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TICAM1 / TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 1 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for TICAM1
Plan chromogenic TICAM1 IHC in paraffin sections using granular cytoplasmic staining as the tissue reference (HPA tissue IHC). Bronchial respiratory epithelial cells show high staining, while liver cholangiocytes are reported as undetected (HPA tissue IHC).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
TICAM1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Granular cytoplasm in most tissues (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Granular cytoplasmic staining in many tissue cell types (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | Citrate pH 6.0 HIER, 95–98 °C, 20 min (rule: cytoplasmic / membrane antigen) | |
| Positive control | Adrenal gland+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Liver+1 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across paraffin sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Staining has medium consistency with RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | No expression regulation specified (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | No isoforms listed; one 1–712 chain (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended TICAM1 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol is paired with one published TICAM1 protocol for endometrial tissue (PMC13257043).
| Sample | Tissue sections; selected-image fixative not specified (standard IHC workflow) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet PA1902); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat-induced epitope retrieval in citrate buffer, pH 6.0, 20 min at 95–98 °C (standard rule: cytoplasmic / membrane antigen) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% normal serum of the secondary host, 30 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-TICAM1, 0.5-1μg/ml (datasheet PA1902) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (standard) |
| Detection | HRP-polymer secondary, DAB chromogen 5–10 min (standard) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | TICAM1-positive staining in glandular cells of adrenal gland (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Granular cytoplasmic expression in most tissues. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with citrate pH 6.0 retrieval at 95–98 °C for 20 min (page antigen-retrieval rule); compare the published EDTA method (PMC13257043).
Section 2
What Is the Expected TICAM1 Staining Pattern?
In paraffin-section IHC, expect granular cytoplasmic TICAM1 staining in many tissues, including glandular and epithelial cells (HPA: tissue IHC). TICAM1 is reported in the cytosol, autophagosomes and mitochondria, and has no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q8IUC6). The HPA tissue pattern is Approved, with medium consistency between staining and RNA data (HPA: tissue IHC reliability).
| Granular cytoplasmic staining in colon glandular cells or bronchial respiratory epithelial cells. | This matches the reported tissue pattern and high staining in those cell types (HPA: tissue IHC). Compare signal within the relevant cells; tissue-wide colour alone cannot establish the expected pattern (general IHC practice). |
| Predominantly nuclear or crisp surface staining in a paraffin section. | The reported tissue IHC pattern is granular cytoplasmic (HPA: tissue IHC). HPA's nucleoplasmic, nucleolar and surface ICC-IF locations are uncertain (HPA: subcellular); check the IHC pattern before assigning the signal to TICAM1. |
| Strong signal in liver cholangiocytes or skeletal-muscle myocytes. | Those cells were reported as not detected (HPA: tissue IHC). Consider cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity, particularly if the signal persists in a control lacking primary antibody (general IHC practice). |
| Diffuse colour across tissue and empty spaces, obscuring cell boundaries. | This is inconsistent with granular cytoplasmic staining (HPA: tissue IHC). Assess background with a control lacking primary antibody, then review blocking, washing and detection conditions (general IHC practice). |
| No signal in colon glandular cells or bronchial respiratory epithelial cells. | Both are reported high-staining cell types (HPA: tissue IHC). Check section integrity and the IHC detection workflow before interpreting absence of signal as biological loss (general IHC practice). |
💡Expected TICAM1 appearanceCall positive staining when granular cytoplasmic signal is evident in a reported high-staining cell type, such as colon glandular cells (HPA: tissue IHC); isolated nuclear or tissue-wide diffuse colour does not match that IHC pattern (HPA: tissue IHC).
| IHC evidence and antibody choice | The tissue profile is Approved with medium staining–RNA consistency (HPA: tissue IHC reliability). HPA055421 is IHC Approved; HPA042460 has no listed IHC status (HPA: antibodies). |
| Cell type within a tissue | Liver cholangiocytes are not detected by HPA IHC, although UniProt reports higher TICAM1 expression in liver overall (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt Q8IUC6 tissue specificity). Interpret the specified cell population. |
| Subcellular distribution | UniProt lists cytosol, autophagosomes and mitochondria, with no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q8IUC6). HPA describes the tissue IHC signal as granular cytoplasmic; it does not resolve individual organelles in that profile (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| IF/ICC: should nuclear or membrane signal count as an IHC positive? | HPA labels its nucleoplasmic, nucleolar and plasma-membrane ICC-IF locations uncertain (HPA: subcellular). Use the granular cytoplasmic tissue profile to judge paraffin-section IHC (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Antigen retrieval and fixation | No target-specific retrieval setting or fixation sensitivity is supplied by UniProt or HPA (UniProt Q8IUC6; HPA: tissue IHC). Record the conditions used and assess controls when comparing sections (general IHC practice). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| No stain in a reported high-staining cell type. | A failed IHC workflow is possible; the expected cell-type signal is high (HPA: tissue IHC). | Check the positive-control section, antibody and detection steps, then review the conditions used for antigen retrieval (general IHC practice). |
| Only nuclei appear positive. | Nuclear signal differs from the tissue IHC profile; nuclear ICC-IF locations are uncertain (HPA: tissue IHC; HPA: subcellular). | Reassess compartment boundaries with the counterstain and a control lacking primary antibody (general IHC practice). |
| Cholangiocytes or myocytes stain strongly. | HPA reports these cell types as not detected (HPA: tissue IHC). Cross-reactivity or detection background is possible (general IHC practice). | Compare with a control lacking primary antibody and with a reported high-staining cell type (general IHC practice; HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Diffuse signal masks the granular pattern. | Excess background may obscure the reported cytoplasmic granules (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Review blocking, washing, antibody concentration and detection exposure; compare the control lacking primary antibody (general IHC practice). |
| A liver section seems to conflict with UniProt's liver expression statement. | UniProt describes liver overall; HPA specifically reports cholangiocytes as not detected (UniProt Q8IUC6; HPA: tissue IHC). | Score identified cell populations separately, and document which cells carry any signal (general IHC practice). |
| An antibody gives an unexpected compartment pattern. | HPA lists HPA055421 as IHC Approved, while HPA042460 has no listed IHC status (HPA: antibodies). | Confirm the antibody identifier, compare the staining with the granular cytoplasmic profile, and inspect controls (HPA: antibodies; HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing TICAM1 staining
PA1902 · IHCAnti-TRIF antibody, PA1902, IHC(P) IHC(P): Human Mammary Cancer Tissue
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000127666-TICAM1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_21165499
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000127666-TICAM1/tissue/colon#imid_21165433
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000127666-TICAM1/tissue/liver#imid_21165426
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000127666-TICAM1/tissue/kidney#imid_21165443
HPA · ICC-IF PC-3Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, PC-3, antibody HPA042460; green = TICAM1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF PC-3Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, PC-3, antibody HPA042460; green = TICAM1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for TICAM1 IHC & IF
🧪Run bronchus first: respiratory epithelial cells should stain (HPA: High in respiratory epithelial cells). Use skeletal muscle myocytes as the negative tissue (HPA: Not detected in myocytes); HPA does not identify a negative cell type within bronchus, so assess any unstained cells on that slide as background references rather than presumed biological negatives (HPA: High in respiratory epithelial cells).
Positive control tissue: Adrenal gland (Glandular cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Liver (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show TICAM1 in PC-3, U2OS, with annotated localisation: Nucleoplasm (uncertain), Nucleoli (uncertain) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include no-primary (secondary-only) and primary-antibody host- and isotype-matched controls, plus a TICAM1 knockout sample or immunizing-peptide competition if the peptide is available (standard IHC practice). For chromogenic detection in bronchus, block endogenous peroxidase and check endogenous biotin if using avidin–biotin detection (standard IHC practice).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window and retrieval dependency are unreported in the supplied evidence; the selected PA1902 IHC(P) human mammary cancer tissue caption also leaves the fixative unreported (selected PA1902 IHC(P) caption). Optimize antigen retrieval on paraffin sections empirically; the evidence does not establish whether frozen sections or IF would be easier (standard IHC practice; selected PA1902 IHC(P) caption). In bronchus, check the no-primary slide for chromogen trapped in airway mucus before scoring epithelial staining (standard IHC practice).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for TICAM1
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Approved — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bronchus | Respiratory epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebral cortex | Neuronal cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cervix | Squamous epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced TICAM1 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot TICAM1 staining by tracking section processing, cellular compartment, background controls and cell-specific scoring.
What should I change when TICAM1 staining is weak after retrieval?
Start with citrate pH 6.0 heat-induced retrieval at 95–98 °C for 20 min (page retrieval specification). If staining is weak, compare a longer citrate incubation on matched sections while keeping the antibody, detection chemistry and imaging settings constant (standard IHC practice). Include a tissue compartment with reported high staining, such as bronchial respiratory epithelium, and inspect morphology for heat damage (HPA: High in bronchial respiratory epithelial cells). TICAM1 lacks a transmembrane segment, so weak cytoplasmic staining alone does not establish that retrieval failed (UniProt Q8IUC6 topology; HPA: granular cytoplasmic expression). Record retrieval temperature and cooling conditions for each run before changing the antibody concentration (standard IHC practice).
How can I assess whether fixation is limiting TICAM1 IHC?
Target-specific fixation sensitivity is unknown from the supplied evidence; the selected PA1902 tissue caption identifies IHC(P) but gives no fixative (PA1902 tissue-IHC caption). Compare sections with documented, consistent fixation and processing histories before attributing weak staining to TICAM1 biology (standard IHC practice). Run those sections together with the same citrate pH 6.0 retrieval at 95–98 °C for 20 min (page retrieval specification). Check morphology and staining in a reported high-expressing compartment, such as colon glandular cells, on each run (HPA: High in colon glandular cells). Do not infer a fixation effect from tissue expression or protein topology alone (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q8IUC6 topology).
Which TICAM1 staining pattern should I expect in paraffin sections?
Expect predominantly granular cytoplasmic staining in tissue sections, and score that compartment separately from other signal (HPA: granular cytoplasmic expression in most tissues). Cytosolic, autophagosome-associated and mitochondrial localisation are also reported for TICAM1, so punctate cytoplasmic signal can be biologically plausible (UniProt Q8IUC6 subcellular location). Compare the pattern in a reported high-staining cell population, such as appendix glandular cells, with the same compartment in adjacent sections (HPA: High in appendix glandular cells). Diffuse nuclear-only staining needs additional validation because the tissue-IHC profile is cytoplasmic (HPA: tissue-IHC profile). Use a counterstain to distinguish cytoplasm from nuclei before calling small puncta positive (standard IHC practice).
How should epitope information guide a discordant TICAM1 stain?
The supplied record lists 0 isoforms and a TIR domain at residues 393–553; it does not identify the PA1902 epitope (UniProt Q8IUC6 domains and isoforms; PA1902 tissue-IHC caption). Do not explain discordant sections by assigning the antibody to an undocumented splice variant or domain (supplied TICAM1 record; PA1902 tissue-IHC caption). TICAM1 has a reported phosphorylation site at serine 210, but the payload does not establish whether this antibody distinguishes phosphorylation states (UniProt Q8IUC6 modified residues; PA1902 tissue-IHC caption). Compare staining after the specified citrate pH 6.0 retrieval with a separately validated antibody whose epitope is documented, if available (page retrieval specification; standard IHC validation practice). Concordant cellular distribution supports interpretation more directly than an assumed epitope mechanism (standard IHC validation practice).
How can IF help resolve ambiguous TICAM1 IHC localisation?
Use IF as a separate validation experiment and multiplex TICAM1 with a marker for the expected cell population, such as respiratory epithelial cells in bronchus (HPA: High in bronchial respiratory epithelial cells; standard IF practice). Select fluorophores after checking the tissue's autofluorescence in unstained sections, favouring channels with clear separation from that background (standard IF practice). TICAM1 has no transmembrane segment and is reported in cytosol and intracellular compartments; permeabilise to expose intracellular epitopes, while checking the antibody's documented epitope before setting detergent conditions (UniProt Q8IUC6 topology and subcellular location; standard IF practice). Compare punctate signal with the chromogenic cytoplasmic pattern in matched material, accounting for the different detection methods (HPA: granular cytoplasmic tissue expression; standard validation practice).
What controls distinguish TICAM1 signal from chromogenic background?
Run a no-primary control through secondary detection and chromogen development to reveal nonspecific detection-system staining (standard IHC practice). Include a peroxidase block before DAB development and inspect blood-rich or damaged areas for residual endogenous enzyme activity (standard chromogenic IHC practice). If background is widespread, review blocking, washing and antibody concentration while holding the specified citrate pH 6.0 retrieval constant (standard IHC practice; page retrieval specification). Compare signal in reported high-staining colon glandular cells with skeletal-muscle myocytes, where TICAM1 was not detected by tissue IHC (HPA: High in colon glandular cells; HPA: Not detected in skeletal-muscle myocytes). Exclude folds, section edges and necrotic regions from interpretation (standard IHC practice).
How should I score TICAM1 staining across tissue samples? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and cytoplasmic compartment before scoring, because the reported tissue pattern is granular cytoplasmic (HPA: tissue-IHC profile). For a chromogenic series, record the percentage of positive cells and an intensity grade from 0–3, then calculate an H-score from 0–300 (standard IHC scoring practice). Normalize positive counts to the number of eligible cells, or report positive-cell density per mm² of evaluable tissue (standard histologic quantification practice). Apply one threshold and one sampling rule across cases, excluding necrosis, folds and section edges (standard IHC practice). Report epithelial and stromal populations separately where both are present, since the HPA examples identify staining in distinct cell types (HPA: tissue IHC).
When is a TICAM1-positive IHC result convincing?
A convincing result shows reproducible, mainly granular cytoplasmic staining in identifiable cells and exceeds the no-primary control (HPA: tissue-IHC profile; standard IHC validation practice). Check an expected positive compartment, such as adrenal glandular cells, against an appropriate negative compartment, such as skeletal-muscle myocytes (HPA: High in adrenal glandular cells; HPA: Not detected in skeletal-muscle myocytes). Treat isolated nuclear-only staining cautiously: the tissue profile is cytoplasmic, although uncertain nuclear locations appear in separate subcellular imaging data (HPA: tissue IHC; HPA: subcellular locations uncertain). Exclude edge accentuation, necrotic deposits and residual endogenous peroxidase before assigning positivity (standard chromogenic IHC practice). TICAM1 staining identifies protein distribution; it does not by itself demonstrate active TLR signalling or serine 210 phosphorylation (UniProt Q8IUC6 function and modified residues).
Boster reagents
Best TICAM1 / TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 1 IHC Antibodies
The catalog contains one human-reactive IHC antibody with a real paraffin-section image from human mammary cancer tissue (PA1902 image caption; catalog applications and reactivity). No IF image is supplied (catalog image list).
Real IHC data
Anti-TRIF/TICAM1 Antibody ®
Cat # PA1902
PA1902 will render with an IHC(P) image of human mammary cancer tissue (PA1902 image caption). Its listed applications are IHC and WB, and its listed reactivity is Human (PA1902 catalog).
Which to pick: Choose PA1902 for human paraffin-section IHC: its own image caption documents IHC(P) on human mammary cancer tissue, but does not report the fixative (PA1902 image caption). No SKU here is listed for IF/ICC or for another species; PA1902 is rabbit-hosted, has no reported clone, and lists Human reactivity with IHC and WB applications (PA1902 catalog).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q8IUC6 (TCAM1_HUMAN, TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 1).
- Human Protein Atlas. TICAM1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Approved).
- Human Protein Atlas. TICAM1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the nucleoplasm and nucleoli. In addition localized to the plasma membrane..
- Human Protein Atlas. TICAM1 antibody validation summary (2 antibodies).
- TICAM1-Mediated TLR3/TLR4 Signaling Promotes Endometrial Stromal Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion in Endometriosis via IRF3/IFN-β Axis. International journal of molecular sciences 2026 — PMC13257043.
- Identification of a necroptosis-related gene signature as a novel prognostic biomarker of cholangiocarcinoma. Frontiers in immunology 2023 — PMC10017743.
- PubMed PMID:12471095 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:12539043 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:18810425 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for TICAM1 (TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 1). Expected localisation Granular cytoplasm in most tissues (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: Citrate pH 6.0 HIER, 95–98 °C, 20 min (rule: cytoplasmic / membrane antigen). Validated IHC antibody: PA1902 at 0.5-1μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Adrenal gland (Glandular cells); negative Liver. IHC workflow; specimen preparation unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Tissue sections; selected-image fixative not specified (standard IHC workflow); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet PA1902); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat-induced epitope retrieval in citrate buffer, pH 6.0 , 20 min at 95–98 °C…; 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% normal serum of the secondary host, 30 min , room temperature (standard); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-TICAM1, 0.5-1μg/ml (datasheet PA1902); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (standard). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across paraffin sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Staining has medium consistency with RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: No isoforms listed; one 1–712 chain (UniProt); Regulation: No expression regulation specified (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt Q8IUC6, HPA tissue IHC · Approved, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the nucleoplasm and nucleoli. In addition…, Datasheet PA1902, PMC13257043. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/TICAM1/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.