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SPATA18 / Mitochondria-eating protein · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for SPATA18
Plan chromogenic IHC on paraffin sections using the catalog antibody's reported conditions (datasheet A09906-1) and ciliated-cell staining as a tissue reference (HPA tissue IHC). Interpret staining with the reported off-target binding caveat (HPA tissue IHC) and stress-dependent mitochondrial relocalization in mind (UniProt).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
SPATA18 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Ciliary rootlets, cell bodies and cytoplasm (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Ciliated-cell rootlets/body; cytoplasm in seminiferous ducts (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A09906-1) | |
| Positive control | Bronchus+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A09906-1) | |
| Caveat | Presumed off-target binding may confound staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Stress triggers mitochondrial relocalization (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 2 isoforms; epitope differences unspecified (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended SPATA18 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol is paired with published SPATA18 methods for colorectal cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, and mouse paraffin sections (PMC8910917; PMC9924025; PMC10845071).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human endometrial carcinoma tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A09906-1) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A09906-1); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A09906-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A09906-1) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-SPATA18, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A09906-1) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A09906-1) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet A09906-1) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | SPATA18-positive staining in ciliated cells (ciliary rootlets) of bronchus (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Expression mainly in ciliated cells of respiratory epithelium, fallopian tube and endometrium. Cytoplasmic expression in cells in seminiferous ducts and choroid plexus. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with EDTA pH 8.0 heat retrieval for the catalog antibody (datasheet A09906-1). Use citrate pH 6.0 when reproducing the mouse protocol (PMC10845071).
Section 2
What Is the Expected SPATA18 Staining Pattern?
SPATA18 staining should be assessed by cell type and compartment: bronchial and fallopian tube ciliated cells and late spermatids show high IHC signal (HPA: tissue IHC). Cytoplasmic staining is plausible because SPATA18 is cytosolic under normal conditions and can relocate to mitochondria after stress (UniProt Q8TC71: subcellular location; no transmembrane segment). HPA rates tissue IHC reliability as Enhanced, while noting medium RNA agreement and disregarded presumed off-target binding (HPA: tissue IHC).
| Strong chromogenic signal at bronchial or fallopian tube ciliary rootlets, or in late spermatids. | This matches the reported high-staining cells; nasopharyngeal ciliated cell bodies are another high-signal reference (HPA: tissue IHC). Score the identified cells and structures rather than treating an entire tissue section as uniformly positive. |
| Predominantly cytoplasmic staining in the expected cells, with a less sharply defined intracellular distribution. | A cytoplasmic pattern is compatible with normal cytosolic localization (UniProt Q8TC71: subcellular location). Mitochondrial relocation after stress is also reported, so a single IHC section cannot establish the cell's stress state from staining distribution alone (UniProt Q8TC71: subcellular location). |
| Isolated nuclear-only or extracellular staining dominates the chromogenic section. | Question its specificity against the expected tissue pattern (HPA: tissue IHC) and cytosolic or mitochondrial localization (UniProt Q8TC71: subcellular location). Nuclear-only IHC should not be declared biological solely from this image; HPA's additional nucleoplasmic localization comes from ICC-IF (HPA: subcellular). |
| Strong staining appears in adipocytes or bone marrow hematopoietic cells. | These cells are reported as not detected (HPA: tissue IHC). Check for cross-reactivity and endogenous detection activity using appropriate controls (general IHC practice); HPA also notes presumed off-target binding that was disregarded in its tissue assessment (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| No staining appears in an otherwise interpretable bronchus or fallopian tube section. | Those tissues contain high-staining ciliated rootlets in the HPA profile (HPA: tissue IHC). Confirm that the relevant ciliated cells are present, then assess antibody and detection performance with controls; absence of signal alone does not establish biological absence (general IHC practice). |
💡Expected SPATA18 appearanceCall a result positive when the expected ciliated rootlets or late spermatids show clear, high chromogenic staining (HPA: tissue IHC); dominant staining in HPA-negative adipocytes or hematopoietic cells is suspect (HPA: tissue IHC).
| Cell and tissue selection | HPA reports high signal in bronchial and fallopian tube ciliary rootlets, nasopharyngeal ciliated cell bodies, and late spermatids (HPA: tissue IHC). Its negative calls apply to specified cells, such as adipocytes and bone marrow hematopoietic cells, rather than every cell in those tissues (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Compartment and cellular state | SPATA18 is cytosolic under normal conditions and relocates to the mitochondrial outer membrane after cellular stress; matrix condensates are proposed (UniProt Q8TC71: subcellular location). HPA's supported main mitochondrial location comes from ICC-IF (HPA: subcellular), so do not require IHC chromogen to resolve individual mitochondria. |
| Antibody validation and interpretation | Both listed antibodies have Enhanced IHC status, meaning the pattern was reproduced by independent antibodies or orthogonal data (HPA: antibodies). HPA nevertheless reports medium agreement with RNA and disregarded presumed off-target binding (HPA: tissue IHC); validation supports the reported pattern without making every stained structure specific. |
| Isoforms and unreported epitope coverage | Two isoforms are annotated, with one 1–538 chain and no annotated signal peptide or propeptide (UniProt Q8TC71: isoforms and processing). The supplied record does not map the IHC antibody epitope, so staining cannot be assigned to a particular isoform or interpreted as cleavage-dependent from these data. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Known-positive ciliated tissue has no chromogenic signal. | The sampled field may lack the relevant ciliated cells, or the IHC workflow may have failed; HPA reports high staining at bronchial and fallopian tube rootlets (HPA: tissue IHC). | Verify the cell type and slide integrity, then check primary antibody, antigen retrieval, detection reagents, and a concurrently processed positive control (general IHC practice). Do not infer target-specific retrieval or fixation sensitivity from HPA's staining levels. |
| Adipocytes or bone marrow hematopoietic cells stain strongly. | Those cell types are listed as not detected (HPA: tissue IHC); nonspecific antibody binding or endogenous detection activity can produce misleading chromogen (general IHC practice). | Review a no-primary control and the detection-system controls, then compare localization with an expected positive cell type (general IHC practice; HPA: tissue IHC). Treat discordant staining cautiously because HPA notes disregarded presumed off-target binding (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Brown haze covers cells, stroma, and empty areas. | Diffuse background can result from inadequate blocking or washing, excessive antibody concentration, or detection background (general IHC practice). It does not resemble the cell-restricted high-signal profile (HPA: tissue IHC). | Inspect no-primary and reagent controls; optimize blocking, washing, antibody concentration, and detection conditions according to the assay instructions (general IHC practice). Judge any remaining signal by its location in the expected cells (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| A section shows mainly nuclear-only signal. | The expected tissue IHC description emphasizes ciliated structures and cytoplasmic expression (HPA: tissue IHC). Additional nucleoplasmic localization is approved in ICC-IF, but that evidence does not establish nuclear-only chromogenic IHC as the expected pattern (HPA: subcellular). | Compare an expected positive tissue and a no-primary control, and assess whether cytoplasmic or rootlet staining is also present (general IHC practice; HPA: tissue IHC). Keep the nuclear finding provisional unless supported independently. |
| Bronchial rootlets stain, but adjacent nonciliated cells do not. | A cell-restricted result is consistent with the high bronchial ciliary-rootlet finding (HPA: tissue IHC). The HPA profile does not assign a single intensity to every cell in the bronchus. | Score ciliated and nonciliated populations separately, recording the stained structure and intensity (general IHC practice). Use the HPA cell-level pattern, rather than whole-section uniformity, for interpretation (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Q: Should an ICC-IF image show exactly the same pattern as chromogenic IHC? | A: HPA's supported main ICC-IF location is mitochondrial, with additional approved cytosolic and nucleoplasmic locations (HPA: subcellular); tissue IHC instead reports staining in specific cells and structures (HPA: tissue IHC). | Interpret ICC-IF localization in its dedicated guide; here, use the tissue IHC cell pattern to assess paraffin sections (HPA: tissue IHC and subcellular). Do not equate apparent mitochondrial detail in fluorescence with what chromogenic IHC must resolve. |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing SPATA18 staining
A09906-1 · IHCIHC analysis of SPATA18 using anti-SPATA18 antibody (A09906-1). SPATA18 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human endometrial car
A09906-1 · IHCIHC analysis of SPATA18 using anti-SPATA18 antibody (A09906-1). SPATA18 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human rectum adenocar
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000163071-SPATA18/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_8903500
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000163071-SPATA18/tissue/colon#imid_8888738
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000163071-SPATA18/tissue/liver#imid_8888731
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000163071-SPATA18/tissue/kidney#imid_8888740
HPA · ICC-IF Hep-G2Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, Hep-G2, antibody HPA036854; green = SPATA18, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF Hep-G2Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, Hep-G2, antibody HPA036854; green = SPATA18, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for SPATA18 IHC & IF
🧪Run bronchus first and look for SPATA18 staining in ciliated-cell ciliary rootlets (HPA: High in bronchus ciliated cells). Run adipose tissue as the negative comparator, focusing on adipocytes (HPA: Not detected in adipocytes); on the bronchus slide, use adjacent nonciliated areas to assess background rather than assuming every other cell type is SPATA18-negative (HPA: staining assigned to ciliated-cell ciliary rootlets).
Positive control tissue: Bronchus (Ciliated cells (ciliary rootlets), HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show SPATA18 in Hep-G2, ASC52telo, RPTEC/TERT1, hTERT-RPE1 (serum starved), with annotated localisation: Mitochondria (supported) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only control and a concentration-matched rabbit IgG isotype control for the rabbit primary antibody (selected-SKU IHC caption: rabbit anti-SPATA18); use SPATA18 knockout material, if available, or a validated immunizing-peptide block as a biological specificity control (standard IHC practice). Quench endogenous peroxidase and check for nonspecific apical or ciliary DAB signal in bronchus (selected-SKU IHC caption: peroxidase secondary and DAB; HPA: High in bronchus ciliary rootlets).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported in the supplied evidence, and the fixative for the selected-SKU paraffin-section image is unreported (selected-SKU IHC caption: paraffin section; fixative not stated). Heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 produced the documented IHC image, but whether SPATA18 staining depends on that retrieval condition is unreported (selected-SKU IHC caption: heat-mediated EDTA retrieval). Frozen sections are not established as easier here; IF offers a supported mitochondrial localization reference in cell lines, while bronchial apical ciliary-rootlet staining requires careful distinction from edge or background signal (HPA subcellular: mitochondria supported; HPA: High in bronchus ciliary rootlets; standard IHC practice).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for SPATA18
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data. Presumed off target binding observed and disregarded. Protein expression in respiratory epithelia can be correlated with lung RNA-seq data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bronchus | Ciliated cells (ciliary rootlets) | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Fallopian tube | Ciliated cells (ciliary rootlets) | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Nasopharynx | Ciliated cells (cell body) | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Testis | Elongated or late spermatids | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Caudate | Glial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebellum | Cells in granular layer | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced SPATA18 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot SPATA18 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, cell type, compartment, controls and scoring against the documented IHC evidence.
Which retrieval condition should I start with for SPATA18 IHC?
Start with heat mediated antigen retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 for paraffin sections (datasheet A09906-1). The selected image used that condition before incubation with 2 μg/ml antibody overnight at 4°C; keep these settings fixed while assessing retrieval (datasheet A09906-1). If staining is weak, compare a controlled range of heating times on adjacent sections, monitoring tissue damage and background at each setting (standard IHC practice). Score the same cell type across conditions: ciliated cells provide a documented positive reference, while retrieval alone cannot establish that a new staining pattern is specific (HPA: high in bronchial ciliated cells; standard IHC practice).
How should I investigate weak staining when fixation history is uncertain?
Target specific fixation sensitivity for SPATA18 is unknown: the selected paraffin section caption does not report a fixative (datasheet A09906-1). Record the fixative, fixation duration and processing history for each block, then compare sections processed under known conditions using the same EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval and detection settings (standard IHC practice; datasheet A09906-1). Include a documented positive cell population in each run so a weak study sample can be distinguished from a failed stain (HPA: high in bronchial ciliated cells; standard IHC practice). Do not assign weak signal to fixation from tissue expression patterns or SPATA18 topology and phosphorylation alone (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt Q8TC71 topology and modified residues).
Is cytoplasmic or mitochondrial SPATA18 staining expected?
Assess SPATA18 within identified cells before interpreting its subcellular pattern: cytosolic localization is reported under normal conditions, with relocation to the mitochondrial outer membrane after stress (UniProt Q8TC71 subcellular location). Mitochondrial matrix condensates are also proposed, while HPA cell imaging mainly places SPATA18 in mitochondria and additionally in cytosol and nucleoplasm (UniProt Q8TC71 subcellular location; HPA: subcellular summary). In chromogenic sections, fine puncta may be difficult to resolve, so record diffuse and punctate cytoplasmic signal separately across 2 matched sections when assessing reproducibility (standard IHC practice). Do not call punctate DAB staining mitochondrial solely by appearance; confirm compartment assignment with an appropriate independent method (standard IHC practice).
Could isoforms or epitope accessibility explain inconsistent SPATA18 staining?
SPATA18 has 2 annotated isoforms, but the supplied antibody evidence does not identify its epitope or establish which isoforms it detects (UniProt Q8TC71 isoforms; datasheet A09906-1). It has no annotated transmembrane segment and carries reported phosphoserines at residues 85, 156, 159, 287 and 509; neither fact establishes epitope accessibility for this antibody (UniProt Q8TC71 topology and modified residues). Compare adjacent sections under the same EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval before attributing inconsistent staining to an isoform or modification (datasheet A09906-1; standard IHC practice). If an epitope map becomes available, check whether it spans an isoform difference or modified residue before interpreting divergent tissue staining (standard IHC practice).
How can IF help assess the cell type and compartment behind IHC staining?
Use IF as a separate corroborating assay, pairing SPATA18 with a ciliated cell marker where the IHC question concerns respiratory epithelium (HPA: high in bronchial ciliated cells; standard IF practice). Choose spectrally separated fluorophores and inspect unstained tissue in each channel before judging overlap, because tissue autofluorescence can resemble specific signal (standard IF practice). The antibody epitope is unspecified; SPATA18 lacks a transmembrane segment but has reported cytosolic, outer membrane and matrix locations, so select and compare permeabilisation conditions according to the epitope's established membrane side when that information becomes available (datasheet A09906-1; UniProt Q8TC71 topology and subcellular location). Quantify overlap in at least 2 independent fields per condition and compare it with the IHC cell distribution (standard IF practice).
What should I check when DAB background obscures SPATA18 staining?
Run a no primary control alongside the 2 μg/ml primary antibody condition to assess signal from detection reagents and tissue (datasheet A09906-1; standard IHC practice). The selected paraffin tissue image used 10% goat serum blocking, a peroxidase conjugated secondary for 30 minutes at 37°C, and DAB development (datasheet A09906-1). Add a peroxidase block and inspect the no primary section before changing primary concentration or retrieval; these are general chromogenic IHC checks, not demonstrated SPATA18 requirements (standard IHC practice). Compare background with staining in the intended cell population, because HPA reports presumed off target binding in its tissue assessment (HPA: Enhanced reliability description; standard IHC practice).
How should I score SPATA18 IHC across tissue sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and compartment before scoring: HPA reports high staining in ciliated cells of bronchus and fallopian tube, including ciliary rootlets (HPA: tissue IHC). For a chromogenic readout, record the percentage of positive cells and an intensity grade of 0–3, then calculate an H-score on a 0–300 scale if intensity differences matter (standard IHC practice). Normalize counts to the number of eligible cells, or report positive cell density per mm² of viable tissue when cell boundaries are unreliable (standard IHC practice). Apply one threshold and sampling plan across sections, excluding necrotic and damaged areas before comparing cases (standard IHC practice).
How do I distinguish credible SPATA18 staining from artefact?
A credible pattern follows the expected cell population and intracellular distribution: HPA highlights ciliated cells, while UniProt reports cytosolic and mitochondrial locations that can change with stress (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt Q8TC71 subcellular location). Treat staining confined to tissue edges, necrotic regions or a no primary control as suspect, and investigate endogenous peroxidase signal before assigning DAB deposits to SPATA18 (standard IHC practice). Nuclear only staining deserves review because nucleoplasm is an additional HPA cell imaging location, whereas its main supported location is mitochondrial (HPA: subcellular summary). Compare at least 2 independently stained sections and relevant positive and low expression cell populations; HPA reports presumed off target binding despite its Enhanced reliability designation (standard IHC practice; HPA: tissue IHC reliability description).
Boster reagents
Best SPATA18 / Mitochondria-eating protein IHC Antibodies
A09906-1 has real IHC data from human paraffin-embedded tumor sections (A09906-1 IHC captions). The catalog reports no IF/ICC validation or nonhuman reactivity (catalog applications/reactivity).
Real IHC data
Anti-SPATA18 Antibody ®
Cat # A09906-1
A09906-1 is listed for human IHC and has images from paraffin-embedded endometrial carcinoma, rectum adenocarcinoma, and testicular germ cell tumor sections (catalog applications/reactivity; A09906-1 IHC captions). It is the only SKU supplied, and no IF image is supplied (catalog payload).
Which to pick: Choose A09906-1 for human paraffin-section IHC; its rabbit antibody is listed for IHC, and its own captions document staining in the three human tumor section types (catalog host/applications/reactivity; A09906-1 IHC captions). The captions do not report the fixative, and the catalog does not report a clone (A09906-1 IHC captions; catalog clone). No SKU in the payload is validated for IF/ICC or listed as reactive with another species (catalog applications/reactivity).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q8TC71 (MIEAP_HUMAN, Mitochondria-eating protein).
- Human Protein Atlas. SPATA18 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Enhanced).
- Human Protein Atlas. SPATA18 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the mitochondria. In addition localized to the nucleoplasm and cytosol..
- Human Protein Atlas. SPATA18 antibody validation summary (2 antibodies).
- SPATA18 Expression Predicts Favorable Clinical Outcome in Colorectal Cancer. International journal of molecular sciences 2022 — PMC8910917.
- High SPATA18 Expression and its Diagnostic and Prognostic Value in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research 2023 — PMC9924025.
- Mieap forms membrane-less organelles involved in cardiolipin metabolism. iScience 2024 — PMC10845071.
- PubMed PMID:21264221 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:15815621 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for SPATA18 (Mitochondria-eating protein). Expected localisation Ciliary rootlets, cell bodies and cytoplasm (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A09906-1). Validated IHC antibody: A09906-1 at 2-5 μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Bronchus (Ciliated cells (ciliary rootlets)); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human endometrial carcinoma tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A09906-1); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A09906-1); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A09906-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A09906-1); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-SPATA18, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A09906-1); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A09906-1). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A09906-1); Caveat: Presumed off-target binding may confound staining (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: 2 isoforms; epitope differences unspecified (UniProt); Regulation: Stress triggers mitochondrial relocalization (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt Q8TC71, HPA tissue IHC · Enhanced, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the mitochondria. In addition localized to the…, Datasheet A09906-1, PMC8910917, PMC9924025. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/SPATA18/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.