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SDHB / Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for SDHB
Plan chromogenic SDHB IHC in paraffin sections using the granular cytoplasmic tissue pattern (HPA tissue IHC). This guide covers fixation consistency, controls and interpretation alongside SDHB’s mitochondrial inner membrane location (UniProt).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
SDHB Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Granular cytoplasm (HPA tissue IHC); mitochondrial inner membrane (UniProt) | |
| Staining pattern | Granular cytoplasmic staining across cell types (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | Citrate pH 6 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet M01090-1) | |
| Positive control | Adrenal gland+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | None in HPA (detected in all 45 tissues); use no-primary + isotype controls |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Adipocytes and chondrocytes show low staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Expression regulation is not annotated (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | No isoforms annotated; mature chain spans 29–280 (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended SDHB IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody uses citrate pH 6 retrieval (datasheet M01090-1). The published options cover FFPE pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PMC4718191; PMC8418866).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human lung cancer tissues; fixative not specified (datasheet M01090-1) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet M01090-1); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: Citrate pH 6, 20 min (datasheet M01090-1) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet M01090-1) |
| Primary antibody | Mouse monoclonal (clone 2I3) anti-SDHB, 0.5-1μg/ml (datasheet M01090-1) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet M01090-1) |
| Detection | Streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC), DAB chromogen (datasheet M01090-1) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | SDHB-positive staining in glandular cells of adrenal gland (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Granular cytoplasmic expression in all cell types. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated citrate pH 6 retrieval (datasheet M01090-1); the earlier study also used Tris–EDTA pH 9 (PMC4718191).
Section 2
What Is the Expected SDHB Staining Pattern?
SDHB is a mitochondrial complex II subunit associated with the inner membrane and has no transmembrane segment (UniProt P21912: location and topology). In paraffin-section IHC, expect granular cytoplasmic staining across cell types, with high staining reported in several glandular, respiratory epithelial and neural cell populations (HPA tissue IHC: granular expression; High examples). HPA rates the tissue staining profile Enhanced, citing consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC: reliability).
| Granular cytoplasmic staining in colon glandular cells, with other cells also staining. | This fits the expected mitochondrial pattern: HPA reports granular cytoplasmic expression across cell types and High staining in colon glandular cells (HPA tissue IHC: profile; Colon, High). Compare intensity within the same staining run; a dark chromogen deposit alone does not establish specific localisation (general IHC practice). |
| Predominantly nuclear or cell-surface staining replaces the granular cytoplasmic pattern. | Treat this as discordant with the expected paraffin-section IHC pattern (HPA tissue IHC: granular cytoplasmic expression; UniProt P21912: inner-membrane location). HPA reports additional nucleoplasmic and plasma-membrane signals in ICC-IF as uncertain, so those IF observations do not establish a primary IHC pattern (HPA subcellular: additional locations uncertain). |
| The strongest signal is confined to adipocytes or chondrocytes. | Reassess specificity before scoring this as SDHB enrichment: HPA records Low staining in adipocytes and chondrocytes, while describing granular expression across cell types (HPA tissue IHC: Low examples; profile). Unexpected cell-restricted signal can reflect cross-reactivity or detection activity; check its distribution against control sections (general IHC practice). |
| Uniform colour obscures cell boundaries and mitochondrial granularity. | This is background until a cell-associated pattern can be distinguished (general IHC practice). HPA's reported SDHB profile is granular cytoplasmic staining (HPA tissue IHC: profile); diffuse colour cannot by itself identify SDHB-positive cells or support an intensity score. |
| No cellular staining appears in a section expected to be positive. | An unstained reported-positive population, such as bronchial respiratory epithelial cells, makes the run difficult to interpret (HPA tissue IHC: Bronchus, High). Check the control and detection workflow before calling a test section negative; HPA staining levels do not establish a fixation-specific explanation (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC: scope). |
💡Expected SDHB appearanceCall a positive result when granular cytoplasmic staining is discernible across cells, including clearly stained reported-High populations such as colon glandular cells; predominant nuclear, cell-surface or featureless diffuse colour is suspect (HPA tissue IHC: profile; Colon, High; HPA subcellular: additional locations uncertain).
| Cell type and tissue | HPA reports granular cytoplasmic expression across cell types, High staining in listed populations, and Low staining in adipocytes and chondrocytes (HPA tissue IHC: profile; positive and Low lists). Use those observations as comparisons, without treating Low as absent or assuming equal intensity in every cell. |
| Antibody validation | The overall tissue profile is Enhanced for consistency with RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC: reliability). Individual IHC labels vary: HPA002868, CAB009822 and CAB068235 are Enhanced; CAB068233 and CAB068234 are Supported (HPA antibodies: IHC labels). A label supports confidence in the reported pattern, not every stain in a new run. |
| Topology and processing | SDHB is associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane but has no transmembrane segment; the annotated mature chain spans residues 29–280 (UniProt P21912: topology; processing). These facts support mitochondrial interpretation, but give no paraffin-section epitope position or antigen-retrieval setting. |
| Antigen retrieval | Target-specific fixation effects are not established by the supplied assay evidence. Verify with a matched IHC source before attributing a result to fixation. |
| IF/ICC Q&A: where should fluorescence appear? | Mainly in mitochondria; HPA marks that location Supported and additional nucleoplasm and plasma-membrane locations Uncertain (HPA subcellular: locations). HPA002868 has an ICC Supported label (HPA antibodies: ICC). Interpret an IF image on its own terms; this section supplies no IF protocol option. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| No signal in a reported-High control population. | The run may have a reagent, retrieval or detection problem; the tissue observation alone identifies no SDHB-specific failure mechanism (HPA tissue IHC: High examples; general IHC practice). | Verify the control section, antibody and detection steps together, then compare retrieval conditions if needed (general IHC practice). Keep a reported-High population, such as colon glandular cells, in the comparison (HPA tissue IHC: Colon, High). |
| Signal is weak but its granules are visible. | Weak intensity can complicate scoring; HPA reports different staining levels among cell populations (HPA tissue IHC: High and Low lists). It does not supply an SDHB-specific fixation effect. | Compare the same cell population and controls across staining runs before changing the score; document any retrieval or antibody-condition change (general IHC practice). Preserve granular localisation as an interpretation criterion (HPA tissue IHC: profile). |
| Predominant nuclear or membrane-edge colour appears. | This conflicts with the expected IHC profile; the extra nucleoplasmic and plasma-membrane ICC-IF locations are explicitly uncertain (HPA tissue IHC: profile; HPA subcellular: additional locations). | Inspect control sections and detection background, then reassess whether granular cytoplasmic staining remains identifiable (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC: profile). Do not use uncertain IF localisation to validate a dominant chromogenic IHC pattern. |
| Adipocytes or chondrocytes appear stronger than reported-High cells. | HPA lists those populations as Low; disproportionate staining merits a specificity check, though Low does not mean absent (HPA tissue IHC: Low examples; positive list). | Compare them with reported-High cells on adequately controlled sections, and check whether the signal is granular and cell-associated (HPA tissue IHC: profile; general IHC practice). Avoid interpreting intensity alone as proof of SDHB expression. |
| Diffuse chromogen covers cells and surrounding tissue. | Non-specific reagent binding or incomplete washing can obscure cell-associated staining (general IHC practice). The expected HPA pattern is granular cytoplasmic expression (HPA tissue IHC: profile). | Review blocking, washing and detection conditions using appropriate control sections (general IHC practice). Score only where the cellular pattern is distinguishable; do not convert diffuse colour into a positive SDHB call. |
| Colour persists where primary-antibody signal should be absent. | Endogenous detection activity can produce chromogenic colour independent of antibody binding, depending on the detection chemistry (general IHC practice). | Use a suitable primary-omission control and address endogenous activity for the detection system used (general IHC practice). Compare the residual colour with the granular cellular profile before interpreting SDHB staining (HPA tissue IHC: profile). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing SDHB staining
M01090-1 · IHCIHC analysis of SDHB using anti-SDHB antibody (M01090-1). SDHB was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human lung cancer tissues. Heat
M01090-1 · IHCIHC analysis of SDHB using anti-SDHB antibody (M01090-1). SDHB was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human mammary cancer tissues. He
M01090-2 · IHCIHC analysis of SDHB using anti-SDHB antibody (M01090-2). SDHB was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human intestinal cancer tissues.
M01090-2 · IHCIHC analysis of SDHB using anti-SDHB antibody (M01090-2). SDHB was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human mammary cancer tissues. He
PA1718 · IHCIHC analysis of SDHB using anti-SDHB antibody (PA1718). SDHB was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human liver cancer tissue. Heat
PA1718 · IHCIHC analysis of SDHB using anti-SDHB antibody (PA1718). SDHB was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human lung adenocarcinoma tissue
M01090-5 · IHCRat kidney was stained with anti-SDHB rabbit antibody
M01090-5 · IHCHuman kidney was stained with anti-SDHB rabbit antibody
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000117118-SDHB/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_18632412
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000117118-SDHB/tissue/colon#imid_18632338
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000117118-SDHB/tissue/liver#imid_18632355
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000117118-SDHB/tissue/kidney#imid_18632340
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA002868; green = SDHB, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA002868; green = SDHB, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for SDHB IHC & IF
🧪Run adrenal gland first; its glandular cells should stain (HPA: High in adrenal gland glandular cells). HPA detects SDHB in all 45 scored tissues, so there is no supported negative tissue or validated internally negative cell type on that slide; use no-primary and isotype controls to assess background (HPA: no negative rows; detected in all 45 scored tissues).
Positive control tissue: Adrenal gland (Glandular cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: None in HPA: SDHB is detected in all 45 scored tissues. Use a no-primary (secondary-only) and an isotype control instead.
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show SDHB in A-431, PC-3, U2OS, with annotated localisation: Mitochondria (supported) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Run a no-primary, secondary-only control, a host- and class-matched mouse IgG isotype control, and an identically processed SDHB knockout biological control (selected-SKU caption: mouse anti-SDHB primary). For chromogenic detection, quench endogenous peroxidase and control for endogenous biotin when using the caption’s biotinylated secondary and streptavidin-biotin/DAB system (selected-SKU caption: biotinylated secondary, SABC and DAB).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the selected-SKU paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (selected-SKU caption: fixative not stated). The caption demonstrates heat retrieval in citrate buffer at pH 6 for 20 minutes, but does not establish that retrieval is required under other conditions (selected-SKU caption: citrate retrieval). Neither frozen sections nor IF is shown to be easier, and no adrenal-specific artefact is reported in the supplied evidence; ICC-IF images support mitochondrial localization (HPA subcellular: mitochondria supported).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for SDHB
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — High consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bronchus | Respiratory epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Caudate | Neuronal cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| None in HPA: SDHB is detected in all 45 scored tissues. Use a no-primary (secondary-only) and an isotype control instead. | ||||
Section 3
Advanced SDHB IHC Tips
Troubleshoot SDHB staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, mitochondrial localisation and internal controls before interpreting chromogenic signal.
How should I adjust retrieval when SDHB staining is weak in paraffin sections?
Start with heat-mediated citrate buffer at pH 6 for 20 minutes (datasheet M01090-1). Compare the result with a concurrently processed section containing cells with granular cytoplasmic SDHB staining, such as bronchial respiratory epithelium (HPA: High in bronchus respiratory epithelial cells; HPA: granular cytoplasmic expression). If staining remains weak, check heating consistency and tissue retention before testing a different retrieval condition on adjacent sections (standard IHC practice). Judge any change by preserved morphology and clearer cytoplasmic granules; widespread diffuse staining alone does not establish better detection of mitochondrial SDHB (UniProt P21912 localisation; standard IHC practice).
Can fixation explain unexpectedly weak SDHB staining in this paraffin section?
The selected paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative, so target-specific SDHB sensitivity to fixation is unknown (datasheet M01090-1). Record the specimen’s actual fixative and fixation interval, then compare similarly processed sections before attributing weak staining to fixation (standard IHC practice). Keep retrieval at citrate pH 6 for 20 minutes while checking whether tissue preservation, staining and internal positive cells vary together (datasheet M01090-1; standard IHC practice). If processing histories differ, report that limitation alongside the result; HPA tissue staining and SDHB inner-membrane localisation do not establish how this antibody responds to a particular fixative (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P21912 localisation).
What staining pattern should count as correctly localised SDHB?
Look for granular cytoplasmic chromogen consistent with mitochondria, rather than scoring diffuse colour as specific SDHB signal (HPA: granular cytoplasmic expression; UniProt P21912 localisation). SDHB belongs to respiratory complex II at the mitochondrial inner membrane and has no transmembrane segment (UniProt P21912 complex II composition and topology). Evaluate granules within intact cells alongside a counterstain that makes cell boundaries and nuclei readable (standard IHC practice). Nuclear or surface-predominant staining needs caution: those additional locations are uncertain in HPA subcellular data, whereas its mitochondrial assignment is supported (HPA subcellular: supported mitochondria; uncertain nucleoplasm and plasma membrane).
Could an isoform or altered epitope explain discordant SDHB staining?
No alternative SDHB isoforms are listed, so an isoform switch is not an evidenced explanation for discordant staining (UniProt P21912 isoforms: 0). The mature chain spans residues 29–280, with ferredoxin-type domains at 40–133 and 176–206 (UniProt P21912 processing and domains). Acetylation is annotated at lysines 51 and 55, but the supplied caption does not map this antibody’s epitope or establish an effect on staining (UniProt P21912 modified residues; datasheet M01090-1). Check the antibody’s documented epitope, if available, before proposing a sequence or modification explanation; meanwhile compare retrieval and internal controls across sections (standard IHC practice).
How should I investigate discordant SDHB IF without overinterpreting my IHC result?
Treat IF as a separate assay: the selected antibody caption documents chromogenic staining of paraffin sections, with no IF conditions supplied (datasheet M01090-1). For IF multiplexing, pair SDHB with a validated marker of the expected cell type and compare its mitochondrial pattern within those cells (HPA: supported mitochondrial localisation; standard IF practice). Choose fluorophores after checking tissue autofluorescence and single-colour controls, keeping the SDHB channel away from the strongest background where possible (standard IF practice). Permeabilise sufficiently for antibody access to the mitochondrial inner-membrane-associated antigen, then titrate conditions because this record gives neither an epitope orientation nor an IF permeabilisation setting (UniProt P21912 localisation and topology; standard IF practice).
How can I separate SDHB signal from diffuse DAB background?
Use a no-primary control and inspect whether colour persists outside intact cells or throughout the section (standard IHC practice). The selected caption used 10% goat serum, 1 µg/mL primary antibody overnight at 4°C, and biotinylated secondary with DAB development (datasheet M01090-1). Check peroxidase blocking and secondary-only staining, particularly when background obscures the expected granular cytoplasmic pattern (standard IHC practice; HPA: granular cytoplasmic expression). Adjust primary concentration or development time on matched sections, retaining a positive internal reference so a reduction in background is not mistaken for successful SDHB detection (standard IHC practice).
What should I score when comparing SDHB staining between paraffin sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and score granular cytoplasmic staining within intact cells, using the same threshold and imaging conditions across sections (HPA: granular cytoplasmic expression; standard IHC practice). An H-score combines the percentage of cells at each intensity; record percentage positive separately when intensity bins are unreliable (standard IHC practice). Normalise to the number of evaluable cells or measured tissue area, and compare against internal positive cells processed on the same slide when present (standard IHC practice). Exclude necrotic and poorly preserved regions, document how they were excluded, and avoid treating a change in cell composition as a change in SDHB per cell (standard IHC practice).
When does apparent SDHB positivity warrant caution?
Convincing staining is granular and cytoplasmic in intact cells, consistent with mitochondrial SDHB and the HPA tissue pattern (UniProt P21912 localisation; HPA: granular cytoplasmic expression). Check whether the scored cells match the intended population; HPA reports high staining in bronchial respiratory epithelial cells and lower staining in adipocytes (HPA: bronchus respiratory epithelial cells High; adipose tissue adipocytes Low). Discount colour concentrated at section edges or necrotic regions, and investigate diffuse colour that also appears in no-primary controls (standard IHC practice). Persistent chromogen after omitting primary antibody can indicate endogenous enzyme activity or detection background, so it cannot establish SDHB positivity (standard IHC practice).
Boster reagents
Best SDHB / Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial IHC Antibodies
Real SDHB IHC images cover human lung, intestinal and liver cancer tissue and rat kidney (catalog IHC captions). IF is listed for M01090-5 (catalog applications).
Real IHC data
Anti-SDHB Antibody ® (monoclonal, 2I3)
Cat # M01090-1
Real IHC data
Anti-SDHB Antibody ® (monoclonal, 11I3)
Cat # M01090-2
Real IHC data
Anti-SDHB Antibody ®
Cat # PA1718
Real IHC data
Anti-SDHB Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody
Cat # M01090-5
M01090-1 was imaged on paraffin-embedded human lung cancer tissue, and M01090-2 on paraffin-embedded human intestinal cancer tissue (respective IHC captions). PA1718 was imaged on paraffin-embedded human liver cancer tissue, while M01090-5 has a rat kidney IHC image (respective IHC captions).
Which to pick: For paraffin-section tissue IHC, choose mouse clone 2I3, M01090-1: its image used citrate retrieval at pH 6 for 20 minutes; the fixative was unreported (catalog clone; M01090-1 IHC caption). For IF/ICC, choose M01090-5, which lists IF at 1:200–1:1000, though its supplied image documents IHC rather than IF (catalog applications and dilution; M01090-5 IHC caption). For cross-species tissue IHC, consider mouse clone 11I3, M01090-2, with paraffin-section images from human intestinal cancer and mouse and rat cardiac muscle (catalog clone; M01090-2 IHC captions).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry P21912 (SDHB_HUMAN, Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial).
- Human Protein Atlas. SDHB tissue IHC expression (reliability: Enhanced).
- Human Protein Atlas. SDHB subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the mitochondria. In addition localized to the nucleoplasm and plasma membrane..
- Human Protein Atlas. SDHB antibody validation summary (5 antibodies).
- Alpha-ketoglutarate alleviates acute pancreatitis by restoring energy metabolism. iScience 2026 — PMC13059122.
- SDHB immunohistochemistry: a useful tool in the diagnosis of Carney-Stratakis and Carney triad gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc 2011 — PMC3415983.
- An immunohistochemical procedure to detect patients with paraganglioma and phaeochromocytoma with germline SDHB, SDHC, or SDHD gene mutations: a retrospective and prospective analysis. The Lancet. Oncology 2009 — PMC4718191.
- Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex Iron Sulfur Subunit B (SDHB) Immunohistochemistry in Pheochromocytoma, Head and Neck Paraganglioma, Thoraco-Abdomino-Pelvic Paragangliomas: Is It a Good Idea to Use in Routine Work?. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP 2021 — PMC8418866.
- PubMed PMID:7622059 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:16710414 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for SDHB (Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial). Expected localisation Granular cytoplasm (HPA tissue IHC); mitochondrial inner membrane (UniProt). Antigen retrieval: Citrate pH 6 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet M01090-1). Validated IHC antibody: M01090-1 at 0.5-1μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Adrenal gland (Glandular cells); negative None in HPA (detected in all 45 tissues); use no-primary + isotype controls. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human lung cancer tissues; fixative not specified (datasheet M01090-1); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet M01090-1); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: Citrate pH 6 , 20 min (datasheet M01090-1); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet M01090-1); 8. Primary antibody: Mouse monoclonal (clone 2I3) anti-SDHB, 0.5-1μg/ml (datasheet M01090-1); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet M01090-1). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Adipocytes and chondrocytes show low staining (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: No isoforms annotated; mature chain spans 29–280 (UniProt); Regulation: Expression regulation is not annotated (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt P21912, HPA tissue IHC · Enhanced, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the mitochondria. In addition localized to the…, Datasheet M01090-1, PMC4718191, PMC8418866. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/SDHB/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.