This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website.
- Table of Contents
PKM / Pyruvate kinase PKM · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for PKM
Plan paraffin-section PKM IHC around the cytoplasmic staining reported in most tissues (HPA tissue IHC). This guide covers consistent fixation, a catalog antibody starting range of 2–5 μg/mL, chromogenic detection, and interpretation across PKM isoforms (standard IHC practice; datasheet PB9379; UniProt).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
PKM Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Cytoplasmic staining in most tissues (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Most tissues: cytoplasmic staining; cell type varies (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet PB9379) | |
| Positive control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Smooth muscle |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Staining has low agreement with RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Enriched in proliferating cells (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | Three isoforms; PKM2-directed staining may not reflect total PKM (UniProt; datasheet PB9379) |
Section 1
Recommended PKM IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol (datasheet: PB9379) is presented alongside three published paraffin-section IHC protocols (PMC12328876; PMC13548708; PMC5559320).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human colorectal adenocarcinoma tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet PB9379) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet PB9379); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet PB9379); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet PB9379) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-PKM, 2-5μg/ml (datasheet PB9379) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet PB9379) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet PB9379) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | PKM-positive staining in adipocytes of adipose tissue (HPA tissue IHC: Medium). HPA tissue profile: Cytoplasmic expression in most tissues. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 (datasheet: PB9379); the emitted articles do not specify a retrieval buffer (PMC12328876; PMC13548708; PMC5559320).
Section 2
What Is the Expected PKM Staining Pattern?
PKM should appear mainly in the cytoplasm of cells across many tissues (HPA tissue IHC: cytoplasmic expression in most tissues). UniProt also places PKM in the nucleus after certain signals and lists no transmembrane segment (UniProt P14618: subcellular location and topology). Interpret tissue staining cautiously: HPA rates its tissue IHC profile Uncertain because staining and RNA expression show low consistency (HPA tissue IHC: reliability Uncertain).
| Cytoplasmic staining in adipocytes or breast glandular cells, with surrounding tissue structure visible. | This fits the reported medium staining in both cell types (HPA tissue IHC: adipocytes Medium; breast glandular cells Medium). Compare the stained cells with adjacent unstained areas and the counterstain; a strong color reaction alone does not establish specificity, particularly while the overall tissue profile remains Uncertain (HPA tissue IHC: reliability Uncertain). |
| Predominantly nuclear staining, with little or no cytoplasmic staining, or a sharp membrane outline. | A membrane outline conflicts with the reported cytoplasmic tissue pattern and lack of a transmembrane segment (HPA tissue IHC: cytoplasmic expression; UniProt P14618: topology); investigate artefact. Nuclear PKM can occur after specific signals, so nuclear staining alone is not proof of error (UniProt P14618: subcellular location). An unexplained nuclear-only pattern warrants independent validation. |
| Strong staining in smooth muscle cells, especially when expected positive cells stain as well. | HPA reports smooth muscle cells as Not detected, making a strong signal there a warning for cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity (HPA tissue IHC: smooth muscle cells Not detected; general IHC practice). Check a no-primary control and compare staining with tissue structure. Because HPA tissue reliability is Uncertain, this observation is a reason to investigate, not a definitive PKM-negative control (HPA tissue IHC: reliability Uncertain). |
| Broad color across cells, extracellular spaces, or section edges that obscures cytoplasmic detail. | A haze extending beyond cells cannot be scored as the reported cytoplasmic pattern (HPA tissue IHC: cytoplasmic expression in most tissues). Review the no-primary control for detection background and inspect whether uneven reagent coverage or inadequate washing is contributing (general IHC practice). Reassess PKM only after individual cell boundaries and the counterstain are readable. |
| No cytoplasmic signal in a well-preserved section of adipose tissue or breast. | HPA reports medium staining in adipocytes and breast glandular cells, so an absent signal calls for a run-level check (HPA tissue IHC: both Medium). Verify that the antibody is suitable for IHC-P, that detection reagents worked, and that the known-positive control was processed alongside the test section (general IHC practice). A negative result alone does not establish absent PKM. |
💡Expected PKM appearanceCall a result consistent with PKM when cell-resolved cytoplasmic staining is visible in reported positive cells, such as medium-staining adipocytes or breast glandular cells; treat prominent smooth muscle staining or membrane outlines as patterns requiring investigation (HPA tissue IHC: adipocytes and breast glandular cells Medium; smooth muscle cells Not detected; UniProt P14618: topology).
| Cell and tissue context | HPA describes cytoplasmic expression in most tissues but reports medium staining in the listed adipocytes and breast glandular cells, low staining in small-intestinal glandular cells, and no detected staining in smooth muscle cells (HPA tissue IHC). Select and score controls by cell type rather than assuming every cell in a section should have the same intensity; the HPA profile has Uncertain reliability (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Isoform and antibody interpretation | UniProt lists three PKM isoforms: M2, M1, and isoform 3 (UniProt P14618: isoforms). An observed pattern cannot identify an isoform unless the antibody's epitope and isoform reactivity establish that distinction (general IHC interpretation). The supplied HPA antibodies, HPA029501 and CAB019421, each have Uncertain IHC status, so their staining alone offers limited support for a disputed tissue pattern (HPA antibodies: IHC Uncertain). |
| IF/ICC Q&A: should fluorescence be only cytoplasmic? | No: HPA reports mainly cytosolic signal, with additional vesicle and principal-piece localization in its ICC-IF record (HPA subcellular: Cytosol enhanced; Vesicles and Principal piece approved). UniProt also describes signal-dependent nuclear translocation (UniProt P14618: subcellular location). These observations help interpret an IF image; they do not establish a second IHC-P protocol or confirm a nuclear signal in a particular paraffin section. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| All sections, including a reported positive cell type, are blank. | A failed staining run or unsuitable assay conditions remain possible; adipocytes and breast glandular cells have reported medium IHC staining (HPA tissue IHC). | Check the same-run positive control, confirm IHC-P suitability and detection steps, and review the antibody's documented conditions before changing them (general IHC practice). |
| The no-primary control develops color. | The signal can arise from endogenous detection activity or nonspecific detection reagents rather than primary-antibody binding (general IHC practice). | Address the implicated detection chemistry and blocking controls, then repeat the run and compare the no-primary and antibody-stained sections (general IHC practice). |
| Signal is diffuse and hides cell boundaries. | Excess background, uneven reagent coverage, or inadequate washing can obscure a cytoplasmic pattern (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC: cytoplasmic expression). | Inspect section coverage, washing, and detection intensity; adjust one workflow variable at a time and retain a same-run control (general IHC practice). |
| A membrane outline dominates the stained cells. | This conflicts with PKM's reported cytoplasmic distribution and lack of a transmembrane segment (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P14618: topology). | Inspect the no-primary control and repeat with independent specificity evidence before assigning the outline to PKM (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC: reliability Uncertain). |
| Nuclei stain more strongly than cytoplasm. | UniProt describes signal-dependent nuclear translocation, but the supplied tissue IHC summary describes cytoplasmic expression in most tissues (UniProt P14618; HPA tissue IHC). | Score nuclear and cytoplasmic staining separately; seek independent validation before treating a nuclear-only result as expected for this tissue (general IHC interpretation). |
| Smooth muscle cells stain strongly while other cells show plausible cytoplasm. | HPA lists smooth muscle cells as Not detected, raising concern about cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Compare a no-primary control and an independently supported antibody result; report the discrepancy without treating HPA's Uncertain tissue profile as an absolute exclusion (HPA tissue IHC: reliability Uncertain; general IHC practice). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing PKM staining
PB9379 · IHCIHC analysis of PKM2 using anti-PKM2 antibody (PB9379). PKM2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human colorectal adenocarcinoma
PB9379 · IHCIHC analysis of PKM2 using anti-PKM2 antibody (PB9379). PKM2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human tonsil tissue. Heat mediat
PB9379 · IFIF analysis of PKM2 using anti-PKM2 antibody (PB9379). PKM2 was detected in an immunocytochemical section of A549 cells. Enzyme antigen retr
M01173-1 · IHCIHC analysis of PKM2 using anti-PKM2 antibody (M01173-1). PKM2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human liver cancer tissue. Hea
M01173-1 · IHCIHC analysis of PKM2 using anti-PKM2 antibody (M01173-1). PKM2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of differentiated adenocarcinoma
M01173-1 · IFIF analysis of PKM2 using anti-PKM2 antibody (M01173-1). PKM2 was detected in an immunocytochemical section of A549 cells. Enzyme antigen re
M01173-2 · IHCRat lung was stained with Anti-PKM rabbit antibody
M01173-2 · IHCMouse lung was stained with Anti-PKM rabbit antibody
A01173-1 · IHCImmunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of PKM2 pAb in paraffin-embedded Lung cancer tissue.
A01173-1 · IFImmunofluorescence analysis of Hela cells, using PKM2 polyclonal antibody
M01173 · IHCImmunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human cervix cancer, using PKM2 Antibody.
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000067225-PKM/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_7270400
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000067225-PKM/tissue/colon#imid_7260830
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000067225-PKM/tissue/liver#imid_7260831
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000067225-PKM/tissue/kidney#imid_7260832
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody CAB019421; green = PKM, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody CAB019421; green = PKM, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for PKM IHC & IF
🧪Run breast first: glandular cells should stain (HPA: Medium in breast glandular cells). Run smooth muscle as the negative tissue (HPA: Not detected in smooth muscle cells); on the breast slide, acellular spaces should lack specific staining, while adjacent cell types should not be assumed negative without validation.
Positive control tissue: Adipose tissue (Adipocytes, HPA Medium)
Negative control tissue: Smooth muscle (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show PKM in A-431, U-251MG, U2OS, hTERT-RPE1 (serum starved), Sperm, HEK293, with annotated localisation: Cytosol (enhanced) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only control and a concentration-matched rabbit IgG isotype control (PB9379 caption: rabbit primary antibody), plus PKM knockout material or a validated peptide-block control. Quench endogenous peroxidase and check for residual background before interpreting DAB staining (PB9379 caption: peroxidase detection with DAB).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the selected PB9379 tissue-IHC caption does not state the fixative. The reported paraffin-section workflow used heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0, but it does not establish that retrieval is required for every specimen (PB9379 caption). Frozen sections and IF are not established as easier by the supplied evidence; check breast sections for residual peroxidase background when scoring glandular staining (HPA: Medium in breast glandular cells; PB9379 caption: peroxidase detection with DAB).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for PKM
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Uncertain — Low consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bronchus | Respiratory epithelial cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smooth muscle | Smooth muscle cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced PKM IHC Tips
Troubleshoot PKM staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, controls, compartment patterns and scoring before interpreting biological differences.
What should I change when PKM staining is weak after antigen retrieval?
Start with heat-mediated retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 (datasheet PB9379). The catalog antibody produced chromogenic staining in a paraffin section of human colorectal adenocarcinoma after that retrieval, followed by 2 μg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C (datasheet PB9379). Confirm that sections stayed immersed during heating and that runs use the same heating and cooling schedule (standard IHC practice). If staining remains weak, compare retrieval times on adjacent sections before testing another buffer, and retain a no-primary control (standard IHC practice). Treat changes in intensity as technical until the original EDTA condition and matched tissue controls have been compared (standard IHC practice).
How can I troubleshoot variable PKM staining between paraffin blocks?
The selected tissue caption reports a paraffin section but does not state its fixative, so target-specific fixation sensitivity is unknown (datasheet PB9379). Record each block’s fixative and fixation duration, and compare sections of the same thickness using the same EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval and 2 μg/ml primary concentration (datasheet PB9379; standard IHC practice). Differences between blocks can reflect processing or staining variation, so include a reference section in every run (standard IHC practice). Do not infer a PKM-specific fixation effect from its cytoplasmic tissue pattern or annotated protein modifications (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P14618).
How should I assess unexpected nuclear PKM staining in chromogenic sections?
Begin by checking for cytoplasmic staining, the predominant tissue pattern reported for PKM (HPA tissue IHC). Nuclear PKM can be biologically plausible because UniProt reports signal-dependent nuclear translocation, including after EGF receptor activation or apoptotic stimuli (UniProt P14618). Score nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments separately in at least 2 matched fields, with a nuclear counterstain clear enough to assign DAB to individual cells (standard IHC practice). Compare the pattern with a no-primary section and with intact cells away from tissue edges or necrosis before calling nuclear positivity (standard IHC practice). Do not equate nuclear colour alone with a specific activating modification (UniProt P14618; standard IHC practice).
Can this stain distinguish PKM2 from other PKM isoforms?
PKM has 3 annotated isoforms, M2, M1 and isoform 3, so an isoform claim depends on the antibody’s documented epitope and cross-reactivity (UniProt P14618; standard IHC practice). The selected caption calls PB9379 an anti-PKM2 antibody, but it does not identify the bound epitope or report tissue-section cross-reactivity testing (datasheet PB9379). Until those details are established, describe the observed chromogenic pattern as staining with the catalog antibody rather than proof of exclusive PKM2 expression (standard IHC practice). If isoform separation is central, compare independent, documented isoform-specific reagents on adjacent sections under matched EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval conditions (datasheet PB9379; standard IHC practice).
How can IF help investigate an ambiguous PKM IHC pattern?
Use IF/ICC as a separate follow-up assay, since the supplied PB9379 tissue evidence is chromogenic paraffin IHC and provides no IF/ICC conditions (datasheet PB9379). Multiplex PKM with a marker for the cell population being scored, choosing that marker from independently established tissue identity rather than assuming every positive cell is the intended population (standard IF practice). Select spectrally separated fluorophores and inspect an unstained section for tissue autofluorescence before interpreting overlap (standard IF practice). PKM is cytoplasmic and can enter the nucleus; for an intracellular epitope, assess whether mild permeabilisation permits access without disrupting morphology (UniProt P14618; standard IF practice). Keep IF localisation conclusions distinct from DAB intensity scores (standard IHC/IF practice).
What causes diffuse brown staining around otherwise plausible PKM-positive cells?
First compare the stained section with a no-primary control to distinguish antibody-dependent signal from detection-system background (standard IHC practice). The selected chromogenic workflow used 10% goat serum blocking, a peroxidase-conjugated secondary for 30 minutes at 37°C, and DAB development (datasheet PB9379). Apply an endogenous peroxidase block before secondary detection, then check wash quality and DAB development time on matched sections (standard IHC practice). Diffuse edge colour, pigment and necrotic regions need separate review because the expected broad tissue pattern is predominantly cytoplasmic (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). If background persists, titrate primary concentration around the documented 2 μg/ml condition while retaining controls (datasheet PB9379; standard IHC practice).
How should I score heterogeneous PKM staining across a section? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and compartment before scoring, because tissue IHC is predominantly cytoplasmic while nuclear PKM is also biologically possible (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P14618). For tumour-cell staining, report an H-score from 0–300 using the percentage of cells at each intensity, with nuclear and cytoplasmic results kept separate (standard IHC practice). Alternatively, report the percentage of positive cells or positive-cell density per mm², stating the threshold and counted area (standard IHC practice). Normalise to the number of evaluable cells or viable tissue area, exclude necrosis and edge artefact, and use the same retrieval and DAB exposure across compared slides (standard IHC practice).
When does PKM staining support a biological conclusion rather than an artefact?
Look for cell-associated cytoplasmic signal in intact tissue, consistent with the predominant PKM tissue pattern, while assessing nuclear staining separately (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P14618). Compare cell identity and compartment with the no-primary control, and discount colour confined to section edges, necrosis or regions with endogenous peroxidase signal (standard IHC practice). The HPA tissue IHC reliability is Uncertain because antibody staining has low consistency with RNA expression, so a single intensity difference warrants independent confirmation (HPA tissue IHC). The catalog image documents detection in a paraffin section of human colorectal adenocarcinoma, but neither that image nor DAB intensity alone establishes PKM activity or isoform-specific expression (datasheet PB9379; UniProt P14618).
Boster reagents
Best PKM / Pyruvate kinase PKM IHC Antibodies
Catalog anti-PKM antibodies have IHC images from human, mouse and rat tissues, plus IF/ICC images from HeLa and A549 cells (catalog image captions).
Real IHC data
Anti-PKM2 Antibody ®
Cat # PB9379
Real IHC data
Anti-PKM2 Antibody ® (monoclonal, 11I4C3)
Cat # M01173-1
Real IHC data
Anti-PKM Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody
Cat # M01173-2
Real IHC data
Anti-PKM2 Antibody
Cat # A01173-1
Real IHC data
Anti-PKM2 Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody
Cat # M01173
PB9379 is shown on human colorectal adenocarcinoma, M01173-1 on human liver cancer, and M01173-2 on rat lung (respective IHC image captions). A01173-1 is shown on paraffin-embedded lung cancer tissue, and M01173 on paraffin-embedded human cervix cancer tissue (respective IHC image captions).
Which to pick: For paraffin-section IHC, pick PB9379: its human colorectal adenocarcinoma caption documents EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 and a 2 μg/ml primary incubation overnight at 4°C; the fixative is unreported (PB9379 IHC caption). For IF/ICC, PB9379 has an A549-cell image using 5 μg/ml primary antibody (PB9379 IF caption). For cross-species IHC, M01173-2 is a rabbit monoclonal listed for human, mouse and rat, with IHC images in all three species; its rat lung caption does not report processing or fixative (M01173-2 catalog description, reactivity and IHC image captions).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry P14618 (KPYM_HUMAN, Pyruvate kinase PKM).
- Human Protein Atlas. PKM tissue IHC expression (reliability: Uncertain).
- Human Protein Atlas. PKM subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the cytosol. In addition localized to vesicles and principal piece..
- Human Protein Atlas. PKM antibody validation summary (2 antibodies).
- A computational framework integrating multi-omics and machine learning for identifying glycolytic gene markers in breast cancer. Discover oncology 2026 — PMC13100189.
- Identification of copper related biomarkers in breast cancer using machine learning. Discover oncology 2025 — PMC12328876.
- ENO1 interacts with PKM to promote HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma progression and HBV replication. Journal of translational medicine 2026 — PMC13548708.
- Glucose Catabolism in Liver Tumors Induced by c-MYC Can Be Sustained by Various PKM1/PKM2 Ratios and Pyruvate Kinase Activities. Cancer research 2017 — PMC5559320.
- PubMed PMID:2854097 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:2813362 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:2040271 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for PKM (Pyruvate kinase PKM). Expected localisation Cytoplasmic staining in most tissues (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet PB9379). Validated IHC antibody: PB9379 at 2-5μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Adipose tissue (Adipocytes); negative Smooth muscle. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human colorectal adenocarcinoma tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet PB9379); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet PB9379); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet PB9379); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet PB9379); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-PKM, 2-5μg/ml (datasheet PB9379); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet PB9379). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Staining has low agreement with RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: Three isoforms; PKM2-directed staining may not reflect total PKM (UniProt; datasheet PB9379); Regulation: Enriched in proliferating cells (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt P14618, HPA tissue IHC · Uncertain, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the cytosol. In addition localized to vesicles…, Datasheet PB9379, PMC12328876, PMC13548708. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/PKM/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.