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TIGD1 / Tigger transposable element-derived protein 1 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for TIGD1
Plan TIGD1 paraffin-section IHC around the nuclear staining reported in most tissues (HPA tissue IHC). Use the catalog antibody’s 2 μg/ml chromogenic IHC example and compare cell populations with reported medium and undetected staining (datasheet A17411-1; HPA tissue IHC).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
TIGD1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Nuclear staining in most tissues (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Nuclear signal in most tissues, including glandular cells (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A17411-1) | |
| Positive control | Appendix+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+2 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A17411-1) | |
| Caveat | Staining–RNA consistency is medium; verify the signal (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Regulation not annotated (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | No isoforms or cleavage annotated; epitope effects unknown (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended TIGD1 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody’s IHC protocol is supplemented by one published study of TIGD1 staining in human colon cancer tissue (PMC10373975).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human cervical cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A17411-1) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A17411-1); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A17411-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A17411-1) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-TIGD1, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A17411-1) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A17411-1) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet A17411-1) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | TIGD1-positive staining in glandular cells of appendix (HPA tissue IHC: Medium). HPA tissue profile: Nuclear expression in most tissues. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval (datasheet: A17411-1); the article does not report its retrieval conditions (PMC10373975).
Section 2
What Is the Expected TIGD1 Staining Pattern?
TIGD1 is a nuclear protein with no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q96MW7). In paraffin-section IHC, expect nuclear staining across many tissues, including medium staining in appendix glandular cells and bone marrow hematopoietic cells (HPA tissue IHC). HPA rates its tissue pattern Approved, with medium agreement between staining and RNA data; external verification is pending (HPA tissue IHC).
| Distinct nuclear staining in glandular cells of appendix or colon, with moderate chromogenic intensity. | This matches the reported medium staining in those cells and the broader nuclear tissue profile (HPA tissue IHC). Assess the proportion and intensity of stained nuclei within each cell population; a positive control showing this pattern supports interpretation of the run, but does not independently establish antibody specificity. |
| Predominantly cytoplasmic, membranous, or extracellular deposits, with little nuclear signal. | That compartment conflicts with nuclear TIGD1 in tissue and the nuclear assignment in UniProt (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q96MW7). Treat it as a possible staining artefact or nonspecific signal. Check morphology and the detection controls before calling the specimen TIGD1-positive. |
| Strong staining in adipocytes, ovarian follicle cells, or chondrocytes. | HPA reports TIGD1 as not detected in those respective cell populations (HPA tissue IHC). Unexpected signal raises the possibility of cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity; first confirm cell identity and compare an appropriate negative control. A single discordant field does not establish which cause applies. |
| Diffuse colour across the section, including stroma or areas without identifiable nuclei. | A field-wide deposit cannot be scored as the reported nuclear pattern (HPA tissue IHC). Background may arise from detection chemistry or insufficient blocking or washing (general IHC practice). Compare the control lacking primary antibody, then judge only signal that remains confined to identifiable cells. |
| No detectable nuclear staining in an appendix or bone marrow positive-control section. | HPA reports medium staining in appendix glandular cells and bone marrow hematopoietic cells (HPA tissue IHC). First consider a failed staining run or unsuitable control area; verify the expected cell population is present and review retrieval, antibody incubation, detection, and counterstain (general IHC practice). |
💡Expected TIGD1 appearanceCall a section positive when identifiable nuclei show moderate chromogenic staining in an HPA-supported cell population, such as appendix glandular cells (HPA tissue IHC); predominantly cytoplasmic deposits or strong staining in reported undetected cells should prompt a false-positive check (HPA tissue IHC).
| Tissue and cell selection | HPA describes nuclear expression in most tissues and low tissue specificity, but its listed intensities differ by cell type (HPA tissue IHC). Use a listed medium-staining population for a positive control and score the relevant cells rather than assuming every nucleus must stain. |
| Antibody evidence | The listed antibody HPA041717 is Approved for IHC, while the tissue pattern has medium agreement with RNA and awaits external verification (HPA antibody validation; HPA tissue IHC). A matching pattern supports interpretation; validation status alone does not resolve unexpected staining. |
| Topology and processing | UniProt places TIGD1 in the nucleus, reports no transmembrane segment or signal peptide, and lists one chain spanning residues 1–591 (UniProt Q96MW7). These annotations support a nuclear expectation; they do not identify this antibody's epitope or establish a retrieval condition. |
| IF/ICC: what pattern should appear? | HPA reports approved localisation at the nucleoli rim and mitotic chromosomes, with additional nucleoplasm and nuclear-body localisation (HPA subcellular ICC-IF). That finer IF pattern can guide image interpretation; routine chromogenic tissue IHC is supported by HPA's broader nuclear description (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Detection chemistry | Endogenous activity or nonspecific detection deposits can imitate staining in chromogenic IHC (general IHC practice). A control processed without primary antibody helps identify that contribution; compare it before attributing unexpected colour to TIGD1. |
| Antigen retrieval and fixation | Retrieval is a general variable in paraffin-section IHC (general IHC practice). Target-specific TIGD1 fixation sensitivity and an optimal retrieval condition are unreported in the supplied UniProt and HPA records; optimise against tissue controls without assuming a particular treatment will restore signal. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Positive-control tissue lacks nuclear colour. | The expected cell population may be absent from the section, or an IHC step may have failed (general IHC practice). | Locate appendix glandular or bone marrow hematopoietic cells, both reported at medium intensity (HPA tissue IHC). Check the control run, retrieval, primary-antibody application, and detection sequence before interpreting test sections. |
| Colour is mainly cytoplasmic or membranous. | The compartment disagrees with nuclear TIGD1 localisation (UniProt Q96MW7; HPA tissue IHC); background or incorrect cell identification may explain it. | Recheck cell boundaries against the counterstain and compare a control lacking primary antibody (general IHC practice). Score only convincing nuclear staining in identifiable cells. |
| The whole section has diffuse brown background. | Excess detection signal, incomplete washing, or endogenous activity can obscure localisation (general IHC practice). | Review blocking and wash steps, then compare a control lacking primary antibody (general IHC practice). Repeat scoring only after individual nuclei can be distinguished from background. |
| Adipocytes, follicle cells, or chondrocytes stain strongly. | Those populations are reported as not detected (HPA tissue IHC); cross-reactivity or endogenous activity is possible, but the slide alone cannot distinguish them. | Confirm the cell type by morphology, inspect the control lacking primary antibody, and compare an HPA-supported positive population in the same run (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| Only weak signal appears in a test tissue. | Low staining is reported in several tissues, including thyroid glandular cells and lung type II alveolar cells (HPA tissue IHC). Weak colour alone is therefore inconclusive. | Compare nuclear localisation and cell identity with a medium-staining positive control; record intensity and the fraction of relevant cells (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| An IHC section lacks the nucleoli-rim pattern seen in IF images. | HPA describes nucleoli-rim and mitotic-chromosome detail for ICC-IF, while its tissue IHC summary describes nuclear expression (HPA subcellular ICC-IF; HPA tissue IHC). | Evaluate chromogenic IHC against the reported tissue-level nuclear pattern and appropriate controls. Do not require IF-scale subnuclear detail to call a tissue nucleus positive (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing TIGD1 staining
A17411-1 · IHCIHC analysis of TIGD1 using anti-TIGD1 antibody (A17411-1). TIGD1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human cervical cancer tissu
A17411-1 · IHCIHC analysis of TIGD1 using anti-TIGD1 antibody (A17411-1). TIGD1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human colorectal adenocarci
A17411-1 · IFIF analysis of TIGD1 using anti-TIGD1 antibody (A17411-1). TIGD1 was detected in an immunocytochemical section of U20S cells. Enzyme antigen
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000221944-TIGD1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_14313944
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000221944-TIGD1/tissue/colon#imid_14313862
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000221944-TIGD1/tissue/liver#imid_14313863
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000221944-TIGD1/tissue/kidney#imid_14313880
HPA · ICC-IF HeLaHuman Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, HeLa, antibody HPA041717; green = TIGD1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF HeLaHuman Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, HeLa, antibody HPA041717; green = TIGD1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for TIGD1 IHC & IF
🧪Run appendix first and score its glandular cells for TIGD1 staining (HPA: Medium in appendix glandular cells). Use adipose tissue as the negative tissue, where adipocytes are not detected (HPA: Not detected in adipocytes); on the appendix slide, assess other cells against the no-primary control as an internal background reference rather than assuming they lack TIGD1.
Positive control tissue: Appendix (Glandular cells, HPA Medium)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show TIGD1 in HeLa, MCF-7, U2OS, with annotated localisation: Nucleoli rim (approved), Mitotic chromosome (approved) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include no-primary (secondary-only) and concentration-matched isotype controls, matching the primary antibody’s host species and clonality; the selected caption identifies a rabbit primary (A17411-1 tissue-IHC caption). Use TIGD1 knockout material as a biological negative and quench endogenous peroxidase before HRP/DAB detection, particularly in appendix inflammatory cells (standard IHC practice; A17411-1 tissue-IHC caption: HRP/DAB detection).
⚠️Feasibility: No target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is reported in the supplied evidence, and the selected paraffin-section caption does not state the fixative (A17411-1 tissue-IHC caption: fixative unreported). That caption uses heat-mediated EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0, but does not establish that retrieval is required (A17411-1 tissue-IHC caption). A worked paraffin IHC example is available; the supplied evidence does not establish that frozen sections or IF are easier, and appendix inflammatory cells warrant attention to endogenous peroxidase background (A17411-1 tissue-IHC caption; standard IHC practice).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for TIGD1
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Approved — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data. Pending external verification.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appendix | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bronchus | Respiratory epithelial cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Caudate | Neuronal cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebral cortex | Neuronal cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced TIGD1 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot TIGD1 staining by checking nuclear localization, specimen handling, detection controls, and cell-specific scoring.
Which retrieval conditions should I start with for TIGD1 paraffin-section IHC?
Start with heat-mediated retrieval in EDTA, pH 8.0 (datasheet A17411-1). The selected paraffin-section image used this retrieval before incubation with 2 μg/ml antibody overnight at 4°C (caption A17411-1). If nuclear staining is weak, compare a shorter and longer heating cycle on adjacent sections while keeping antibody concentration and detection constant (standard IHC practice). Assess nuclear signal alongside tissue integrity and background, because excessive heating can damage morphology and make a stronger DAB reaction harder to interpret (standard IHC practice). Record the heating device and cycle so the chosen condition can be reproduced (standard IHC practice).
How should I troubleshoot TIGD1 staining across differently fixed specimens?
Target-specific sensitivity to fixation is unknown: the selected paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (caption A17411-1). Document each specimen’s fixative and fixation duration, then compare sections processed with the same EDTA, pH 8.0 retrieval and detection conditions (datasheet A17411-1; standard IHC practice). If staining varies, inspect morphology and compare a consistent positive-control section in each run before changing antibody concentration (standard IHC practice). Avoid attributing weak signal to TIGD1-specific fixation effects without a controlled comparison; nuclear staining is the expected readout, but localization alone cannot identify the cause of signal loss (UniProt Q96MW7; standard IHC practice).
Where should convincing TIGD1 staining appear in a chromogenic section?
Score nuclear staining first: TIGD1 is annotated as nuclear, and tissue IHC reports nuclear expression in most tissues (UniProt Q96MW7; HPA tissue IHC). More detailed nucleoli-rim and mitotic-chromosome locations come from cellular imaging, with nucleoplasm and nuclear bodies also reported; section morphology may not resolve every pattern (HPA subcellular). Use a counterstain to identify intact nuclei, and compare DAB distribution with cell borders and tissue architecture at the same magnification (standard IHC practice). Predominantly diffuse cytoplasmic or extracellular signal should prompt review of background, retrieval, and detection controls before it is assigned to TIGD1 (UniProt Q96MW7; standard IHC practice).
Could TIGD1 domains or protein processing explain discrepant staining?
The supplied record lists one 591-aa chain and no annotated isoforms, signal peptide, propeptide, glycosylation sites, or modified residues (UniProt Q96MW7). It places HTH domains at residues 6–57 and 70–149, and a DDE-1 domain at 178–403, but supplies no antibody epitope (UniProt Q96MW7; caption A17411-1). Therefore, do not assign a staining difference to a specific domain or processed form without epitope information (standard IHC interpretation). Compare retrieval, specimen handling, and nuclear staining with a separately validated antibody where available; agreement supports specificity but does not locate the epitope (standard IHC practice).
How can IF help check a questionable TIGD1 IHC pattern?
Use IF as a separate localization check, since cellular imaging reports TIGD1 at the nucleoli rim and mitotic chromosomes, with additional nucleoplasmic and nuclear-body signal (HPA subcellular). Multiplex TIGD1 with a marker for the expected cell population, such as an epithelial marker when assessing glandular cells, plus a nuclear counterstain (HPA tissue IHC; standard IF practice). Choose fluorophores after checking the specimen’s autofluorescence and include single-color controls to assess bleed-through (standard IF practice). TIGD1 has no transmembrane segment and is nuclear, so permeabilize fixed cells to expose intracellular epitopes, then optimize that step for the specimen (UniProt Q96MW7; standard IF practice).
What should I check when TIGD1 DAB staining looks diffuse?
First compare the affected section with a no-primary control and inspect whether color follows nuclei, tissue edges, damaged regions, or endogenous pigment (standard IHC practice). The selected image used 10% goat-serum block, a peroxidase-linked secondary, and DAB, but those conditions establish an example rather than a universal background setting (caption A17411-1). Include an endogenous-peroxidase block in the chromogenic workflow and check secondary-antibody background, washing, and DAB development on matched sections (standard IHC practice). Because the expected tissue pattern is nuclear, widespread stromal or cytoplasmic color without corresponding nuclear staining warrants investigation before scoring (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice).
How should I quantify TIGD1 across tissue sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and nuclear positivity threshold before scoring, using the same exposure to chromogen and counterstain criteria across specimens (standard IHC practice). Report the percentage of positive nuclei and an H-score when intensity matters, using 0–3 intensity grades and a 0–300 score range (standard IHC practice). If counting spatially, report positive nuclei per mm² and normalize to evaluable tissue area; for cell-level comparisons, normalize to the number of intact target-cell nuclei (standard IHC practice). Keep nuclear and nonnuclear signal separate, because the reference tissue pattern is nuclear (HPA tissue IHC).
How do I distinguish true TIGD1 signal from staining artefact?
Favor reproducible nuclear staining in intact cells, since TIGD1 is nuclear and tissue IHC reports nuclear expression in most tissues (UniProt Q96MW7; HPA tissue IHC). Medium staining is reported in appendix glandular cells and bone-marrow hematopoietic cells, while adipocytes were not detected; use these observations as comparisons, not absolute controls (HPA tissue IHC). Check whether apparent positives cluster at section edges, necrotic areas, pigment deposits, or sites of residual endogenous-peroxidase activity, and review no-primary controls (standard IHC practice). HPA tissue reliability is approved but has medium staining-to-RNA consistency and awaits external verification, so confirm consequential conclusions independently (HPA tissue IHC).
Boster reagents
Best TIGD1 / Tigger transposable element-derived protein 1 IHC Antibodies
A17411-1 has IHC images from human paraffin sections and IF images from U20S cells and a human colon cancer section (catalog image captions); listed reactivity includes human, mouse, and rat (catalog reactivity).
Real IHC data
Anti-TIGD1 Antibody ®
Cat # A17411-1
A17411-1 has IHC images from human paraffin sections of cervical cancer, colorectal adenocarcinoma, ovarian cancer, and spleen (catalog IHC captions). Its IF images show U20S cells and a human colon cancer section; IHC, ICC, and IF are listed applications (catalog IF captions; catalog applications).
Which to pick: For tissue IHC, choose A17411-1: its paraffin-section images use EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 and 2 μg/ml antibody; the fixative is unreported (catalog IHC captions). For IF/ICC, the same SKU has IF images from U20S cells and a human colon cancer section at 5 μg/ml (catalog IF captions). For cross-species planning, it lists human, mouse, and rat reactivity, but its IHC dilution is specified for human and rat, its pictured IHC is human, and its clonality is unreported (catalog reactivity; catalog dilution; catalog IHC captions; catalog clone field).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q96MW7 (TIGD1_HUMAN, Tigger transposable element-derived protein 1).
- Human Protein Atlas. TIGD1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Approved).
- Human Protein Atlas. TIGD1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the nucleoli rim and mitotic chromosome. In addition localized to the nucleoplasm and nuclear bodies..
- Human Protein Atlas. TIGD1 antibody validation summary (1 antibodies).
- Exploring Cancer Dependency Map genes and immune subtypes in colon cancer, in which TIGD1 contributes to colon cancer progression. Aging 2023 — PMC10373975.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:15815621 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:15489334 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for TIGD1 (Tigger transposable element-derived protein 1). Expected localisation Nuclear staining in most tissues (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A17411-1). Validated IHC antibody: A17411-1 at 2-5 μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Appendix (Glandular cells); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human cervical cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A17411-1); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A17411-1); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A17411-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A17411-1); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-TIGD1, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A17411-1); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A17411-1). Watch for: Fixation: Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A17411-1); Caveat: Staining–RNA consistency is medium; verify the signal (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: No isoforms or cleavage annotated; epitope effects unknown (UniProt); Regulation: Regulation not annotated (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt Q96MW7, HPA tissue IHC · Approved, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the nucleoli rim and mitotic chromosome. In…, Datasheet A17411-1, PMC10373975. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/TIGD1/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.