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S100A16 / Protein S100-A16 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for S100A16
Plan paraffin-section IHC around cytoplasmic and membranous staining in glandular and squamous epithelium (HPA tissue IHC). Use esophageal squamous epithelium as a high-staining reference and interpret nuclear localisation in light of calcium-dependent transport (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
S100A16 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Epithelial cytoplasm and membrane (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Glandular and squamous cells show cytoplasmic and membranous staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | Tris-EDTA pH 9.0 HIER, 95–98 °C, 20 min (rule: nuclear antigen) | |
| Positive control | Esophagus+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Calcium levels can shift nuclear and cytoplasmic localisation (UniProt) | |
| Regulation | Up-regulated in bladder and lung tumors (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | One 1–103 chain; no listed isoforms or signal peptide (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended S100A16 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol is accompanied by four published S100A16 IHC methods (PMC8072221; PMC10572706; PMC5679695; PMC7039973).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded Human brain tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A08032-1) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A08032-1); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat-induced epitope retrieval in Tris-EDTA buffer, pH 9.0, 20 min at 95–98 °C (standard rule: nuclear antigen) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% normal serum of the secondary host, 30 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-S100A16, 1:100-1:300 (datasheet A08032-1) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (standard) |
| Detection | HRP-polymer secondary, DAB chromogen 5–10 min (standard) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | S100A16-positive staining in squamous epithelial cells of esophagus (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Cytoplasmic and membranous expression in glandular and squamous epithelial cells. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with Tris-EDTA pH 9.0 HIER at 95–98 °C for 20 min (page antigen retrieval); the published citrate conditions provide alternatives (PMC8072221; PMC10572706).
Section 2
What Is the Expected S100A16 Staining Pattern?
S100A16 is an intracellular protein without a transmembrane segment (UniProt Q96FQ6 topology). In paraffin-section IHC, expect cytoplasmic and membranous staining in glandular and squamous epithelial cells, particularly strong staining in esophageal squamous epithelium (HPA: tissue IHC profile; esophagus High). HPA rates its tissue staining Enhanced, reflecting high consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression (HPA: tissue IHC reliability).
| Strong staining outlines or fills esophageal squamous epithelial cells. | This fits the expected positive pattern: esophageal squamous epithelial cells are High, and the broader tissue IHC profile is cytoplasmic and membranous (HPA: esophagus High; tissue IHC profile). Judge the distribution within the epithelium as well as the overall color intensity. |
| Staining is exclusively extracellular or confined to gland lumens, with little intracellular epithelial signal. | That distribution conflicts with the reported intracellular and membranous pattern (HPA: tissue IHC profile; UniProt Q96FQ6 subcellular location). Treat it as a possible staining artefact and inspect tissue morphology and controls before scoring it as S100A16; UniProt also reports nucleolar localization, so nuclear staining alone is not proof of artefact (UniProt Q96FQ6 subcellular location). |
| Strong staining appears mainly in alveolar cells while an esophageal positive control stains as expected. | HPA reports alveolar cells as Not detected and esophageal squamous epithelial cells as High (HPA: lung alveolar cells; esophagus squamous epithelial cells). Check for antibody cross-reactivity or endogenous chromogen-generating activity using appropriate controls (general IHC practice). Avoid inferring that all lung cell types are negative from the alveolar-cell entry. |
| Weak, diffuse color covers epithelium, stroma, and empty areas similarly. | A pattern without clear cellular boundaries cannot establish the reported cytoplasmic and membranous epithelial distribution (HPA: tissue IHC profile). Review the no-primary control, washes, blocking, and detection conditions as general IHC checks; diffuse color by itself does not identify a target-specific cause (general IHC practice). |
| No signal is visible in well-preserved esophageal squamous epithelium. | That is discordant with the High esophageal staining reported by HPA (HPA: esophagus squamous epithelial cells). Verify that the section contains the expected cells and that the detection run worked; then review antibody and retrieval conditions using the validated IHC procedure (general IHC practice). The supplied sources do not establish a S100A16-specific fixation effect. |
💡Expected S100A16 appearanceCall a positive IHC result when esophageal squamous epithelial cells show strong cytoplasmic and membranous staining (HPA: esophagus High; tissue IHC profile); diffuse color outside identifiable cells is a suspect false positive that needs control review (general IHC practice).
| Cell type and tissue context | HPA reports High staining in squamous epithelial cells of esophagus, tonsil, and vagina, and Medium staining in appendix glandular cells (HPA: tissue IHC). Compare like cells with like cells: an unstained alveolar cell is consistent with its Not detected entry, although this does not describe every lung cell (HPA: lung alveolar cells). |
| Compartment and topology | HPA describes cytoplasmic and membranous epithelial staining, while UniProt lists nucleus, nucleolus, and cytoplasm and reports no transmembrane segment (HPA: tissue IHC profile; UniProt Q96FQ6 subcellular location and topology). A membranous IHC appearance therefore does not establish that S100A16 spans the membrane. |
| Calcium-linked localization | UniProt reports primarily nucleolar localization, nucleolar exit and nucleocytoplasmic transport at high intracellular calcium, and nuclear accumulation at low calcium (UniProt Q96FQ6 subcellular location). This supports caution when interpreting a nuclear signal, but the supplied evidence does not predict a particular calcium state in a paraffin section. |
| Tissue evidence versus cell-level staining | UniProt describes S100A16 expression as ubiquitous and highly expressed in adipose tissue, whereas HPA lists adipocytes as Not detected by tissue IHC (UniProt Q96FQ6 tissue specificity; HPA: adipose adipocytes). Use the HPA cell-level result when choosing an IHC comparator; the sources do not resolve why these observations differ. |
| Antibody validation | HPA rates antibody HPA045841 Enhanced for IHC and describes high consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression (HPA: antibody validation; tissue IHC reliability). That supports the reported pattern but does not validate every antibody or make a control unnecessary for a new staining run (general IHC practice). |
| Q: What should IF/ICC show? | A: HPA reports mainly cytosolic signal, with additional plasma-membrane localization, in its ICC-IF summary (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). This is localization context only; assess IF/ICC methods in its separate guide. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| The esophageal positive control has no visible epithelial staining. | The result conflicts with HPA's High esophageal squamous-cell staining; the failed run alone cannot identify whether the section, antibody, retrieval, or detection is responsible (HPA: esophagus; general IHC practice). | Confirm the squamous epithelium is present, check the detection control, and repeat using the IHC-validated procedure's stated conditions (general IHC practice). |
| Brown color persists in a no-primary control. | The color cannot be attributed to primary-antibody binding; endogenous detection activity or detection-reagent background are possible explanations (general chromogenic IHC practice). | Review the detection system's endogenous-activity blocking step, reagent controls, and wash conditions before interpreting S100A16 staining (general IHC practice). |
| All tissue regions show a similar pale haze. | Indiscriminate color obscures the epithelial cytoplasmic and membranous pattern expected from HPA (HPA: tissue IHC profile); its exact source is undetermined. | Compare the no-primary control and review blocking, washes, and primary-antibody concentration under the validated procedure (general IHC practice). |
| Signal appears only over luminal material or outside cells. | An extracellular-only pattern conflicts with the reported cellular locations (HPA: tissue IHC profile; UniProt Q96FQ6 subcellular location). | Check section morphology and the no-primary control, then score only staining assignable to intact cells (general IHC practice). |
| Nuclei stain strongly, with little epithelial cytoplasmic signal. | HPA's tissue IHC profile emphasizes cytoplasmic and membranous staining, but UniProt reports nuclear and nucleolar localization (HPA: tissue IHC profile; UniProt Q96FQ6 subcellular location). | Compare a known-positive section and controls before deciding whether the nuclear pattern is biological or background (general IHC practice). |
| A presumed negative adipose section shows staining in cells other than adipocytes. | HPA's Not detected call applies specifically to adipocytes, not every cell in adipose tissue (HPA: adipose adipocytes). | Identify the stained cell type morphologically and compare the no-primary control before calling the section an invalid negative control (general IHC practice). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing S100A16 staining
A08032-1 · IHCImmunohistochemistry validation of S100A16 using Anti-S-100A16 Antibody (A08032-1). Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded Human
A08032-1 · IHCImmunohistochemistry validation of S100A16 using Anti-S-100A16 Antibody (A08032-1). Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded Human
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000188643-S100A16/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_12344757
HPA · EsophagusHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Esophagus. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000188643-S100A16/tissue/esophagus#imid_12344713
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000188643-S100A16/tissue/colon#imid_12365186
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000188643-S100A16/tissue/liver#imid_12365175
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA045841; green = S100A16, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA045841; green = S100A16, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for S100A16 IHC & IF
🧪Run esophagus first: its squamous epithelial cells should stain strongly (HPA: High in esophageal squamous epithelial cells). Use heart muscle as the negative tissue, where cardiomyocytes are not detected (HPA: Not detected in cardiomyocytes); on the esophagus slide, compare staining with adjacent cells outside the squamous epithelium as an internal background reference without assuming those cells are S100A16-negative.
Positive control tissue: Esophagus (Squamous epithelial cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show S100A16 in A-431, U-251MG, U2OS, with annotated localisation: Cytosol (supported) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only control and an isotype control matched to the primary antibody’s host species, clonality and concentration; use a validated S100A16 knockout specimen or, if the immunizing peptide is available, a peptide-block control. For chromogenic IHC, quench endogenous peroxidase when using HRP detection and check the esophageal surface for nonspecific staining (HPA: High in esophageal squamous epithelial cells).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window is unreported, and the selected A08032-1 human brain paraffin-section caption gives a 1:100 dilution but no fixative (selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption). Retrieval dependence and whether frozen sections or IF are easier are unreported; optimize retrieval empirically for paraffin IHC, while ICC-IF images establish that cellular imaging has been performed in A-431, U-251MG and U2OS (HPA subcellular). Inspect the esophageal surface and section edges for staining artefact before scoring epithelial signal (HPA: High in esophageal squamous epithelial cells).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for S100A16
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — High consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Esophagus | Squamous epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Fallopian tube | Ciliated cells (tip of cilia) | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Skin | Cells in corneal layer | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Tonsil | Squamous epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Vagina | Squamous epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Epididymis | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Heart muscle | Cardiomyocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced S100A16 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot S100A16 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, cellular pattern, controls and scoring before interpreting chromogenic signal.
What retrieval should I try when S100A16 staining is weak in paraffin sections?
Start with Tris-EDTA pH 9.0 heat-induced epitope retrieval at 95–98 °C for 20 minutes (page protocol: nuclear antigen rule). Let slides cool in retrieval buffer, then compare staining with a section processed without retrieval to see whether heating improves signal (standard IHC practice). The selected A08032-1 caption reports paraffin-embedded human brain and a 1:100 antibody dilution, but gives no retrieval condition (A08032-1 IHC caption). If signal remains weak, test a shorter heating time or citrate pH 6.0 as a fallback on matched sections, keeping detection and exposure constant (standard IHC optimization). Score signal against tissue morphology and background, since excessive retrieval can damage sections or expose nonspecific staining (standard IHC practice).
Could fixation explain inconsistent S100A16 staining between paraffin blocks?
Target-specific fixation sensitivity for S100A16 is unknown from the supplied evidence; the A08032-1 paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (A08032-1 IHC caption). Record the fixative, fixation duration, block age and section handling for each case before attributing a staining difference to biology (standard IHC practice). Compare serial sections from similarly processed blocks using the same pH 9.0, 20-minute retrieval and detection run to limit processing variation (page protocol: nuclear antigen rule; standard IHC practice). Include a known staining control in each run and inspect preservation of nuclei and tissue architecture before scoring (standard IHC practice). Differences in HPA tissue staining or the protein’s topology cannot establish a fixation effect for this antibody (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q96FQ6 topology).
Should a strong cytoplasmic signal with little nucleolar staining be considered S100A16?
Yes, cytoplasmic staining can be plausible: tissue IHC describes cytoplasmic and membranous expression in glandular and squamous epithelial cells (HPA tissue IHC). UniProt also reports nuclear and nucleolar localisation, primarily nucleolar, with calcium-dependent movement between nucleoli and cytoplasm (UniProt Q96FQ6 subcellular location). Judge compartments within well-preserved cells rather than requiring every section to show the same nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio (standard IHC interpretation; UniProt Q96FQ6 subcellular location). Compare the pattern with a matched positive tissue and a no-primary control, examining both at the same magnification (standard IHC practice). Diffuse stain outside cell boundaries, or pigment that persists without primary antibody, should not be scored as S100A16 (standard IHC practice).
How can I investigate staining differences when the antibody epitope is unspecified?
The supplied record lists 0 isoforms and a single 1–103 chain, so an isoform switch is not supported as an explanation here (UniProt Q96FQ6 processing and isoforms). It lists no signal peptide, transmembrane segment, glycosylation sites or modified residues, while identifying EF-hand regions at residues 12–47 and 54–89 (UniProt Q96FQ6 topology and features). The supplied A08032-1 caption does not identify its immunogen or epitope, so the bound region and its retrieval sensitivity remain unknown (A08032-1 IHC caption). Compare serial sections across retrieval conditions while keeping the antibody dilution and detection method fixed (standard IHC optimization). If available, use an independently validated antibody recognizing a documented different region to assess whether both reagents reproduce the same cellular pattern (standard IHC validation).
How should I check S100A16 localisation with multiplex immunofluorescence?
Use IF as a separate validation experiment: the supplied A08032-1 caption documents paraffin-section IHC, and provides no IF conditions for this antibody (A08032-1 IHC caption). In squamous epithelium, pair S100A16 with a cytokeratin cell marker so fluorescence can be assigned to the expected cells (HPA tissue IHC; standard IF practice). Choose a fluorophore channel after imaging an unstained section, and separate its signal from tissue autofluorescence and the partner marker (standard IF practice). Because S100A16 is intracellular and has no transmembrane segment, test mild permeabilisation when assessing cytosolic or nucleolar signal; the antibody’s epitope is unspecified (UniProt Q96FQ6 topology and subcellular location; A08032-1 IHC caption). Include single-label and no-primary controls before interpreting overlap (standard IF practice).
What should I change when S100A16 chromogenic staining is diffuse or granular?
First inspect a no-primary slide and a positive control to distinguish detection background from the expected cellular pattern (standard IHC practice). Block endogenous peroxidase before HRP and DAB detection, then adjust protein blocking and wash steps if diffuse stain persists (standard chromogenic IHC practice). Titrate the primary around the caption’s 1:100 dilution on matched sections, changing only one condition at a time (A08032-1 IHC caption; standard IHC optimization). For heavily pigmented or damaged areas, compare unstained and counterstained sections and exclude precipitate, folds, edges and necrosis from scoring (standard IHC practice). Credible S100A16 signal should resolve within cells in a pattern consistent with cytoplasmic, membranous or nucleolar localisation (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q96FQ6 subcellular location).
How should I score S100A16 when staining varies by cell type and compartment? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the scored cell population and compartment before review; HPA describes cytoplasmic and membranous staining in glandular and squamous epithelial cells (HPA tissue IHC). For chromogenic sections, report the percentage of positive target cells and intensity categories, or calculate an H-score as the sum of percentage at each intensity multiplied by that intensity (standard IHC scoring practice). Keep nuclear or nucleolar signal as a separate field because UniProt also places S100A16 in those compartments (UniProt Q96FQ6 subcellular location). Normalize counts or positive area to eligible, viable target cells or tissue area in mm², and use consistent regions across cases (standard IHC quantification practice). Document thresholds, control performance and excluded damaged regions before comparing groups (standard IHC quantification practice).
Which patterns support true S100A16 staining rather than an artefact?
A convincing result localises within preserved cells and agrees with a positive control: HPA reports high signal in esophageal squamous epithelial cells and medium signal in cerebellar Bergmann glia (HPA tissue IHC). Cytoplasmic or membranous epithelial staining is supported by tissue IHC, while nucleolar localisation is reported by UniProt (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q96FQ6 subcellular location). Check any unexpected compartment or cell population against morphology, serial sections and an independent antibody when available (standard IHC validation). Edge-only staining, necrotic debris, precipitate and signal on a no-primary slide suggest artefact; endogenous peroxidase can contribute to chromogenic signal (standard IHC practice). Interpret an absent stain cautiously when the run control fails or the target cells are missing from the section (standard IHC practice).
Boster reagents
Best S100A16 / Protein S100-A16 IHC Antibodies
A08032-1 is listed for human and rat IHC and IF (catalog: applications and reactivity). Its supplied IHC images show paraffin-embedded human brain and cervix cancer (IHC image captions).
Real IHC data
Anti-S-100A16 Antibody
Cat # A08032-1
A08032-1 will render with human brain IHC at 1:100 on paraffin-embedded tissue (IHC image caption). Its second caption shows human cervix cancer IHC at 1:100 on paraffin-embedded tissue; IF is listed without a supplied IF image (IHC image caption; catalog: applications and IF image alts).
Which to pick: For tissue IHC, choose A08032-1 for paraffin sections based on its human brain and cervix cancer images; the fixative is unreported (IHC image captions). For IF, A08032-1 lists a 1:50 dilution, but the payload supplies no IF image or ICC validation (catalog: applications, IF dilution, IF image alts). For cross-species work, A08032-1 lists Human and Rat reactivity, while its supplied IHC images show Human tissue only (catalog: reactivity; IHC image captions).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q96FQ6 (S10AG_HUMAN, Protein S100-A16).
- Human Protein Atlas. S100A16 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Enhanced).
- Human Protein Atlas. S100A16 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the cytosol. In addition localized to the plasma membrane..
- Human Protein Atlas. S100A16 antibody validation summary (1 antibodies).
- Expressional and Prognostic Value of S100A16 in Pancreatic Cancer Via Integrated Bioinformatics Analyses. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology 2021 — PMC8072221.
- Expression of S100A16 Is Associated with Biological Aggressiveness and Poor Prognosis in Patients with Bladder Cancer Who Underwent Radical Cystectomy. International journal of molecular sciences 2023 — PMC10572706.
- S100A16, a promising candidate as a prognostic marker for platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy in resected lung adenocarcinoma. OncoTargets and therapy 2017 — PMC5679695.
- Interaction of calcium binding protein S100A16 with myosin-9 promotes cytoskeleton reorganization in renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Cell death & disease 2020 — PMC7039973.
- PubMed PMID:14684152 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:16710414 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for S100A16 (Protein S100-A16). Expected localisation Epithelial cytoplasm and membrane (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: Tris-EDTA pH 9.0 HIER, 95–98 °C, 20 min (rule: nuclear antigen). Validated IHC antibody: A08032-1 at 1:100-1:300 (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Esophagus (Squamous epithelial cells); negative Adipose tissue. IHC workflow; specimen preparation unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded Human brain tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A08032-1); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A08032-1); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat-induced epitope retrieval in Tris-EDTA buffer, pH 9.0 , 20 min at 95–98 °C…; 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% normal serum of the secondary host, 30 min , room temperature (standard); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-S100A16, 1:100-1:300 (datasheet A08032-1); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (standard). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Calcium levels can shift nuclear and cytoplasmic localisation (UniProt); Isoform / epitope: One 1–103 chain; no listed isoforms or signal peptide (UniProt); Regulation: Up-regulated in bladder and lung tumors (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt Q96FQ6, HPA tissue IHC · Enhanced, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the cytosol. In addition localized to the plasma…, Datasheet A08032-1, PMC8072221, PMC10572706. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/S100A16/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.