PLXDC2 / Plexin domain-containing protein 2 · IHC design guide

Design Immunohistochemistry for PLXDC2

Plan PLXDC2 paraffin-section IHC around the cytoplasmic tissue pattern (HPA tissue IHC). Start the catalog antibody at 2–5 μg/mL (datasheet A08798-1), and interpret staining cautiously because its agreement with RNA expression is low (HPA tissue IHC).

Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for PLXDC2 (IHC for PLXDC2): expected localisation Cytoplasmic staining in most tissues (HPA tissue IHC), antibody A08798-1, validated IHC image, and IHC protocol steps
Printable PLXDC2 IHC protocol sheet — expected localisation Cytoplasmic staining in most tissues (HPA tissue IHC), antibody A08798-1, controls and protocol steps. Open the full PLXDC2 IHC guide →

PLXDC2 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide

Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.

Must know before staining
Expected localisation Cytoplasmic staining in most tissues (HPA tissue IHC)
Staining pattern High cytoplasmic staining in colon glandular cells (HPA tissue IHC)
Antigen retrieval EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A08798-1)
Positive control ⓘ Appendix+4 more · see all
Negative control ⓘ Spleen
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
Fixation Keep paraffin-section fixation consistent (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A08798-1)
Caveat Antibody staining has low consistency with RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC)
Regulation Stromal, but not normal colonic, endothelium (UniProt)
Isoform / epitope 3 isoforms; check extracellular vs cytoplasmic epitope (UniProt)
Section 1

Recommended PLXDC2 IHC & IF Protocols

Compare the catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol (datasheet A08798-1) with the four published PLXDC2 tissue-staining protocols below (PMC12688484; PMC8194078; PMC9338914; PMC13616238).

Recommended immunohistochemistry (IHC-P) protocol parameters
SampleParaffin-embedded human breast cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A08798-1)
FixationImage fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A08798-1); verify before use.
Sectioning4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard)
DeparaffinisationXylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard)
Antigen retrievalHeat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A08798-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard)
Peroxidase block3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard)
Blocking10% goat serum (datasheet A08798-1)
Primary antibodyRabbit anti-PLXDC2, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A08798-1)
Primary incubationOvernight at 4 °C (datasheet A08798-1)
DetectionHRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet A08798-1)
CounterstainHematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard)
Expected resultPLXDC2-positive staining in glandular cells of appendix (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Cytoplasmic expression in most tissues. No signal in the no-primary control.
💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 for the catalog antibody (datasheet A08798-1); the brain-tissue protocol reports EDTA at pH 9.0 (PMC13616238).
Section 2

What Is the Expected PLXDC2 Staining Pattern?

PLXDC2 is a membrane protein with an extracellular region and one transmembrane segment (UniProt Q6UX71 topology). In tissue IHC, expect predominantly cytoplasmic staining, including high staining in several glandular cell populations and selected ciliated cells (HPA tissue IHC). Treat this as a provisional pattern: HPA rates tissue IHC “Approved” but reports low agreement with RNA expression and pending external verification (HPA tissue IHC reliability).

What am I looking at on my slide?
Strong staining in appendix or colon glandular cells, with limited surrounding signal.This matches reported high glandular cell staining in both tissues (HPA tissue IHC). HPA describes the broader tissue pattern as cytoplasmic, even though UniProt assigns PLXDC2 to the membrane (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q6UX71 topology). Score the stained cell population and compartment together; neither source establishes that every positive cell must show a crisp membrane outline.
A sharply dominant nuclear pattern in tissue IHC, without the expected cytoplasmic pattern.This is a compartment mismatch for the reported tissue IHC profile and merits investigation for staining artefact (HPA tissue IHC). It is not, by itself, proof of a false signal: HPA separately reports supported nuclear body localisation in ICC-IF images (HPA subcellular ICC-IF). Keep observations from the two applications distinct when interpreting a paraffin section.
Prominent staining in an unexpected cell population, especially spleen red pulp cells.HPA reports PLXDC2 as not detected in spleen red pulp cells (HPA tissue IHC). Signal there raises questions about antibody cross-reactivity or endogenous chromogen-generating activity (general IHC practice). Compare the suspicious cells with an appropriate detection control and with a reported positive tissue before assigning the signal to PLXDC2; the HPA negative call is a reference observation, not an absolute biological exclusion.
Diffuse colour across tissue, stroma and empty areas, with little cell-specific contrast.A widespread haze does not reproduce HPA's cell-resolved glandular, ciliary or Purkinje cell observations (HPA tissue IHC). Such background can arise from nonspecific antibody binding, detection chemistry or incomplete washing (general IHC practice). Interpret localisation only after the signal can be distinguished from background in relevant cells and a suitable control shows the detection system's contribution.
No signal in appendix or colon glandular cells on an otherwise interpretable section.Both are reported as high-staining cell populations, so absent staining weakens confidence in that run (HPA tissue IHC). Check section quality, reagent performance and the chosen general IHC workflow before concluding that the specimen lacks PLXDC2 (general IHC practice). Because HPA reports low agreement with RNA expression and pending external verification, a single negative section does not resolve the target's distribution (HPA tissue IHC reliability).
💡Expected PLXDC2 appearanceA convincing positive is cell-resolved, predominantly cytoplasmic signal in reported high-staining glandular cells, with the reported ciliary or Purkinje cell patterns as tissue-dependent references; diffuse, cell-independent colour is suspect (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice).
How each factor affects the staining
Membrane topology and tissue IHC compartmentPLXDC2 has an extracellular region at residues 31–454 and a transmembrane segment at 455–475 (UniProt Q6UX71 topology). HPA nevertheless describes most tissue IHC staining as cytoplasmic (HPA tissue IHC). Use the observed cell and tissue context rather than requiring membrane-only chromogen.
Strength and limits of the tissue referenceHPA reports high staining in several glandular populations, ciliated cell sites and cerebellar Purkinje cells, and no detection in spleen red pulp cells (HPA tissue IHC). Its “Approved” rating carries low staining–RNA agreement and pending external verification; HPA017268 is IHC “Approved,” with no supplied IHC “Enhanced” designation (HPA tissue IHC reliability; HPA antibodies).
Application-specific localisationHPA reports supported nuclear body localisation in ICC-IF, while its tissue IHC summary is predominantly cytoplasmic (HPA subcellular ICC-IF; HPA tissue IHC). The ICC-IF observation answers why a different compartment may appear in fluorescence images; it does not establish a nuclear-positive tissue IHC pattern.
Isoforms and unreported epitope detailsUniProt lists 3 PLXDC2 isoforms (UniProt Q6UX71 isoforms). The supplied record does not map the catalog antibody's epitope to an isoform or domain, so it cannot predict isoform-specific staining or an antigen retrieval requirement. Treat retrieval settings as general IHC workflow choices, without assigning a PLXDC2-specific fixation effect.
Why is my staining missing, weak or wrong?
SituationLikely causeNext action
A reported high-staining glandular tissue gives no visible chromogen.The run may have inadequate detection or an unsuitable general workflow; appendix and colon glandular cells are reported high references (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice).Check section integrity and positive-control performance, then review the documented antibody dilution, antigen retrieval and detection steps if available (general IHC practice). Do not infer a PLXDC2-specific fixation sensitivity from this result.
The slide has broad haze that obscures cell boundaries.Nonspecific binding, residual detection reagent or insufficient washing may reduce contrast (general IHC practice).Inspect a suitable detection control; review blocking, washes and detection exposure within the laboratory's IHC workflow (general IHC practice). Judge the result against HPA's cell-resolved tissue observations only after background is controlled (HPA tissue IHC).
Spleen red pulp cells show strong staining.This conflicts with HPA's “not detected” observation and could reflect cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice).Compare a detection control and a reported positive tissue processed in the same run (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC). Record the unexpected cell type rather than calling every coloured cell PLXDC2-positive.
Tissue IHC appears chiefly nuclear.That compartment differs from HPA's predominantly cytoplasmic tissue IHC summary, although nuclear bodies are supported in ICC-IF (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular ICC-IF).Check whether the nuclear signal persists with appropriate detection controls and whether reported tissue cell populations also stain (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC). Do not transfer the ICC-IF localisation claim directly to paraffin-section scoring.
Only faint signal appears in a selected reference tissue.The chosen cells may be a low-staining HPA population; parathyroid glandular cells and ovarian stroma cells are examples (HPA tissue IHC).Identify and score the actual cell population first. If a stronger reference is needed, use a reported high-staining population such as appendix glandular cells (HPA tissue IHC). Compare runs using the same scoring criteria (general IHC practice).
Why do ICC-IF images show nuclear bodies when tissue IHC looks cytoplasmic?The two HPA datasets report different application-specific observations: supported nuclear bodies in ICC-IF and predominantly cytoplasmic tissue IHC (HPA subcellular ICC-IF; HPA tissue IHC).Report the application and observed compartment separately. For this paraffin-section IHC guide, assess tissue staining against the HPA tissue IHC cell patterns and its reliability caveat; consult the separate IF/ICC guide for fluorescence design (HPA tissue IHC reliability).

Sample controls for PLXDC2 IHC & IF

🧪Run appendix first and expect staining in glandular cells (HPA: High in appendix glandular cells); run spleen as the negative tissue and assess red-pulp cells (HPA: Not detected in spleen red-pulp cells). On the appendix slide, use cells without glandular staining as internal background comparators, but confirm their signal is absent rather than assuming every other cell type is negative (HPA: High in glandular cells).
Positive control tissue: Appendix (Glandular cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Spleen (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show PLXDC2 in HaCaT, HeLa, U2OS, with annotated localisation: Nuclear bodies (supported) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include no-primary (secondary-only) and concentration-matched rabbit isotype controls (caption: rabbit primary antibody). Use validated PLXDC2-knockout material, or peptide competition if the immunizing peptide is available, as a biological specificity control; quench endogenous peroxidase and inspect the appendix glands for background before interpreting HRP/DAB signal (caption: HRP/DAB detection).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the selected A08798-1 tissue-IHC caption does not state the fixative (caption: paraffin-embedded section; fixative not stated). Heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 was used, but retrieval dependency is unreported; the supplied evidence does not establish that frozen sections or IF are easier (caption: EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0). In appendix glands, check for luminal deposits or edge staining that could be mistaken for cell-associated DAB signal (HPA: High in appendix glandular cells; caption: DAB chromogen).

HPA tissue IHC evidence for PLXDC2

Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Approved — Low consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data. Pending external verification.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.

Positive expression · recommended positive controls

TissueCell typeLevelEvidenceSource
Appendix Glandular cells High Protein (IHC) HPA →
Bronchus Ciliated cells (tip of cilia) High Protein (IHC) HPA →
Cerebellum Purkinje cells High Protein (IHC) HPA →
Cervix Glandular cells High Protein (IHC) HPA →
Colon Glandular cells High Protein (IHC) HPA →

Undetected expression · recommended negative controls

TissueCell typeLevelEvidenceSource
Spleen Cells in red pulp Not detected Protein (IHC) HPA →
Section 3

Advanced PLXDC2 IHC Tips

Troubleshoot PLXDC2 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, compartment, cell identity, and controls before interpreting chromogenic signal.

Which retrieval conditions should I start with for PLXDC2 paraffin-section IHC?
Use heat-mediated antigen retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 for PLXDC2 paraffin-section IHC (datasheet A08798-1). The same image protocol used 2 μg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C, so keep those conditions consistent while assessing retrieval (datasheet A08798-1). If staining is weak, compare a modest range of heating times on matched sections, checking tissue integrity and signal in the same run (standard IHC practice). Include a no-primary control to distinguish new specific staining from detection-system background (standard IHC practice). Record the heating method and duration because buffer identity alone does not define a reproducible retrieval condition (standard IHC practice).
Could fixation explain weak or inconsistent PLXDC2 staining?
PLXDC2-specific fixation sensitivity is unknown: the selected paraffin-section image states no fixative or fixation duration (datasheet A08798-1). Do not infer fixation tolerance from the reported tissue staining, membrane topology, or glycosylation sites (datasheet A08798-1; UniProt Q6UX71 topology and glycosylation). Compare sections with documented processing histories using the same pH 8.0 EDTA retrieval and 2 μg/ml primary concentration (datasheet A08798-1; standard IHC practice). Inspect morphology alongside signal, since processing damage can make staining difficult to assign to individual cells (standard IHC practice). Report fixative and fixation time when available, and treat any apparent sensitivity as an experimental finding requiring confirmation (standard IHC practice).
How should I interpret cytoplasmic versus membrane or nuclear PLXDC2 staining?
PLXDC2 has an extracellular region at residues 31–454, a transmembrane segment at 455–475, and a cytoplasmic tail at 476–529 (UniProt Q6UX71 topology). Membrane-associated staining is therefore biologically plausible, while a tissue survey describes cytoplasmic expression in most tissues (HPA tissue IHC profile; UniProt Q6UX71 topology). A separate ICC/IF survey reports supported nuclear-body localisation, which should be evaluated as a distinct observation rather than assumed to predict paraffin-section staining (HPA subcellular). Score membrane, cytoplasmic, and nuclear patterns separately against no-primary controls and preserved cellular morphology (standard IHC practice). For unexpected nuclear signal, seek independent evidence before assigning it to PLXDC2 (standard IHC practice).
Could isoforms or epitope position change the IHC pattern?
PLXDC2 has 3 reported isoforms, but the supplied antibody image does not map its recognised epitope to an isoform or protein segment (UniProt Q6UX71 isoforms; datasheet A08798-1). The precursor has a 1–30 signal peptide, an extracellular 31–454 region, and a 476–529 cytoplasmic tail (UniProt Q6UX71 processing and topology). Extracellular glycosylation sites at 103 and 160 are documented, but their effect on this antibody's staining is untested (UniProt Q6UX71 glycosylation; datasheet A08798-1). Check epitope documentation before interpreting compartment differences or comparing antibodies (standard IHC practice). If isoform selectivity matters, validate it independently rather than assigning an IHC pattern to a particular isoform (standard IHC practice).
How can IF help assess a disputed PLXDC2 IHC pattern?
Use IF as a separate localisation check, pairing PLXDC2 with a marker for the cell population whose chromogenic staining is disputed (standard IF practice). Stromal endothelial localisation has been reported, while tissue IHC also reports strong staining in several glandular cell populations, so define the population before assessing overlap (UniProt Q6UX71 tissue specificity; HPA tissue IHC). Choose fluorophores after measuring tissue autofluorescence in unstained controls, keeping the weaker signal in the cleaner spectral channel (standard IF practice). If the antibody recognises the cytoplasmic tail, permeabilisation may be needed; an accessible extracellular epitope may permit surface staining, but this antibody's epitope is unspecified (UniProt Q6UX71 topology; datasheet A08798-1; standard IF practice).
What should I change when PLXDC2 DAB staining is diffuse?
First compare no-primary and tissue controls with the same DAB development to locate background from the detection workflow (standard IHC practice). The selected image used 10% goat serum block, 2 μg/ml primary overnight at 4°C, and a peroxidase-conjugated secondary for 30 minutes at 37°C (datasheet A08798-1). Check endogenous peroxidase blocking, washing, and DAB development time before increasing primary concentration (standard chromogenic IHC practice). Diffuse colour that obscures cell boundaries should not be scored as a defined PLXDC2 compartment (standard IHC practice). Repeat comparisons with identical section thickness and development conditions so changes in background remain interpretable (standard IHC practice).
How should I quantify heterogeneous PLXDC2 staining across sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the compartment and cell population before scoring because PLXDC2 tissue staining can appear cytoplasmic and varies among reported cell types (HPA tissue IHC profile). For a selected population, report the percentage of positive cells and an H-score from 0–300 using intensity categories 0–3 (standard IHC practice). For sparse stromal staining, report positive-cell density per mm² of viable, evaluated tissue and identify the counted cell type (standard IHC practice). Normalise comparisons to the same compartment, tissue area, threshold, and staining batch, excluding necrotic or damaged regions (standard IHC practice). Record scoring rules before reviewing groups, and assess observer agreement for borderline staining (standard IHC practice).
What evidence separates genuine PLXDC2 signal from artefact?
Require staining in intact, identifiable cells with a reproducible compartment pattern and appropriate control behaviour (standard IHC practice). PLXDC2 is annotated as a membrane protein, although tissue IHC reports predominantly cytoplasmic staining and ICC/IF reports nuclear bodies (UniProt Q6UX71 subcellular location; HPA tissue IHC profile; HPA subcellular). Compare cell identity carefully: stromal endothelial expression is reported, while normal colonic endothelial expression is not reported in the UniProt tissue-specificity statement (UniProt Q6UX71 tissue specificity). Discount edge accentuation, necrotic staining, and signal retained in no-primary controls or attributable to endogenous peroxidase (standard IHC practice). The tissue IHC profile has low consistency with RNA data and awaits external verification, so confirm consequential conclusions independently (HPA tissue IHC reliability description).
Boster reagents

Best PLXDC2 / Plexin domain-containing protein 2 IHC Antibodies

Two anti-PLXDC2 antibodies have human tissue IHC images (catalog image captions); A08798 also has an IF image of human brain cells (catalog IF image caption).

Real IHC data IHC analysis of PLXDC2 using anti-PLXDC2 antibody (A08798-1). PLXDC2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human breast cancer tissue. Heat mediated antigen retrieval was performed in EDTA buffer (pH 8.0, epitope retrieval solution). The tissue section was blocked with 10% goat serum. The tissue section was then incubated with 2 μg/ml rabbit anti-PLXDC2 Antibody (A08798-1) overnight at 4°C. Peroxidase Conjugated Goat Anti-rabbit IgG was used as secondary antibody and incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C. The tissue section was developed using HRP Conjugated Rabbit IgG Super Vision Assay Kit (Catalog # SV0002) with DAB as the chromogen.
Anti-PLXDC2 Antibody ®
Cat # A08798-1
Real IHC data Immunohistochemical staining of human brain tissue using Plxdc2 antibody at 2.5 μg/mL.
Anti-Plxdc2 Antibody
Cat # A08798

A08798-1 shows IHC staining in paraffin sections of human breast cancer, liver cancer, and lymphoma tissue (A08798-1 image captions). A08798 shows IHC staining in human brain tissue and IF staining in human brain cells (A08798 image captions).

Which to pick: For paraffin-section IHC, choose A08798-1 when its documented EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval and 2 μg/mL staining condition suit the experiment; the caption does not report the fixative (A08798-1 IHC image caption). For IF, choose A08798, which lists IF and shows human brain-cell staining at 20 μg/mL; ICC validation is not specified (A08798 applications and IF image caption). For mouse or rat work, A08798 lists those species as reactive, but its supplied IHC and IF images show human samples, so validate staining in the intended species (A08798 reactivity and image captions).

Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.

References

  1. UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q6UX71 (PXDC2_HUMAN, Plexin domain-containing protein 2).
  2. Human Protein Atlas. PLXDC2 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Approved).
  3. Human Protein Atlas. PLXDC2 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the nuclear bodies..
  4. Human Protein Atlas. PLXDC2 antibody validation summary (2 antibodies).
  5. Plexin Domain Containing 2, a Protein Specifically Expressed and Elevated in Human Pancreatic Cancer Tissue and Serum, Influences Cell Proliferation by Correlating With Cortactin. Cancer medicine 2025 — PMC12688484.
  6. Overexpression of PLXDC2 in Stromal Cell-Associated M2 Macrophages Is Related to EMT and the Progression of Gastric Cancer. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology 2021 — PMC8194078.
  7. PLXDC2 enhances invadopodium formation to promote invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells via interacting with PTP1B. Clinical & experimental metastasis 2022 — PMC9338914.
  8. PLXDC2 siRNA-Mediated Intervention Attenuates Microglial Senescence Through cGAS-STING Signaling. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 2026 — PMC13616238.
  9. PubMed PMID:11559528 — UniProt-cited evidence.
  10. PubMed PMID:12975309 — UniProt-cited evidence.
  11. PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.