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SLC3A2 / Amino acid transporter heavy chain SLC3A2 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for SLC3A2
Plan SLC3A2 paraffin IHC around membranous staining in renal proximal tubules and placental trophoblasts (HPA tissue IHC). The catalog antibody has a documented chromogenic IHC workflow (datasheet A01794-4).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
SLC3A2 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Membranous staining in several tissue cell types (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Membranous in proximal tubules, islets and squamous cells (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A01794-4) | |
| Positive control | Kidney+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Plasma membrane localization depends on SLC7A5/8 pairing (UniProt) | |
| Regulation | Placental expression is stronger at full term (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | Four isoforms; check whether the epitope is extracellular or cytoplasmic (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended SLC3A2 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol is followed by 3 published SLC3A2 protocols for xenograft and clinical paraffin sections (PMC9043103; PMC3749780; PMC5428444).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human glioma tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A01794-4) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A01794-4); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A01794-4); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A01794-4) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-SLC3A2, 1:50 recommended; image 1:100 (datasheet A01794-4) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A01794-4) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet A01794-4) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | SLC3A2-positive staining in proximal tubules (cell body) of kidney (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Membranous expression in several cell types, mainly in seminiferous ducts, islets of Langerhans, squamous epithelial cells and renal proximal tubules. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval (datasheet: A01794-4); try citrate pH 6.0 if optimizing staining (PMC9043103).
Section 2
What Is the Expected SLC3A2 Staining Pattern?
SLC3A2 is a single-pass membrane protein with an extracellular region spanning residues 105–529 (UniProt P08195 topology). In paraffin-section IHC, expect mainly membranous staining in renal proximal tubules, pancreatic endocrine cells, placental trophoblasts and testicular Sertoli cells (HPA: tissue IHC). HPA rates the tissue staining profile Enhanced, reflecting high consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression (HPA: reliability).
| Distinct cell borders stain in renal proximal tubules, pancreatic endocrine cells, placental trophoblasts or Sertoli cells (HPA: High in each cell type). | This matches the reported membranous IHC profile (HPA: tissue IHC) and plasma-membrane localization (UniProt P08195 subcellular location). Assess the identified cells and their boundaries; a uniformly stained section does not establish the expected cell-specific pattern (general IHC interpretation). |
| Nuclei dominate the chromogenic signal, with little staining at cell borders. | Predominantly nuclear IHC is discordant with the membranous tissue profile (HPA: tissue IHC). Investigate nonspecific staining or detection artefact (general IHC practice). HPA also reports uncertain nucleoplasmic localization in ICC-IF, so that observation alone does not establish a nuclear IHC pattern (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). |
| Strong signal appears in adipocytes or another listed cell type scored Not detected (HPA: adipose tissue and breast adipocytes). | Check cell identification and compare with a positive tissue on the same run (general IHC practice). Unexpected signal may reflect cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity (general IHC practice). An HPA Not detected score is an observation in that cell type, not proof that every specimen must be negative (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Color spreads across extracellular space or appears similarly in unrelated cells and the tissue background. | Diffuse signal lacks the expected cell-border pattern (HPA: tissue IHC). Examine the no-primary control, blocking and detection reagents for background or endogenous activity (general IHC practice); background alone cannot be assigned to SLC3A2 (general IHC interpretation). |
| A known-positive section has no convincing signal in renal proximal tubules or placental trophoblasts (HPA: High in both cell types). | First assess tissue preservation, retrieval, antibody and detection controls (general IHC practice). An absent result conflicts with the reported positive-cell profile (HPA: tissue IHC), but it does not by itself show that SLC3A2 is absent from the specimen or identify which workflow step failed (general IHC interpretation). |
💡Expected SLC3A2 appearanceCall an IHC result positive when clear membranous staining is present in HPA High cell types such as renal proximal tubules or placental trophoblasts (HPA: tissue IHC); diffuse background, dominant nuclear color or strong staining in an HPA Not detected cell type warrants investigation (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC interpretation).
| Membrane topology and compartment | SLC3A2 has one transmembrane segment at residues 84–104, a cytoplasmic region at 2–83 and an extracellular region at 105–529 (UniProt P08195 topology). Its plasma-membrane location depends in part on association with SLC7A5 or SLC7A8 (UniProt P08195 subcellular location). Read border staining in the context of the cell type and tissue architecture (general IHC interpretation). |
| Tissue and cell-type variation | HPA scores proximal tubules, pancreatic endocrine cells, trophoblasts and Sertoli cells High, but cervical and esophageal squamous epithelial cells Medium (HPA: tissue IHC). Adipocytes in adipose tissue and breast are scored Not detected (HPA: tissue IHC). Compare like cell types when judging intensity; a whole-section average can obscure the reported distribution (general IHC interpretation). |
| Antibody validation | HPA lists Enhanced IHC validation for HPA017980 and CAB010455 (HPA: antibodies). The tissue profile has Enhanced reliability because staining is highly consistent with RNA expression (HPA: reliability). These assessments support use of the reported pattern as a reference; they do not validate every antibody, specimen or staining run (general IHC interpretation). |
| Antigen retrieval and epitope access | Retrieval conditions and antibody dilution should be optimized against a known-positive section and appropriate controls (general IHC practice). The supplied UniProt and HPA records do not report an SLC3A2-specific retrieval requirement or fixation sensitivity (UniProt P08195; HPA: tissue IHC). Topology and four annotated glycosylation sites do not establish how fixation changes staining (UniProt P08195 topology and glycosylation). |
| IF/ICC Q: What localization should be expected? | A: HPA reports supported plasma-membrane localization and uncertain nucleoplasmic localization in ICC-IF (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). Interpret IF/ICC on its own guide page; this paraffin-section IHC pattern does not establish an IF/ICC protocol or make nuclear fluorescence a confirmed IHC finding (HPA: tissue IHC; HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Positive-control cell borders are faint or absent. | The run may have insufficient detectable signal; the HPA High designation identifies an expected positive cell population but cannot diagnose the workflow (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Confirm the expected cells are present, then check retrieval, antibody dilution, detection reagents and counterstain against run controls (general IHC practice). Avoid scoring the study tissue negative until the positive control performs (general IHC interpretation). |
| Most cells show broad brown staining without distinct borders. | This differs from the reported membranous distribution (HPA: tissue IHC). Background from blocking, detection chemistry or overly concentrated antibody is possible (general IHC practice). | Review the no-primary control and reagent-only controls where appropriate; optimize blocking, washes and antibody dilution using a positive tissue (general IHC practice). Reassess whether cell borders remain distinguishable after background is reduced (general IHC interpretation). |
| Nuclear staining is stronger than membrane staining in IHC. | The nuclear-dominant pattern does not match HPA tissue IHC (HPA: tissue IHC). HPA labels nucleoplasmic ICC-IF localization uncertain, so it does not confirm this chromogenic pattern (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). | Check the no-primary control, counterstain and detection background; compare with membranous staining in a known-positive cell population (general IHC practice; HPA: tissue IHC). Do not score nuclear color alone as the expected IHC result (general IHC interpretation). |
| An HPA Not detected cell type stains strongly. | Misidentified cells, cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity could explain a discordant result (general IHC practice; HPA: tissue IHC). | Verify the cell type on the counterstained section and inspect no-primary and detection controls (general IHC practice). Compare the same run with an HPA High population before assigning the unexpected color to SLC3A2 (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC interpretation). |
| A whole tissue looks weak despite some clearly positive cells. | HPA scores specific cells within tissues, and its reported levels vary by cell type (HPA: tissue IHC). Tissue-wide visual averages can therefore misrepresent a localized pattern (general IHC interpretation). | Score the relevant cell population and its membrane staining separately from surrounding cells (general IHC interpretation). Use the HPA cell-type entries as the comparison, including Medium squamous epithelium and High proximal tubules (HPA: tissue IHC). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing SLC3A2 staining
A01794-4 · IHCIHC analysis of CD98/SLC3A2 using anti-CD98/SLC3A2 antibody (A01794-4). CD98/SLC3A2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human gli
A01794-4 · IHCIHC analysis of CD98/SLC3A2 using anti-CD98/SLC3A2 antibody (A01794-4). CD98/SLC3A2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human col
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000168003-SLC3A2/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_5110732
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000168003-SLC3A2/tissue/colon#imid_5110658
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000168003-SLC3A2/tissue/liver#imid_5110651
HPA · PancreasHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Pancreas. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000168003-SLC3A2/tissue/pancreas#imid_5110610
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA017980; green = SLC3A2, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA017980; green = SLC3A2, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for SLC3A2 IHC & IF
🧪Run kidney first: proximal tubule cells should stain strongly (HPA: High in proximal tubules). Use adipose tissue adipocytes as the negative comparator (HPA: Not detected in adipocytes); on the kidney slide, cells without specific membrane staining should remain at background, but the supplied HPA rows do not identify a kidney cell type as a validated internal negative (HPA: proximal tubules High).
Positive control tissue: Kidney (Proximal tubules (cell body), HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show SLC3A2 in A-431, SiHa, U2OS, with annotated localisation: Nucleoplasm (uncertain), Plasma membrane (supported) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include no-primary (secondary-only), a rabbit IgG isotype control matched to the primary antibody where applicable, and SLC3A2 knockout material or a validated immunizing-peptide block as a biological specificity control (caption: rabbit primary antibody; standard IHC controls). Block endogenous peroxidase in kidney sections; if using avidin–biotin detection, check for endogenous biotin (standard IHC practice).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window and fixation effect are unreported, and the selected A01794-4 paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (caption: fixative unreported). Heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 was used in that IHC example, but its necessity relative to other retrieval conditions is unreported (caption: EDTA pH 8.0). Neither frozen sections nor IF/ICC is established as easier by the supplied evidence; kidney tubules can produce background with avidin–biotin detection, so interpret tubular signal against the negative controls (HPA: proximal tubules High; standard IHC practice).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for SLC3A2
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — High consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kidney | Proximal tubules (cell body) | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Pancreas | Pancreatic endocrine cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Parathyroid gland | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Placenta | Trophoblastic cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Testis | Sertoli cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced SLC3A2 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot SLC3A2 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, membrane localisation and cell-specific controls (datasheet A01794-4; HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P08195).
What should I change when SLC3A2 staining is weak after antigen retrieval?
Start with heat-mediated antigen retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 (datasheet A01794-4). The catalog antibody produced staining in a paraffin-embedded human glioma section after this retrieval, followed by 1:100 primary antibody overnight at 4°C (datasheet A01794-4). If staining remains weak, compare retrieval duration on adjacent sections while holding antibody incubation and DAB development constant (standard IHC practice). Include a section with an expected positive cell population, such as renal proximal tubules, to distinguish retrieval failure from low expression in the test area (HPA tissue IHC: High in proximal tubules). Avoid treating stronger background as recovered antigen; assess membrane contrast alongside signal intensity (HPA tissue IHC: membranous expression; standard IHC practice).
Can I infer the best fixation conditions from the available SLC3A2 images?
Target-specific fixation sensitivity is unknown: the selected SLC3A2 tissue caption identifies a paraffin-embedded section but does not state its fixative (datasheet A01794-4). The HPA staining profile documents cell-specific expression without supplying fixation conditions for this antibody (HPA tissue IHC). For a fixation comparison, process matched samples with a documented fixative and fixation time, then keep retrieval, antibody dilution and detection conditions constant (standard IHC practice). Use the reported EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval and 1:100 antibody dilution as reference conditions for the catalog antibody (datasheet A01794-4). Judge preservation and membrane-to-background contrast together before attributing a signal difference to fixation (HPA tissue IHC: membranous expression; standard IHC practice).
Should SLC3A2 stain only the cell surface in paraffin sections?
Prioritise a membranous pattern when evaluating SLC3A2 in tissue, particularly in renal proximal tubules and trophoblastic cells (HPA tissue IHC: membranous expression; HPA tissue IHC: High in both cell populations). SLC3A2 spans the membrane at residues 84–104, with residues 2–83 cytoplasmic and 105–529 extracellular (UniProt P08195 topology). Apical, basolateral and junctional distributions are documented, while lysosomal recruitment occurs with LAPTM4B (UniProt P08195 subcellular location). Interpret punctate internal staining cautiously and compare its distribution with a membrane-positive control and a no-primary control (UniProt P08195 subcellular location; standard IHC practice). Diffuse nuclear DAB alone is weak evidence for SLC3A2, given the uncertain nucleoplasmic assignment (HPA subcellular: nucleoplasm uncertain).
Could an unreported antibody epitope explain inconsistent SLC3A2 staining?
The supplied tissue caption does not identify the catalog antibody’s epitope, so staining cannot be assigned to one side of the membrane or to a particular isoform (datasheet A01794-4). UniProt lists 4 isoforms and places residues 2–83 in the cytoplasm and 105–529 extracellularly (UniProt P08195 isoforms; UniProt P08195 topology). The extracellular region has annotated glycosylation sites at residues 264, 280, 323 and 405, but their effect on this antibody’s staining is untested here (UniProt P08195 glycosylation; datasheet A01794-4). Request epitope or immunogen information before interpreting differences as isoform-specific, and compare staining under matched retrieval conditions (standard IHC practice). Record the antibody identity, retrieval and section conditions with each result so discrepant runs can be compared (standard IHC practice).
How should I check a membrane pattern by multiplex immunofluorescence?
For a separate IF experiment, pair SLC3A2 with a validated marker of the expected cell population, such as a proximal-tubule marker when examining kidney, and assess whether signal outlines those cells (HPA tissue IHC: High in proximal tubules; standard IF practice). Choose a far-red fluorophore if the tissue shows substantial shorter-wavelength autofluorescence, and inspect unstained and single-stained controls before calling colocalisation (standard IF practice). If the antibody epitope is intracellular, permeabilisation is needed for access; an extracellular epitope may be assessed without it when sample preparation permits (UniProt P08195 topology; standard IF practice). Because this catalog antibody’s epitope is unspecified, test permeabilised and nonpermeabilised conditions before interpreting absent membrane fluorescence (datasheet A01794-4; standard IF practice). Keep IF findings distinct from the catalog antibody’s chromogenic paraffin-section evidence (datasheet A01794-4).
How can I reduce widespread brown staining without losing SLC3A2 signal?
First compare the affected section with no-primary and reagent controls to identify staining from secondary detection or endogenous peroxidase (standard IHC practice). A peroxidase block before HRP detection and careful control of DAB development are general chromogenic IHC steps, not evidence of SLC3A2-specific behaviour (standard IHC practice). The reported paraffin-section workflow used 10% goat serum blocking, 1:100 primary antibody overnight at 4°C, and an HRP-based DAB readout (datasheet A01794-4). If controls are clean but tissue background persists, titrate primary antibody and blocking conditions on adjacent sections while keeping retrieval fixed (standard IHC practice). Preserve a clear membrane signal in expected positive cells as the endpoint of optimisation (HPA tissue IHC: membranous expression; standard IHC practice).
What should I score when comparing SLC3A2 across paraffin sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and compartment before scoring, because HPA reports mainly membranous expression with different levels among tissue cell types (HPA tissue IHC). An H-score can combine the percentage of positive cells with graded membrane intensity; alternatively, report percentage positive or positive-cell density per mm² for a prespecified region (standard IHC practice). Normalise counts to the number of eligible cells or analysed tissue area, and report intensity relative to staining controls processed in the same run (standard IHC practice). Exclude folds, necrotic areas and section edges by a consistent rule, then apply that rule across all samples (standard IHC practice). Keep membrane and cytoplasmic scores separate so a shift in distribution is visible rather than hidden in one total (UniProt P08195 subcellular location; standard IHC practice).
When is a brown SLC3A2 signal convincing rather than artefactual?
A convincing result shows reproducible membrane-associated staining in an expected cell population, such as renal proximal tubules or trophoblastic cells, with a clean detection control (HPA tissue IHC: membranous expression; HPA tissue IHC: High in both cell populations; standard IHC practice). Do not treat a negative result in every cell as proof of technical failure, because HPA reports undetected staining in some sampled cell populations (HPA tissue IHC). Treat staining confined to section edges, necrotic regions or the no-primary control as suspect, and check endogenous peroxidase when DAB remains visible without primary antibody (standard IHC practice). Predominantly nuclear staining warrants caution because plasma-membrane localisation is supported while nucleoplasmic localisation is uncertain (HPA subcellular). Compare morphology, expected compartment and matched controls before assigning biological meaning to a changed staining pattern (standard IHC practice).
Boster reagents
Best SLC3A2 / Amino acid transporter heavy chain SLC3A2 IHC Antibodies
A01794-4 has IHC images of human glioma, colon cancer, placenta, and liver cancer paraffin sections (catalog IHC captions); IF/ICC and rat reactivity are listed (catalog applications/reactivity).
Real IHC data
Anti-CD98/SLC3A2 Antibody
Cat # A01794-4
A01794-4 shows chromogenic IHC in human glioma, colon cancer, placenta, and liver cancer paraffin sections (catalog IHC captions). IF/ICC are listed applications for this human- and rat-reactive antibody, but no IF image is supplied (catalog applications/reactivity; IF image alts).
Which to pick: For tissue IHC, choose A01794-4: its images document paraffin sections with EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0, a 1:100 primary dilution, and DAB detection; the fixative is unreported (catalog IHC captions). For IF/ICC or rat samples, A01794-4 is the listed option because it is polyclonal, includes IF/ICC among its applications, and lists human and rat reactivity; the supplied images document human IHC only (catalog dilution_raw/applications/reactivity; IHC and IF image alts).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry P08195 (4F2_HUMAN, Amino acid transporter heavy chain SLC3A2).
- Human Protein Atlas. SLC3A2 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Enhanced).
- Human Protein Atlas. SLC3A2 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Localized to the nucleoplasm and plasma membrane..
- Human Protein Atlas. SLC3A2 antibody validation summary (2 antibodies).
- Clinicopathological characteristics of invasive stratified mucinous carcinoma of the cervix and the expression and clinical significance of SLC7A11, SLC3A2 and PD-L1. Frontiers in oncology 2024 — PMC11725564.
- GPX4 Plays a Crucial Role in Fuzheng Kang'ai Decoction-Induced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Ferroptosis. Frontiers in pharmacology 2022 — PMC9043103.
- Discovery of SLC3A2 cell membrane protein as a potential gastric cancer biomarker: implications in molecular imaging. Journal of proteome research 2012 — PMC3749780.
- SLC3A2 is upregulated in human osteosarcoma and promotes tumor growth through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Oncology reports 2017 — PMC5428444.
- PubMed PMID:3476959 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:3036867 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:3480538 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for SLC3A2 (Amino acid transporter heavy chain SLC3A2). Expected localisation Membranous staining in several tissue cell types (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A01794-4). Validated IHC antibody: A01794-4 at 1:50 recommended; image 1:100 (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Kidney (Proximal tubules (cell body)); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human glioma tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A01794-4); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A01794-4); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A01794-4); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A01794-4); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-SLC3A2, 1:50 recommended; image 1:100 (datasheet A01794-4); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A01794-4). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Plasma membrane localization depends on SLC7A5/8 pairing (UniProt); Isoform / epitope: Four isoforms; check whether the epitope is extracellular or cytoplasmic (UniProt); Regulation: Placental expression is stronger at full term (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt P08195, HPA tissue IHC · Enhanced, HPA ICC-IF · nucleoplasm and plasma membrane., Datasheet A01794-4, PMC9043103, PMC3749780. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/SLC3A2/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.