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Plan paraffin section IHC for SLC34A2 using membranous staining in lung type II pneumocytes as a reference (HPA tissue IHC). Compare tissue patterns with the annotated apical membrane location and account for staining in ciliated cells (UniProt; HPA tissue IHC).
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
| Expected localisation | Apical membrane (UniProt); type II cell membrane (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Membranous type II pneumocytes and female tract epithelium (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A03957-1) | |
| Positive control | Bronchus+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Bronchial ciliary rootlets also stain strongly (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Expression regulation is unreported (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 2 isoforms; epitope side is unreported (UniProt) |
The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol (datasheet: A03957-1) is accompanied by four published SLC34A2 IHC methods (PMC8298178; PMC11168907; PMC11083581; PMC9246846).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human lung cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A03957-1) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A03957-1); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A03957-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A03957-1) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-SLC34A2, 2-5μg/ml (datasheet A03957-1) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A03957-1) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet A03957-1) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | SLC34A2-positive staining in ciliated cells (ciliary rootlets) of bronchus (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Membranous expression in lung type II pneumocytes and female genital tract. No signal in the no-primary control. |
SLC34A2 is an eight-pass membrane transporter localized to the apical cell membrane, including enterocyte brush borders (UniProt O95436 topology; UniProt O95436 subcellular location). In paraffin-section IHC, expect staining in lung alveolar type II cells and selected ciliated cells of the female genital tract; HPA reports high staining in both settings and rates the tissue profile Enhanced for consistency with RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC).
| Distinct membrane-associated staining in alveolar type II cells, with little diffuse background. | This matches the reported high lung staining and membrane localization (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt O95436 subcellular location). Score the identified cells and their staining pattern; a uniformly stained lung section does not reproduce the reported cell-specific pattern (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Apical or microvillar staining in small-intestinal enterocytes. | This fits the brush-border localization and HPA's medium enterocyte microvillar staining (UniProt O95436 subcellular location; HPA tissue IHC). Compare intensity within the relevant epithelial compartment; the lung type II cell result is reported as high, while this intestinal result is medium (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Predominantly nuclear or broadly cytoplasmic staining in the expected positive cells. | That is atypical for the main membrane pattern in tissue IHC (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt O95436 subcellular location). Check controls and localization before interpreting it as SLC34A2. HPA also reports supported nucleoplasmic and cytosolic localization in ICC-IF, so those IF observations alone cannot establish an IHC artefact (HPA subcellular ICC-IF). |
| Strong chromogenic staining in unrelated cells, including adipocytes or bone-marrow hematopoietic cells. | Those cells are reported as not detected in the sampled HPA tissues (HPA tissue IHC). Treat an isolated unexpected result as possible nonspecific antibody binding or endogenous detection activity; compare a no-primary control and the expected positive cell compartment before assigning target expression (standard IHC practice). |
| No membrane-associated staining in a technically interpretable lung section containing alveolar type II cells. | This conflicts with the reported high type II cell staining (HPA tissue IHC). First confirm the relevant cells are present and that the run's positive and detection controls worked; an absent signal alone does not distinguish a sample problem from a staining failure (standard IHC practice). |
| Tissue and cell selection | Lung alveolar type II cells are high, while small-intestinal enterocyte microvilli are medium (HPA tissue IHC). Use the reported cell compartment when choosing and reading a positive control; a negative call in unrelated cells cannot replace that comparison (standard IHC practice). |
| Membrane topology and antibody epitope | UniProt annotates 8 transmembrane segments with cytoplasmic and extracellular regions (UniProt O95436 topology). The supplied evidence does not identify the antibody epitope, so topology cannot predict which retrieval or permeabilisation condition will expose it. |
| Glycosylation and isoforms | UniProt lists 5 glycosylation sites and 2 isoforms (UniProt O95436). No supplied evidence links either feature to a different paraffin-section pattern or to recognition by a particular antibody; do not infer a separate positive cell population from them. |
| Strength of tissue-pattern evidence | HPA rates its tissue profile Enhanced for agreement between antibody staining and RNA expression; HPA037989 and HPA066474 each have Enhanced IHC validation (HPA tissue IHC; HPA antibodies). These summaries support the reported pattern but do not validate every specimen or chromogenic run (standard IHC practice). |
| IHC versus ICC-IF localization | Plasma membrane is the main supported ICC-IF location; nucleoplasm and cytosol are additional supported locations (HPA subcellular ICC-IF). Read those as observations from a different preparation, without treating them as an IHC-P staining protocol or as proof that diffuse tissue staining is specific. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Lung control shows no signal in alveolar type II cells. | The expected high-staining cell population may be absent from the section, or the IHC run may have failed (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). | Confirm type II cells on the section, then review the run's positive control, detection reagents, and recorded retrieval and antibody conditions (standard IHC practice). Do not assign target absence from this slide alone. |
| Signal appears throughout lung epithelium instead of a cell-specific pattern. | Broad signal may reflect background or nonspecific binding; HPA reports high staining in alveolar type II cells, while UniProt says lung expression is absent from bronchiolar epithelium (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt O95436 tissue specificity). | Inspect cell identity and membrane localization at higher magnification, and compare the no-primary control (standard IHC practice). Keep HPA's high bronchial ciliary-rootlet observation distinct from bronchiolar epithelial expression (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt O95436 tissue specificity). |
| Brown signal fills nuclei or extracellular spaces. | The dominant expected pattern is membrane-associated (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt O95436 subcellular location); nuclear or extracellular chromogen alone is insufficient to identify SLC34A2 (standard IHC practice). | Review the no-primary control, background and counterstain, then judge whether the expected cell membranes also stain (standard IHC practice). Note separately that HPA reports additional nucleoplasmic localization in ICC-IF (HPA subcellular ICC-IF). |
| Unrelated cells stain as strongly as the expected positive cells. | Nonspecific binding or endogenous chromogenic detection activity is possible (standard IHC practice), especially when cells reported as not detected by HPA become prominent (HPA tissue IHC). | Compare no-primary and detection controls, check blocking and reagent specificity, and score only staining tied to the expected cell and compartment (standard IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC). |
| Small intestine is weaker than lung. | That ranking matches HPA's medium enterocyte microvillar staining versus high alveolar type II cell staining (HPA tissue IHC). | Assess enterocyte microvilli for localized staining before calling the intestinal control negative; compare like cell compartments and the same run's controls (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). |
| Can an ICC-IF image define the IHC-P result? | The preparations have separate HPA observations: tissue IHC reports membranous cell patterns, while ICC-IF reports a main plasma-membrane location plus additional nucleoplasm and cytosol (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular ICC-IF). | Use the tissue IHC pattern to interpret paraffin sections (HPA tissue IHC). Treat ICC-IF localization as context only; IF/ICC methods belong in their own guide, and no IF protocol is specified here. |
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — High consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bronchus | Ciliated cells (ciliary rootlets) | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Endometrium | Ciliated epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Fallopian tube | Ciliated cells (cilia axoneme) | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Lung | Alveolar cells type II | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Small intestine | Enterocytes - Microvilli | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Endocrine cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Troubleshoot SLC34A2 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, cell identity, membrane pattern and controls before interpreting signal intensity.
A03957-1 has IHC images from paraffin sections of human lung cancer and mouse and rat lung (catalog IHC image captions). No IF/ICC image is supplied (catalog IF images).
A03957-1 is listed for IHC in human, mouse, and rat (catalog applications; catalog reactivity). Its IHC images show human lung cancer, mouse lung, and rat lung paraffin sections (catalog IHC image captions).
Which to pick: Choose A03957-1 for tissue IHC because its own images show staining in paraffin sections from all three listed species (catalog IHC image captions; catalog reactivity). It is a rabbit antibody; clonality is unreported (catalog host; catalog clone). No IF/ICC antibody can be recommended from this payload because A03957-1 has no listed IF/ICC application or image; its paraffin-section captions do not report the fixative (catalog applications; catalog IF images; catalog IHC image captions).