SNRPD2 / Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D2 · IHC design guide

Design Immunohistochemistry for SNRPD2

Plan SNRPD2 paraffin IHC around the ubiquitous nuclear staining observed in tissue (HPA tissue IHC). The catalog antibody's IHC range is 2–5 μg/ml (datasheet A12026-1); keep fixation consistent between samples (standard IHC practice).

Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use

Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for SNRPD2 (IHC for SNRPD2): expected localisation Nuclear staining is observed in tissue IHC (HPA tissue IHC), antibody A12026-1, validated IHC image, and IHC protocol steps — Printable **SNRPD2** IHC protocol sheet — expected localisation Nuclear staining is observed in tissue IHC (HPA tissue IHC), antibody A12026-1, controls and protocol steps. Open the full SNRPD2 IHC guide →

Navigate to: Protocols Staining pattern Controls Antibodies

SNRPD2 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide

Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.

Must know before staining

	Expected localisation	Nuclear staining is observed in tissue IHC (HPA tissue IHC)
	Staining pattern	Nuclear signal across diverse tissue cell types (HPA tissue IHC)
	Antigen retrieval	EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A12026-1)
	Positive control ⓘ	Adipose tissue+4 more · see all
	Negative control ⓘ	None in HPA (detected in all 45 tissues); use no-primary + isotype controls

Important caveats

Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.

	Fixation	Keep fixation consistent between samples. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific)
	Caveat	Ubiquitous staining limits negative tissue controls (HPA tissue IHC)
	Regulation	No tissue-specific expression pattern (HPA tissue IHC)
	Isoform / epitope	2 isoforms; epitope coverage is unspecified (UniProt)

Section 1

Recommended SNRPD2 IHC & IF Protocols

The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol uses EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval (datasheet A12026-1). One published SNRPD2 IHC protocol provides an alternative (PMC12949242).

Recommended immunohistochemistry (IHC-P) protocol parameters
Sample	Paraffin-embedded diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of human intestine tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A12026-1)
Fixation	Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A12026-1); verify before use.
Sectioning	4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard)
Deparaffinisation	Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard)
Antigen retrieval	Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A12026-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard)
Peroxidase block	3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard)
Blocking	10% goat serum (datasheet A12026-1)
Primary antibody	Rabbit anti-SNRPD2, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A12026-1)
Primary incubation	Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A12026-1)
Detection	HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet A12026-1)
Counterstain	Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard)
Expected result	SNRPD2-positive staining in adipocytes of adipose tissue (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Ubiquitous nuclear expression. No signal in the no-primary control.

💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval (datasheet A12026-1); consider Tris-EDTA pH 9.0 if optimizing against the published tissue protocol (PMC12949242).

Section 2

What Is the Expected SNRPD2 Staining Pattern?

In paraffin-section IHC, expect SNRPD2 in nuclei across many cell types, including adipocytes, glandular cells and hematopoietic cells (HPA tissue IHC: ubiquitous nuclear expression; High in these cells). HPA rates the tissue pattern Supported, with high consistency between staining and RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC). UniProt also places SNRPD2 in the cytosol during snRNP assembly and reports no transmembrane segment (UniProt P62316: localisation and topology).

What am I looking at on my slide?
Clear nuclear staining in adipocytes, glandular cells or hematopoietic cells.	This matches the reported paraffin-section pattern; HPA scores these cell populations High and describes nuclear expression as ubiquitous (HPA tissue IHC). Compare nuclei with neighboring cells and the negative control before scoring intensity (general IHC practice).
Staining is confined to cell borders or another compartment, with nuclei blank.	A border-only pattern conflicts with the nuclear tissue-IHC profile and the absence of a transmembrane segment (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P62316 topology). Review morphology and detection background before calling it SNRPD2; cytosolic signal alone needs care because HPA ICC-IF reports cytosol (HPA subcellular).
Only unexpected cells stain while annotated High cells on the same section remain blank.	Consider cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity, especially if the signal persists in a no-primary control (general IHC practice). Cell type alone cannot establish a false positive: HPA calls expression ubiquitous and lists no negative tissue here (HPA tissue IHC).
Diffuse color covers nuclei, cytoplasm and tissue spaces without clear cell boundaries.	Treat the haze as background until controls show otherwise; it cannot be scored as the defined nuclear pattern (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). Review blocking, washes and detection chemistry against the matched negative control (general IHC practice).
No nuclear staining appears in a section containing annotated High cells.	The result is unresolved, rather than evidence that this tissue lacks SNRPD2 (HPA tissue IHC: High in annotated cells). Confirm that the cells are present and that a positive control worked, then review the IHC detection workflow (general IHC practice).

💡Expected SNRPD2 appearanceCall an IHC result positive when clearly defined nuclei stain in annotated cell populations, with strong signal possible in HPA High cells; isolated membrane-like color or diffuse haze is suspect until controls resolve it (HPA tissue IHC: ubiquitous nuclear expression and High cell populations; UniProt P62316 topology; general IHC practice).

How each factor affects the staining
Tissue and cell distribution	HPA reports low tissue specificity and ubiquitous nuclear IHC expression; its supplied examples include High adipocytes, glial cells, respiratory epithelial cells and germinal center cells (HPA tissue IHC). These are practical positive-reference populations, not a ranked tissue comparison (HPA tissue IHC).
Compartment and assembly	UniProt places SNRPD2 in both cytosol and nucleus and describes cytosolic snRNP assembly before nuclear transport (UniProt P62316). For paraffin IHC, use HPA's observed nuclear profile as the slide-level reference (HPA tissue IHC).
Antibody evidence	Target-specific fixation effects are not established by the supplied assay evidence. Verify with a matched IHC source before attributing a result to fixation.
Topology, forms and epitope	UniProt lists no signal peptide or transmembrane segment, two isoforms and an Sm domain at residues 29–115 (UniProt P62316). The payload gives no antibody epitope, so isoform recognition and any retrieval-dependent change in staining cannot be predicted from these annotations (UniProt P62316; HPA antibodies).
IF/ICC Q: Should its signal match paraffin IHC?	A: HPA reports supported cytosolic localisation in ICC-IF images from A-431, U-251MG and U2OS, whereas tissue IHC is described as ubiquitously nuclear (HPA subcellular; HPA tissue IHC). Interpret each application against its own evidence; this supplies no IF/ICC protocol (HPA antibodies).

Why is my staining missing, weak or wrong?
Situation	Likely cause	Next action
An annotated High cell population gives no nuclear signal.	The expected IHC reference is missing; the supplied record cannot identify a target-specific fixation cause (HPA tissue IHC).	Confirm cell identity and a working positive control, then check retrieval, antibody dilution and detection against the chosen IHC workflow (general IHC practice).
Cell borders stain strongly but nuclei do not.	A border-only pattern conflicts with HPA's nuclear tissue profile and UniProt's lack of a transmembrane segment (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P62316 topology).	Inspect the no-primary control and tissue edges, then review blocking and detection for nonspecific color (general IHC practice).
Unexpected cells stain while nearby annotated High cells remain blank.	Cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity is possible; HPA supplies no negative tissue that would settle identity by itself (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice).	Compare a no-primary control and an annotated High positive control, then score only cell-associated signal with convincing morphology (general IHC practice).
Color is diffuse across cells and tissue spaces.	The pattern lacks the nuclear definition reported for tissue IHC and may reflect background from staining or detection (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice).	Compare the negative control; review blocking, wash steps and chromogen development before changing the biological interpretation (general IHC practice).
Some nuclei are weak while others are strong.	HPA reports High staining in named cell populations but gives no intensity rule for every cell in a section (HPA tissue IHC).	Score identified cell populations separately and compare like regions with the same counterstain and exposure conditions (general IHC practice).
IF/ICC looks cytosolic while the paraffin section looks nuclear.	The application-specific observations differ: HPA reports cytosol for ICC-IF and ubiquitous nuclear expression for tissue IHC (HPA subcellular; HPA tissue IHC).	Record the application and compartment separately; assess each against its matched HPA observation and controls (HPA subcellular; HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice).

Source: UniProt P62316 Human Protein Atlas tissue Human Protein Atlas subcellular

Experiment evidence

IHC & IF images showing SNRPD2 staining

IHC analysis of SNRPD2 using anti-SNRPD2 antibody (A12026-1). SNRPD2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of human intestine tissue. Heat mediated antigen retrieval was performed in EDTA buffer (pH 8.0, epitope retrieval solution). The tissue section was blocked with 10% goat serum. The tissue section was then incubated with 2 μg/ml rabbit anti-SNRPD2 Antibody (A12026-1) overnight at 4°C. Peroxidase Conjugated Goat Anti-rabbit IgG was used as secondary antibody and incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C. The tissue section was developed using HRP Conjugated Rabbit IgG Super Vision Assay Kit (Catalog # SV0002) with DAB as the chromogen.

A12026-1 · IHCIHC analysis of SNRPD2 using anti-SNRPD2 antibody (A12026-1). SNRPD2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of diffuse large B-cell lym

IHC analysis of SNRPD2 using anti-SNRPD2 antibody (A12026-1). SNRPD2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human appendix adenocarcinoma tissue. Heat mediated antigen retrieval was performed in EDTA buffer (pH 8.0, epitope retrieval solution). The tissue section was blocked with 10% goat serum. The tissue section was then incubated with 2 μg/ml rabbit anti-SNRPD2 Antibody (A12026-1) overnight at 4°C. Peroxidase Conjugated Goat Anti-rabbit IgG was used as secondary antibody and incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C. The tissue section was developed using HRP Conjugated Rabbit IgG Super Vision Assay Kit (Catalog # SV0002) with DAB as the chromogen.

A12026-1 · IHCIHC analysis of SNRPD2 using anti-SNRPD2 antibody (A12026-1). SNRPD2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human appendix adenocarc

IF analysis of SNRPD2 and Tubulin beta using anti-SNRPD2 antibody (A12026-1) and anti-Tubulin beta antibody (M05613-4). SNRPD2 and Tubulin beta was detected in an immunocytochemical section of SIHA cells. Enzyme antigen retrieval was performed using IHC enzyme antigen retrieval reagent (AR0022) for 15 mins. The cells were blocked with 10% goat serum. And then incubated with 5 μg/mL rabbit anti-SNRPD2 Antibody (A12026-1) and mouse anti-Tubulin beta Antibody (M05613-4) overnight at 4°C. DyLight®550 Conjugated Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (BA1135) and DyLight®488 Conjugated Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (BA1126) were used as secondary antibody at 1:500 dilution and incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C. Visualize using a fluorescence microscope and filter sets appropriate for the label used.

A12026-1 · IFIF analysis of SNRPD2 and Tubulin beta using anti-SNRPD2 antibody (A12026-1) and anti-Tubulin beta antibody (M05613-4). SNRPD2 and Tubulin b

HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000125743-SNRPD2/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_10546593

HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000125743-SNRPD2/tissue/colon#imid_10546519

HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000125743-SNRPD2/tissue/liver#imid_10546520

HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000125743-SNRPD2/tissue/kidney#imid_10546537

HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA041437; green = SNRPD2, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.

← swipe / scroll for more images →

Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.

Sample controls for SNRPD2 IHC & IF

🧪Run bone marrow first: hematopoietic cells should stain (HPA: High in hematopoietic cells). HPA detects SNRPD2 in all 45 scored tissues, so there is no supported negative tissue; use no-primary and isotype controls, and expect mature erythrocytes within the section to lack specific intracellular staining (HPA: no negative tissue listed; standard IHC practice).

Positive control tissue: Adipose tissue (Adipocytes, HPA High)

Negative control tissue: None in HPA: SNRPD2 is detected in all 45 scored tissues. Use a no-primary (secondary-only) and an isotype control instead.

ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show SNRPD2 in A-431, U-251MG, U2OS, with annotated localisation: Cytosol (supported) (HPA subcellular).

Technical controls: Include a secondary-only section, a concentration-matched rabbit IgG isotype control, and SNRPD2 knockout material as a biological negative (caption: rabbit primary antibody; standard IHC practice). In bone marrow, quench endogenous peroxidase and assess background from blood cells before interpreting DAB staining (HPA: bone marrow positive; standard IHC practice).

⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the selected A12026-1 paraffin-section caption does not state the fixative (caption: fixative not stated). The caption uses heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0, but does not establish that retrieval is required or that frozen sections are easier (caption: EDTA heat retrieval). ICC-IF offers a separate localization check in A-431, U-251MG or U2OS cells, while endogenous peroxidase in bone marrow can complicate chromogenic scoring (HPA: ICC-IF image cell lines; standard IHC practice).

HPA tissue IHC evidence for SNRPD2

Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Supported — High consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.

Positive expression · recommended positive controls

Tissue	Cell type	Level	Evidence	Source
Adipose tissue	Adipocytes	High	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Adrenal gland	Glandular cells	High	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Appendix	Germinal center cells	High	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Bone marrow	Hematopoietic cells	High	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Breast	Glandular cells	High	Protein (IHC)	HPA →

Undetected expression · recommended negative controls

Tissue	Cell type	Level	Evidence	Source
None in HPA: SNRPD2 is detected in all 45 scored tissues. Use a no-primary (secondary-only) and an isotype control instead.

Section 3

Advanced SNRPD2 IHC Tips

Use the catalog antibody’s paraffin-section example as the starting point, then assess staining against SNRPD2’s documented nuclear and cytosolic distributions.

What retrieval conditions should I try when SNRPD2 staining is weak?

Start with heat-mediated antigen retrieval in EDTA pH 8.0 for paraffin sections (datasheet A12026-1). The selected image used this retrieval before incubation with 2 μg/ml antibody overnight at 4°C, so reproduce those conditions when investigating weak staining (datasheet A12026-1). If signal remains weak, vary heating duration on matched sections while keeping detection and exposure to chromogen consistent; excessive heating can damage morphology (standard IHC practice). Review nuclear staining in viable cells alongside section integrity, since tissue IHC reports ubiquitous nuclear expression while cytosolic localization is also documented (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P62316 subcellular).

Could fixation explain inconsistent SNRPD2 staining between paraffin blocks?

Target-specific fixation sensitivity is unknown: the selected paraffin-section caption does not report a fixative or fixation duration (datasheet A12026-1). Compare blocks with documented processing histories using identical EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval and 2 μg/ml primary antibody, then review staining with morphology preserved (datasheet A12026-1; standard IHC practice). When processing histories differ, test matched control sections before attributing a negative result to SNRPD2 abundance; fixation and processing can alter antigen accessibility in IHC (standard IHC practice). Record the fixative and duration for future comparisons, but do not infer a SNRPD2-specific fixation effect from tissue expression or protein structure (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P62316).

Should I expect SNRPD2 staining in nuclei, cytoplasm, or both?

In paraffin tissue IHC, expect widespread nuclear staining as a useful reference pattern (HPA tissue IHC: ubiquitous nuclear expression). Cytosolic signal is biologically plausible because SNRPD2 undergoes SMN-mediated snRNP assembly in the cytosol before transport to the nucleus (UniProt P62316 subcellular). Score nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments separately in viable cells, and compare each with a no-primary control and neighboring cells processed on the same slide (standard IHC practice). A cytoplasmic-only pattern merits careful review: the separate subcellular IF profile reports supported cytosolic localization, whereas tissue IHC reports nuclear expression, so the assays should be interpreted in context (HPA subcellular; HPA tissue IHC).

How could isoforms or epitope accessibility affect this antibody’s IHC result?

SNRPD2 has 2 annotated isoforms and a Sm domain spanning residues 29–115, but the supplied antibody caption does not identify its epitope or isoform coverage (UniProt P62316; datasheet A12026-1). Its annotated N-terminal modifications include acetylation at residue 2 and phosphorylation at residues 9 and 12; their effects on this antibody’s staining are unknown (UniProt P62316). If staining differs across specimens, compare matched sections under the same retrieval and detection conditions before proposing an isoform explanation (standard IHC practice). Treat compartment-specific changes cautiously because SNRPD2 participates in protein complexes that assemble in the cytosol and enter the nucleus (UniProt P62316 subcellular and subunit).

How should I investigate SNRPD2 localization by multiplex IF?

Use IF as a separate localization experiment and pair SNRPD2 with a marker identifying the cell population being assessed; germinal center cells in appendix are one documented high-expression reference (HPA tissue IHC: High in germinal center cells). Assign the weaker signal to a far-red fluorophore when tissue autofluorescence interferes with shorter wavelengths, and acquire single-stain controls for bleed-through (standard IF practice). SNRPD2 has no transmembrane segment, so use controlled permeabilisation to expose intracellular epitopes and compare nuclear and cytosolic staining with a nuclear counterstain (UniProt P62316 topology and subcellular; standard IF practice). The selected antibody caption documents paraffin-section chromogenic IHC, so establish IF performance independently (datasheet A12026-1).

How can I reduce diffuse DAB background without losing SNRPD2 signal?

Reproduce the documented starting conditions: 10% goat serum block, 2 μg/ml primary overnight at 4°C, and peroxidase-linked secondary for 30 minutes at 37°C (datasheet A12026-1). Include a peroxidase block and no-primary control, then adjust washing, primary concentration, or DAB development while retaining a consistently stained reference section (standard IHC practice). Inspect pigment and section edges separately from cellular staining; these can create apparent signal unrelated to antibody binding (standard IHC practice). Retain an expected nuclear reference pattern when optimizing, while assessing cytoplasmic signal separately because SNRPD2 also has a documented cytosolic phase (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P62316 subcellular).

What is a defensible way to quantify SNRPD2 in paraffin sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION

Define viable regions before scoring and record nuclear and cytoplasmic staining separately, since tissue IHC reports nuclear expression while SNRPD2 also has documented cytosolic localization (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P62316 subcellular). For a nuclear H-score, multiply the percentage of cells at each intensity 0–3 by that intensity and sum the products; alternatively report percentage-positive nuclei (standard IHC scoring practice). Normalize positive-cell counts to the total eligible cells of the same population, or report positive-cell density per mm² of viable tissue (standard IHC scoring practice). Apply identical thresholds, retrieval, counterstain, and region-selection rules across specimens, and exclude folds and necrosis (standard IHC practice).

When is SNRPD2 staining credible, and when might it be artefact?

Credible paraffin-section staining should appear in viable cells with interpretable morphology and an appropriate negative-control result; ubiquitous nuclear expression provides a tissue IHC reference pattern (standard IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC). Cytoplasmic staining can be credible because cytosolic assembly precedes nuclear transport, and a separate IF profile supports cytosolic localization (UniProt P62316 subcellular; HPA subcellular). Treat isolated edge staining, necrotic deposits, and signal in no-primary controls as potential processing or detection artefacts, including endogenous peroxidase activity (standard IHC practice). A cell population or compartment that differs from the reference pattern warrants confirmation with controls and repeated sections before assigning biological meaning (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice).

Boster reagents

Best SNRPD2 / Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D2 IHC Antibodies

The IHC-validated antibody has paraffin-section IHC images from human tissues and IF images from human tissues and SIHA cells (catalog image captions). Listed reactivity covers human, mouse and rat (catalog: A12026-1).

Real IHC data

Anti-SNRPD2 Antibody ®

Cat # A12026-1

View product →

A12026-1 is the only SKU shown; its IHC images document paraffin sections of human diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of intestine, appendix adenocarcinoma, breast cancer and colon adenocarcinoma (catalog IHC captions). Its IF images document SIHA cells and paraffin sections of human squamous carcinoma and breast cancer (catalog IF captions).

Which to pick: Choose A12026-1 for paraffin-section IHC: its own IHC captions document EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 and 2 μg/ml primary antibody; the fixative is unreported (catalog IHC captions). The same rabbit-host antibody is listed for IF and ICC, with IF images at 5 μg/ml (catalog applications; catalog IF captions). For cross-species work, A12026-1 lists human, mouse and rat reactivity, while the supplied IHC and IF images show human samples only; its clone is unspecified (catalog reactivity; catalog image captions; catalog clone field).

Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.

References

UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry P62316 (SMD2_HUMAN, Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D2).
Human Protein Atlas. SNRPD2 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Supported).
Human Protein Atlas. SNRPD2 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Localized to the cytosol..
Human Protein Atlas. SNRPD2 antibody validation summary (1 antibodies).
SNRPD2-mediated regulation of DDX39B splicing promotes endometrial cancer progression by suppressing the activation of CTSC cryptic exons. Cell death & disease 2026 — PMC12949242.
Genetic expression and mutational profile analysis in different pathologic stages of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. BMC cancer 2021 — PMC8268469.
Dual Targeting of Mutant p53 and SNRPD2 via Engineered Exosomes Modulates Alternative Splicing to Suppress Ovarian Cancer. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 2026 — PMC13042878.
Identification of Three Genes Associated with Metastasis in Melanoma and Construction of a Predictive Model: A Multiracial Identification. Journal of oncology 2022 — PMC9148232.
PubMed PMID:7527560 — UniProt-cited evidence.
PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
PubMed PMID:15057824 — UniProt-cited evidence.