked with the controls above (selected SKU M01449-1 caption: biotinylated secondary; standard IHC practice).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for PGK1
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Approved — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data. Caution, targets protein from more than one gene.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breast | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cervix | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Fallopian tube | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Gallbladder | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Kidney | Cells in glomeruli | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smooth muscle | Smooth muscle cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced PGK1 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot PGK1 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, cellular distribution, controls and scoring before interpreting changes in signal.
How should I retrieve PGK1 when staining is weak in paraffin sections?
Start with heat-mediated citrate buffer at pH 6 for PGK1 retrieval in paraffin sections (datasheet M01449-1). Use the documented kidney staining conditions as a starting point: 3% BSA block for 30 minutes at room temperature, followed by primary antibody at 1:25 for 1 hour at 37°C (M01449-1 tissue-IHC caption). If staining remains weak, compare retrieval heating and cooling conditions on adjacent sections while holding antibody concentration and detection constant (standard IHC practice). Assess cellular staining alongside tissue damage and background, because stronger signal alone does not establish more specific PGK1 detection (standard IHC practice).
Could fixation explain inconsistent PGK1 staining between paraffin blocks?
The effect of fixation on PGK1 epitope sensitivity is unknown from the supplied evidence; do not assign a PGK1-specific fixation preference (supplied fixation rule). Record fixative, fixation duration, tissue thickness and processing history for each block, then compare matched sections using identical retrieval and detection conditions (standard IHC practice). The documented kidney example uses formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue, but establishes a staining workflow rather than a fixation sensitivity threshold (M01449-1 tissue-IHC caption). Include a same-run control section and inspect morphology, since uneven penetration, overfixation or processing differences can confound an apparent biological change in PGK1 staining (standard IHC practice).
Is nuclear or mitochondrial PGK1 staining plausible in chromogenic IHC?
Expect predominantly cytoplasmic staining as a starting interpretation, while recognizing that tissue IHC reports cytoplasmic and nuclear expression (UniProt P00558 subcellular; HPA tissue IHC). PGK1 also localizes to the mitochondrial matrix, and hypoxic conditions promote mitochondrial targeting through regulated interactions (UniProt P00558 subcellular). Conventional chromogenic sections may not resolve individual mitochondria, so a granular cytoplasmic pattern alone cannot establish mitochondrial localization (standard IHC practice). Compare nuclear and cytoplasmic signals separately against positive tissue and omission controls, and seek an independent compartment-specific method before assigning a mechanism to a changed distribution (standard IHC practice).
How can epitope choice affect interpretation of PGK1 staining?
PGK1 has two annotated isoforms, and the supplied product caption does not identify the antibody epitope or establish isoform specificity (UniProt P00558 isoforms; M01449-1 tissue-IHC caption). Check the catalog antibody’s immunogen and sequence coverage before interpreting different staining patterns as isoform differences (standard IHC practice). PGK1 has annotated modified residues, including modifications near its amino terminus; their effect on this antibody’s binding is unreported (UniProt P00558 modified residues). Compare staining with an independently validated epitope when an isoform-specific conclusion matters, and keep retrieval and detection conditions matched so technical variation does not masquerade as epitope dependence (standard IHC practice).
How should I follow up a PGK1 IHC pattern with IF multiplexing?
Use IF/ICC as a separate validation experiment and pair PGK1 with a marker for the expected cell type; kidney glomerular cells and testicular elongated or late spermatids are high-staining IHC examples (HPA tissue IHC). Choose fluorophores and controls after checking the specimen’s autofluorescence, especially before interpreting weak puncta or apparent overlap (standard IF practice). PGK1 is cytosolic and can enter the mitochondrial matrix, with no transmembrane segment annotated (UniProt P00558 subcellular and topology). For intracellular epitopes, optimize permeabilisation for the relevant compartment and confirm that the chosen treatment preserves the marker pattern; the paraffin-section antibody conditions do not define an IF protocol (standard IF practice; M01449-1 tissue-IHC caption).
What controls help distinguish PGK1 staining from chromogenic background?
Compare the stained section with a primary-antibody omission control and inspect whether signal follows cell boundaries or accumulates nonspecifically at folds and edges (standard IHC practice). Include a peroxidase block when using peroxidase-based chromogenic detection, and check whether residual endogenous activity produces color in the omission control (standard IHC practice). Titrate primary antibody and detection strength around the documented 1:25 kidney example instead of treating that dilution as universal across tissues (M01449-1 tissue-IHC caption; standard IHC practice). Interpret weak signal cautiously because PGK1 tissue IHC is reported as broadly cytoplasmic and nuclear, making a completely blank tissue an unreliable default background reference (HPA tissue IHC).
How should I quantify PGK1 staining across tissue groups? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the tissue compartment and eligible cells before scoring, since PGK1 staining differs among annotated cell populations (HPA tissue IHC). For chromogenic sections, report an H-score or percentage of positive cells within that compartment, using the same intensity thresholds across slides (standard IHC practice). If counting discrete positive cells, report density per mm² of viable analyzed tissue and record excluded necrotic, folded or edge regions (standard IHC practice). Normalize comparisons to the same cell population, tissue area and staining batch, and score nuclear and cytoplasmic signal separately when localization is the question (standard IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC).
Which PGK1 patterns are credible, and which suggest artefact?
A credible result should follow cell anatomy and remain consistent across replicate sections and controls; high staining is reported in kidney glomerular cells and testicular elongated or late spermatids (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). Interpret smooth muscle staining cautiously because smooth muscle cells are reported as not detected in the supplied tissue profile (HPA tissue IHC). PGK1 is primarily cytosolic but can localize to mitochondria, while the tissue atlas also reports nuclear staining; compartment alone therefore cannot prove specificity (UniProt P00558 subcellular; HPA tissue IHC). Exclude section edges and necrosis, and investigate color persisting after primary omission as possible endogenous enzyme or detection background before calling it PGK1 (standard IHC practice).
Boster reagents
Best PGK1 / Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 IHC Antibodies
Anti-PGK1 antibodies have IHC images from human kidney, liver and lung cancer paraffin sections, plus IF/ICC images from HepG2 and U87 cells (catalog figure captions).
Real IHC data
Anti-PGK1 Antibody
Cat # M01449-1
Real IHC data
Anti-Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 PGK1 Antibody ®
Cat # PA2045
Real IF data
Anti-Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 PGK1 Antibody
Cat # A01449
Real IF data
Anti-PGK1 Antibody ®
Cat # PB9774
M01449-1 has IHC images from human kidney and liver sections (M01449-1 figure captions); PA2045 has an IHC image from a human lung cancer section (PA2045 figure caption). A01449 has an ICC image from HepG2 cells (A01449 figure caption); PB9774 has an IF image from U87 cells (PB9774 figure caption).
Which to pick: For tissue IHC, choose M01449-1 for formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections (M01449-1 figure caption: human kidney; catalog: mouse monoclonal, IHC-P) or PA2045 for paraffin sections with a different retrieval example (PA2045 figure caption: EDTA pH 8.0; fixative unreported). For IF/ICC, choose A01449 or PB9774 based on their cell images and listed IF/ICC applications (A01449 figure caption: HepG2; PB9774 figure caption: U87; catalog applications). For planned human, mouse or rat work, PA2045 is the IHC choice and A01449 or PB9774 are IF/ICC choices based on listed reactivity; the cited images show individual samples, not validation in every listed species (catalog reactivity; figure captions).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry P00558 (PGK1_HUMAN, Phosphoglycerate kinase 1).
- Human Protein Atlas. PGK1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Approved).
- Human Protein Atlas. PGK1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Localized to the mid piece, principal piece and end piece. Caution: Based on antibodies targeting proteins from multiple genes..
- Human Protein Atlas. PGK1 antibody validation summary (4 antibodies).
- Hypoxia-induced PGK1 expression promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression via stimulating MYH9-mediated GSK3β/β-catenin signalling. Clinical and translational medicine 2025 — PMC12177104.
- PGK1 as predictor of CXCR4 expression, bone marrow metastases and survival in neuroblastoma. PloS one 2013 — PMC3869792.
- Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 a promoting enzyme for peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer. International journal of cancer 2010 — PMC2811232.
- PGK1 and GRP78 overexpression correlates with clinical significance and poor prognosis in Chinese endometrial cancer patients. Oncotarget 2018 — PMC5787500.
- PubMed PMID:6188151 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:2995995 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for PGK1 (Phosphoglycerate kinase 1). Expected localisation Cytoplasmic and nuclear tissue staining (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: Citrate pH 6 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet M01449-1). Validated IHC antibody: M01449-1 at 1:25 (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Breast (Glandular cells); negative Smooth muscle. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded human kidney tissue (datasheet M01449-1); 2. Fixation: Image formalin-fixed; duration unreported (datasheet M01449-1); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: Citrate pH 6 (datasheet M01449-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% normal serum of the secondary host, 30 min , room temperature (standard); 8. Primary antibody: Mouse monoclonal (clone 1086CT10.2.1) anti-PGK1, 1:25 (datasheet M01449-1); 9. Primary incubation: 1 hours at 37°C (datasheet M01449-1). Watch for: Fixation: Use formaldehyde-fixed paraffin sections (selected-SKU IHC image M01449-1); keep fixation consistent. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Staining may reflect protein from more than one gene (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: 2 isoforms; epitope coverage is unspecified (UniProt); Regulation: Testis expression decreases in elderly men (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt P00558, HPA tissue IHC · Approved, HPA ICC-IF · mid piece, principal piece and end piece. Caution: Based on…, Datasheet M01449-1, PMC3869792, PMC5787500. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/PGK1/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.