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PLD1 / Phospholipase D1 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for PLD1
Plan PLD1 IHC on paraffin sections using the observed cytoplasmic and membranous tissue pattern (HPA tissue IHC). Compare cell types within the section and interpret intensity with the reported variability in mind (HPA tissue IHC).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
PLD1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Cytoplasmic and membranous tissue staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Variable cytoplasmic and membranous staining in most tissues (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | Citrate pH 6.0 HIER, 95–98 °C, 20 min (rule: cytoplasmic / membrane antigen) | |
| Positive control | Adrenal gland+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Caudate+3 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep formalin fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Staining and RNA expression show medium consistency (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Staining varies by tissue and cell type (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 4 isoforms; check epitope coverage across variants (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended PLD1 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol is paired with published PLD1 staining methods for tissue sections (PMC3614861) and breast carcinoma tissue microarrays (PMC2360386).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human brain tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A02031) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A02031); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat-induced epitope retrieval in citrate buffer, pH 6.0, 20 min at 95–98 °C (standard rule: cytoplasmic / membrane antigen) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% normal serum of the secondary host, 30 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-PLD1, 1:100 - 1:300 (datasheet A02031) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (standard) |
| Detection | HRP-polymer secondary, DAB chromogen 5–10 min (standard) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | PLD1-positive staining in glandular cells of adrenal gland (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Cytoplasmic and membranous expression at variable levels in most tissues. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with citrate pH 6.0 retrieval at 95–98 °C for 20 min (page antigen-retrieval rule); the breast microarray protocol provides an alternative heating schedule (PMC2360386).
Section 2
What Is the Expected PLD1 Staining Pattern?
PLD1 staining in paraffin IHC should be cytoplasmic and membranous, with variable intensity across tissues (HPA: tissue IHC). High staining is reported in several glandular populations, cholangiocytes, keratinocytes, and fallopian tube ciliated cells at their ciliary rootlets (HPA: tissue IHC). Perinuclear, ER, Golgi, and late endosome associations are consistent with UniProt localisation; PLD1 has no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q13393 topology). HPA rates tissue IHC reliability Enhanced, with external verification pending (HPA: tissue IHC).
| Cytoplasmic and membranous staining in expected cells, with stronger staining in selected epithelia (HPA: tissue IHC). | This fits the reported IHC profile. Useful positive cells include gallbladder, duodenal, rectal, and small intestinal glandular cells; liver cholangiocytes and skin keratinocytes are also High (HPA: tissue IHC). Compare cell type and compartment together: intensity alone does not establish specificity (general IHC practice). |
| Predominantly nuclear staining, without a convincing cytoplasmic or membranous component. | A nuclear dominant pattern conflicts with the reported IHC profile and UniProt localisation (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt Q13393 localisation). Treat it as suspect, then compare the positive control and no primary control. Atypical staining alone cannot identify whether the cause is nonspecific antibody binding or detection background (general IHC practice). |
| Strong staining in an expected low or undetected cell population, such as ovarian stromal cells or parathyroid glandular cells (HPA: tissue IHC). | HPA reports those two populations as Not detected, so strong staining warrants investigation; that rating applies to the named cells, not every cell in either tissue (HPA: tissue IHC). Compare a matched no primary control and the expected positive cells. Cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity are possible explanations, not diagnoses from appearance alone (general IHC practice). |
| Diffuse chromogen across multiple compartments, extracellular areas, or most cells, obscuring cell boundaries. | The distribution is difficult to reconcile with the variable, cell associated cytoplasmic and membranous IHC profile (HPA: tissue IHC). Check whether the no primary control shares the background and whether expected positive cells remain distinguishable. Blocking, washing, antibody concentration, and detection background are general workflow variables (general IHC practice). |
| No staining in a selected known positive population, such as gallbladder glandular cells or liver cholangiocytes (HPA: High in these cells). | A negative test section is uninterpretable until a positive control stains under the same run conditions (general IHC practice). HPA calls these populations High, but its tissue IHC assessment has medium consistency with RNA and awaits external verification (HPA: tissue IHC). Confirm cell identity and inspect the whole staining run before inferring absence of PLD1. |
💡Expected PLD1 appearanceCall a result supportive when cytoplasmic and membranous staining is clear in a reported High cell population, such as gallbladder glandular cells or cholangiocytes (HPA: tissue IHC); strong nuclear only or uniform background staining is suspect against that pattern (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt Q13393 localisation).
| Tissue and cell selection | PLD1 IHC levels vary across most tissues; HPA reports High glandular, cholangiocyte, keratinocyte, and ciliary rootlet staining, alongside named Not detected populations (HPA: tissue IHC). Choose a positive control by its specified cell population rather than treating a whole organ as uniformly positive or negative. |
| Compartment and topology | UniProt places PLD1 in the perinuclear cytoplasm and on ER, Golgi, and late endosome membranes, while reporting no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q13393). These associations support a cytoplasmic or membranous interpretation; they do not establish a unique organelle pattern in chromogenic sections (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Antibody validation | HPA lists HPA042396 as IHC Enhanced and CAB004527 as IHC Approved (HPA: antibodies). The tissue profile is rated Enhanced, yet its antibody staining and RNA show medium consistency and external verification is pending (HPA: tissue IHC). Use validation status as supporting evidence, not proof that every observed signal is specific. |
| IF/ICC question: should its compartment pattern match paraffin IHC? | IF/ICC images mainly place PLD1 at the plasma membrane, with additional Golgi and vesicle localisation (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). Paraffin tissue IHC is described more broadly as cytoplasmic and membranous (HPA: tissue IHC). Assess each preparation against its own reported pattern; this IF observation supplies no IHC protocol condition. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| The expected positive cell population is blank. | The run may have failed, or the intended positive cells may be absent from the examined area (general IHC practice). | Check cell identity on the counterstained section, then inspect a reported High population stained in the same run, such as gallbladder glandular cells (HPA: tissue IHC). Review the run's retrieval, primary antibody, detection, and counterstain records as general workflow checks (general IHC practice). |
| The no primary control develops the same chromogen as the test section. | Antibody independent detection background, including endogenous enzyme activity in enzyme based detection, is possible (general IHC practice). | Address the detection system's endogenous activity and blocking controls, then repeat with the no primary control beside the test section (general IHC practice). Do not score shared control signal as PLD1 even if it overlaps a reported positive tissue (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Staining is widespread and masks the reported cell pattern. | Nonspecific signal or excessive detection background may overwhelm genuine cell associated staining (general IHC practice). | Compare the no primary control, adjust general blocking and washing steps, and reassess the antibody working concentration using its documented instructions (general IHC practice). Retain a reported High cell population as the reference for interpretable cytoplasmic and membranous staining (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Only nuclei stain strongly. | This conflicts with the reported cytoplasmic and membranous IHC pattern and listed cytoplasmic and membrane localisations (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt Q13393). | Recheck the no primary control and a reported positive cell population in the same run. Treat nuclear dominant signal as unresolved until controls support specificity; slide appearance alone cannot assign a mechanism (general IHC practice). |
| Cells reported Not detected show strong signal. | The chosen population may be misidentified, or its signal may reflect nonspecific binding or detection background (general IHC practice). | Confirm the cell population, compare adjacent reported positive cells and the no primary control, and report the discrepancy by cell type. HPA lists ovarian stromal and parathyroid glandular cells as Not detected; that does not make their entire organs universal negative controls (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| An IF/ICC image appears more sharply membranous than the paraffin IHC section. | The reported readouts differ: ICC-IF is mainly plasma membrane with Golgi and vesicles, while tissue IHC is cytoplasmic and membranous (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF; HPA: tissue IHC). | Interpret the chromogenic section against tissue IHC cell and compartment evidence. Use the ICC-IF localisation as context, without requiring visible organelle resolution or importing an IF/ICC protocol into paraffin IHC (general IHC practice). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing PLD1 staining
A02031 · IHCImmunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human brain tissue, using PLD1 Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the syn
P02031 · IHCImmunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human brain, using PLD1 (Phospho-Ser561) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked wi
P02031 · IFImmunofluorescence analysis of HepG2 cells, using PLD1 (Phospho-Ser561) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho pepti
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000075651-PLD1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_14263820
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000075651-PLD1/tissue/colon#imid_14263098
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000075651-PLD1/tissue/liver#imid_14263099
HPA · GallbladderHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Gallbladder. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000075651-PLD1/tissue/gallbladder#imid_14263083
HPA · ICC-IF Hep-G2Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, Hep-G2, antibody HPA013555; green = PLD1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF Hep-G2Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, Hep-G2, antibody HPA013555; green = PLD1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for PLD1 IHC & IF
🧪Run liver first: cholangiocytes should stain (HPA: High in liver cholangiocytes). Use parathyroid glandular cells as the negative tissue (HPA: Not detected in parathyroid glandular cells); on the liver slide, assess background in adjacent cells outside the cholangiocyte compartment without assuming those cells lack PLD1 (HPA: High in liver cholangiocytes).
Positive control tissue: Adrenal gland (Glandular cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Caudate (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show PLD1 in Hep-G2, SK-MEL-30, U2OS, A-431, U-251MG, NIH 3T3, with annotated localisation: Plasma membrane (approved) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only control and an isotype control matched to the primary antibody’s host species and immunoglobulin class, using the corresponding control format for a monoclonal or polyclonal primary (standard IHC practice). A peptide-blocked section provides a biological specificity check (selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption: staining blocked with synthesized peptide); for chromogenic liver IHC, quench endogenous peroxidase and assess pigment or biotin-dependent background as appropriate to the detection system (standard IHC practice).
⚠️Feasibility: A paraffin-section IHC image is reported, but its fixative is unreported (selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption: paraffin-embedded human brain tissue; fixative not stated). No target-specific fixation window, fixation effect, or antigen-retrieval dependency is reported in the supplied evidence (selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption; HPA tissue rows); test retrieval conditions with the chosen antibody using standard IHC practice. Frozen sections and IF cannot be judged easier from these data, although ICC-IF images exist and show plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, and vesicle localization (HPA subcellular); account for liver pigment and endogenous peroxidase during chromogenic scoring (standard IHC practice).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for PLD1
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data. Pending external verification.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Duodenum | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Fallopian tube | Ciliated cells (ciliary rootlets) | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Gallbladder | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Liver | Cholangiocytes | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caudate | Glial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Hippocampus | Glial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Ovary | Ovarian stroma cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Parathyroid gland | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced PLD1 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot PLD1 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, controls, cellular compartment, and scoring before interpreting chromogenic signal.
How should I optimize retrieval when PLD1 staining is weak in paraffin sections?
Start with citrate buffer at pH 6.0, heated to 95–98 °C for 20 min (page retrieval rule: cytoplasmic / membrane antigen). Keep section thickness, cooling, primary antibody incubation, and chromogenic development consistent while comparing retrieval conditions (standard IHC practice). The selected A02031 image shows staining in paraffin-embedded human brain tissue and peptide blocking, but its caption reports no retrieval method (A02031 caption). If staining remains weak, compare a second retrieval condition on serial sections and inspect morphology and background before adopting it (standard IHC practice). Judge improvement by the expected cytoplasmic or membranous pattern within identifiable cells, alongside a negative control (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice).
Could fixation explain weak or uneven PLD1 staining in my paraffin sections?
The selected tissue image identifies paraffin-embedded human brain but does not state its fixative or fixation duration (A02031 caption). PLD1-specific sensitivity to fixation is therefore unknown from the supplied evidence; do not infer it from tissue expression or protein topology (A02031 caption; HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q13393 topology). For troubleshooting, compare sections processed with documented fixation times while holding citrate pH 6.0 retrieval at 95–98 °C for 20 min constant (page retrieval rule; standard IHC practice). Inspect tissue preservation, edge staining, and loss of cellular detail before changing antibody conditions (standard IHC practice). Record the processing history with each result so differences in staining can be assessed against handling differences (standard IHC practice).
Which cellular staining pattern should count as plausible PLD1 signal?
Expect cytoplasmic and membranous staining at variable levels across tissues, interpreted within identifiable cells (HPA tissue IHC). PLD1 is reported in the perinuclear cytoplasm and on endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and late endosome membranes (UniProt Q13393 subcellular location). A separate subcellular assessment places it mainly at the plasma membrane, with additional Golgi and vesicle localisation (HPA subcellular). These observations support a mixed pattern; they do not require every positive cell to show the same compartmental emphasis (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular). Compare staining with a matched negative control and the tissue’s morphology before assigning punctate or peripheral chromogen to PLD1 (standard IHC practice).
Can this IHC stain distinguish PLD1 isoforms or phosphorylation states?
PLD1 has 4 reported isoforms, PLD1A through PLD1D, and documented phosphorylation at Ser499, Ser561, and Ser629 (UniProt Q13393 isoforms; UniProt Q13393 modified residues). The supplied A02031 caption reports peptide blocking but does not identify the antibody’s epitope or establish isoform or phosphosite selectivity (A02031 caption). Treat chromogenic staining as PLD1-associated immunoreactivity unless epitope mapping and appropriate controls establish a narrower claim (standard IHC interpretation). If samples differ in signal, review antibody epitope documentation before attributing the difference to splicing or phosphorylation (UniProt Q13393 isoforms; UniProt Q13393 modified residues; standard IHC practice). Compare serial sections under identical retrieval and detection conditions to limit processing differences (standard IHC practice).
How can I check PLD1 localisation by IF alongside this IHC assay?
Use IF as a separate localisation check and multiplex PLD1 with a glandular epithelial marker in a tissue where glandular cells stain strongly, such as gallbladder (HPA tissue IHC; standard IF practice). Choose spectrally separated fluorophores and place the weaker target in a far-red channel if tissue autofluorescence interferes with shorter wavelengths (standard IF practice). Compare no-permeabilisation and mild-permeabilisation conditions because PLD1 associates with intracellular membranes and its antibody epitope side is unspecified here (UniProt Q13393 subcellular location; A02031 caption; standard IF practice). Include single-stain and secondary-only controls when evaluating apparent overlap (standard IF practice). Do not transfer an IF pattern directly into a paraffin-section IHC scoring rule without matching cell identity and compartment (standard IHC/IF practice).
What should I change when PLD1 chromogen appears throughout the section?
First inspect a section without primary antibody to identify signal arising from the detection system (standard IHC practice). Apply an appropriate endogenous peroxidase block before peroxidase-based chromogenic detection, and compare blocking and washing conditions on adjacent sections (standard IHC practice). Excessively long chromogen development can obscure the expected cytoplasmic or membranous distribution, so stop development while cellular detail remains visible (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). The A02031 caption describes peptide-blocked staining in paraffin-embedded human brain, which offers a specificity comparison for that image but does not establish performance in every tissue (A02031 caption). Reassess retrieval and primary antibody concentration one variable at a time if background persists (standard IHC practice).
How should I quantify PLD1 staining across paraffin sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the eligible cell population and tissue region before scoring, then keep retrieval, imaging, and chromogen development consistent across samples (standard IHC practice). An H-score combines the percentages of cells at intensity grades 0–3, yielding a possible range of 0–300 (standard IHC practice). Alternatively, report percentage of positive eligible cells or positive-cell density per mm², with a stated positivity threshold (standard IHC practice). Normalize counts to the number of eligible cells or evaluable tissue area, and exclude folds, necrosis, and section edges using predefined rules (standard IHC practice). Record cytoplasmic and membranous scores separately when the biological question requires compartment-level comparison (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice).
How do I distinguish true PLD1 staining from artefact?
A plausible positive follows identifiable cellular boundaries or cytoplasm and can include perinuclear, Golgi, or vesicular emphasis (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q13393 subcellular location; HPA subcellular). Compare cell identity with known patterns: glandular cells in gallbladder are reported high, while ovarian stromal cells are reported not detected (HPA tissue IHC). Signal confined to cut edges, necrotic areas, or the no-primary control warrants investigation before scoring (standard IHC practice). For peroxidase detection, check whether endogenous enzyme activity persists after blocking and could account for chromogen (standard IHC practice). Peptide blocking is shown for the selected A02031 brain image, but that comparison alone does not validate every cell type or staining compartment (A02031 caption).
Boster reagents
Best PLD1 / Phospholipase D1 IHC Antibodies
Two PLD1 antibodies have IHC images from paraffin-embedded human brain; the phospho-Ser561 antibody also has a HepG2 IF image. Both list human, mouse, and rat reactivity (catalog captions/reactivity).
Real IHC data
Anti-PLD1/Phospholipase D1 Antibody
Cat # A02031
Real IHC data
Anti-Phospho PLD1 (Ser561) Antibody
Cat # P02031
A02031 lists IHC and IF/ICC applications and shows paraffin-embedded human brain IHC with peptide blocking (A02031 applications/IHC caption). P02031 lists IHC and IF/ICC applications, shows paraffin-embedded human brain IHC with phospho-peptide blocking, and has a HepG2 IF image (P02031 applications/IHC and IF captions).
Which to pick: Choose A02031 for PLD1 tissue IHC or P02031 when the target is phospho-PLD1 Ser561; each rabbit polyclonal antibody has its own paraffin-embedded human brain IHC image (catalog titles/host/dilution_raw; A02031 and P02031 IHC captions). For IF/ICC, both list those applications, while P02031 also has a HepG2 IF image (catalog applications; P02031 IF caption). Both list human, mouse, and rat reactivity, but their IHC images show human brain only; neither IHC caption reports the fixative (catalog reactivity; A02031 and P02031 IHC captions).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q13393 (PLD1_HUMAN, Phospholipase D1).
- Human Protein Atlas. PLD1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Enhanced).
- Human Protein Atlas. PLD1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the plasma membrane. In addition localized to the Golgi apparatus and vesicles..
- Human Protein Atlas. PLD1 antibody validation summary (3 antibodies).
- A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in the Phospholipase D1 Gene is Associated with Risk of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. International journal of biomedical science : IJBS 2012 — PMC3614861.
- PLD1 is overexpressed in an ER-negative MCF-7 cell line variant and a subset of phospho-Akt-negative breast carcinomas. British journal of cancer 2007 — PMC2360386.
- PLD1 overexpression promotes invasion and migration and function as a risk factor for Chinese glioma patients. Oncotarget 2017 — PMC5593623.
- Phospholipase D1 promotes cervical cancer progression by activating the RAS pathway. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 2022 — PMC9344829.
- PubMed PMID:8530346 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:9013646 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:9761774 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for PLD1 (Phospholipase D1). Expected localisation Cytoplasmic and membranous tissue staining (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: Citrate pH 6.0 HIER, 95–98 °C, 20 min (rule: cytoplasmic / membrane antigen). Validated IHC antibody: A02031 at 1:100 - 1:300 (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Adrenal gland (Glandular cells); negative Caudate. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human brain tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A02031); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A02031); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat-induced epitope retrieval in citrate buffer, pH 6.0 , 20 min at 95–98 °C…; 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% normal serum of the secondary host, 30 min , room temperature (standard); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-PLD1, 1:100 - 1:300 (datasheet A02031); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (standard). Watch for: Fixation: Keep formalin fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Staining and RNA expression show medium consistency (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: 4 isoforms; check epitope coverage across variants (UniProt); Regulation: Staining varies by tissue and cell type (HPA tissue IHC). Evidence: UniProt Q13393, HPA tissue IHC · Enhanced, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the plasma membrane. In addition localized to…, Datasheet A02031, PMC3614861, PMC2360386. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/PLD1/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.