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- Table of Contents
Facts about Tribbles homolog 2.
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Human | |
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Gene Name: | TRIB2 |
Uniprot: | Q92519 |
Entrez: | 28951 |
Belongs to: |
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protein kinase superfamily |
C5FW; FLJ57420; GS3955; TRB-2; TRB2tribbles homolog 2; tribbles homolog 2 (Drosophila)
Mass (kDA):
38.801 kDA
Human | |
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Location: | 2p24.3 |
Sequence: | 2; NC_000002.12 (12716872..12742734) |
Highly expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes.
Cytoplasm. Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton. May associate with the cytoskeleton.
What Are the Best Uses For The TRIB2 Protein? This article will discuss the TRIB2 Protein's function, its role in tumorigenesis, as well as its role being a repressor of FOXO. This protein may be new to you. The TRIB2 proteins are found in many tissues including the brain and are important for the regulation a number of genes.
The TRIB2 gene is a key marker for identifying cancer cells. This gene is regulated through EGFR and is associated with a variety of diseases including hematologic malignancies. TRIB2 has been linked to acute myelogenous lung cancer (AML). Although this gene has been linked with chemo resistance, it has not been shown to be associated with chemo–resistance. A new study using tumor specimens from cancer patients has looked into the link between unregulated TRIB2 & resistance chemotherapy drugs.
The TRIB2 marker in BosterBio reacts with Human, Mouse, and Rat proteins. It is stable at temperatures of -20°C for 6 months and can be stored at the same temperature for upto six months. Picoband 5mg boster bio TRIB2 antibody Picoband includes peptides from human TRIB2's middle region (175-211aa) and BSA. If you need a longer antibody, you can purchase a blocking peptide with the correct immunogen length.
BosterBio also uses the TRIB2 marker for a variety of cancer treatments. It inhibits lung-adenocarcinoma cell proliferation, suppresses metastasis from cancer cells, and suppresses them from proliferating. This molecule may not be effective in treating a particular type of cancer. To target cancer cells resistant to TRIB2 in Boster bio, siRNA-based treatments are important.
The TRIB2Marker is expressed in a variety o cancer cells. Its elevated levels are associated to poor prognosis. Among glioblastoma patients, high levels of TRIB2 are associated to resistance to temozolomide radiotherapy and temozolomide. Both MAP3K1 or TRIB2 could be used as prognostic biomarkers. If they are further studied, they could also be used to stratify a clinical strategy, identifying patients who might benefit from particular treatments.
TRIB2 is expressed by skin lesions. It is also associated with stage of melanoma and response to therapy. TRIB2 acts as a biomarker. It can also be used for the detection of circulating tumour cells, in peripheral blood, and lymph nodes. Furthermore, TRIB2 expression correlates with response to chemotherapy. Researchers suggest that TRIB2 might be a useful tool in diagnosing and monitoring the progression melanoma.
TRIB2 comes from the Tribbles proteins family. These proteins are serine/threonine/pseudokinases, with low affinity and residual Phosphortransferase ability. Trib2 binds a substrate and an enzyme, providing the proper configuration for degradation. It is important to identify potent ligands that are selective and powerful to make the tool effective.
This enzyme phosphorylates TRIB2's N-terminal serine-83 and promotes TRIB2's degradation via bTRCP and Smurf-1. It also interacts with other proteins, including the TRIB2 degradation domain. It is vital to degrade TRIB2 via these two pathways in human liver cells. TRIB2 is frequently used in cancer research.
TRIB2 comes from the TRIB group. It regulates normal haematopoiesis. This includes checkpoints in the thymopoiesis process and differentiation of intrathymic precursors. It also modulates monocyte, macrophage, and T-cell function. It negatively regulates NFkB (p100), a signaling pathway that is involved in TLR5, and a number of other activities. TRIB2 regulates the growth of GC, which is a key role in tumorigenesis.
It is not clear what role TRIB2 plays in AML. Studies in the past have shown that Trib2 inhibits progenitor cells of myeloid origin. In addition, increased binding of MT1 fusion protein to Trib2 promoter upregulated the expression of Trib2 mRNA and decreased the expression of Cebpa. Trib2-knockdown treatments were able to reduce this effect.
TRIB2 has been implicated with colorectal cancer, and pulmonary carcinomaid cell cancer. TRIB2 is involved in tumorigenesis and inhibits cellular senescence via AP4/p21 signals. These findings suggest that TRIB2 might be a novel tumor suppressor. TRIB2 has been implicated in colorectal carcinoma and promotes transcriptional activation. Although it is not known how TRIB2 functions in tumorigenesis, the fusion proteins have been implicated in both cancer development and leukemia.
The TRIB2 gene family regulates mitogen activated protein kinase, (MAPK), signaling. It inhibits TCF4/TCF-signaling. These processes are inhibited through TRIB2's association with ubiquitin E3 ligases. These effects suggest that Trib2 is an important tumor suppressor. These studies suggest that TRIB2 may play a critical role in tumorigenesis.
TRIB2 is an transcription factor that controls cell growth and cellular senescence, but it is not dependent on p53. It regulates expression of p53. Moreover, TRIB2 is overexpressed in cells and promotes cell growth. These findings highlight the critical role of TRIB2 on cell proliferation and senescence.
Although the mechanism for TRIB2 expression is not clear, studies have shown it to be involved in epigenetic regulation. Additionally, elevated TRIB2 levels can be caused by aberrant expression of certain oncogenes. Dysregulated C/EBPalpha and E2F1 levels are known to increase TRIB2 in human T-ALL cells and AML cells.
TRIB2 physically interacts with AP4 to promote binding to the p21 promotor. This interaction negatively influences the expression of protein 21. Additionally, knocking out p70S6K decreases the levels hyperphosphorylated TRIB2 while inducing hypophosphorylated forms. TRIB2 also plays a significant role in FOXO gene regulation.
Although the effect that TRIB2 has on Ub levels was demonstrated in several experiments and is now well-established, more research is needed to understand the exact mechanism. Both proteins impact the activity and numbers of proteasomes. However, the levels of TRIB2 depend on the amount and type of poly Ub, poly Ub-conj & conj & Poly Ub in proteasomes. The levels poly Ub are reduced when TRIB2 knocked down, and the levels conj & Ub increase when TRIB2 expression is performed.
Recently, scientists have identified the role of TRIB2 as a cell cycle regulator. While its role in cancer has not been completely clarified, it has been demonstrated that Trib2 can regulate the proliferation of various cell types, including stem cells and progenitors. Trib2 expression in HSC increases self-renewal capability, while its absence inhibits differentiation from MPP and CMP-derived cells.
It has both tumour suppressor and oncogenic properties in various types of cancers. TRIB2 expression levels in AML cells are associated with high mutation rates, and reduced TRIB2 expression correlates with drug resistance. Patients with ovarian cancer are at greater risk of developing drug resistance if TRIB2 expression is high. These conflicting roles might be due to the genetic makeup of the underlying cancers or the apoptosis regulator profile.
TRIB2's affinity for ATP is low, making it difficult for researchers to examine its ATP binding status. It regulates both the human and mouse cell cycles. It also degrades the C/EBPa protein and stimulates apoptosis via caspase dependent means. TRIB2 has innate immunity as well as a role in cell growth.
Tribbles, a gene known to regulate the cell's cycle, has been discovered by researchers. Drosophila has been able to identify members of the Trib Family, and three homologs in humans have been identified. The gene encodes pseudo-kinase proteins. Trib2 is similar in structure to its cousins, but lacks a metallic-binding motif. This protein is critical in the regulation many cellular processes including cell cycle and development.
Three independent whole genome microarray experiments showed that TRIB2 as a repression of FOXO was significantly downregulated in melanoma. This was supported by the fact ING4 expression was significantly reduced in metastatic melanoma specimens. Despite these findings further research is needed to clarify the significance and role of ING4 in melanoma.
The authors compared TRIB2 expression between patients with metastatic melanoma, normal skin, and between patients with stable and metastatic melanoma. However, these studies differed in the types of patients studied, with the former having a better prognostic indicator of melanoma progression.
These studies also revealed that TRIB1 was a novel repressor to FOXO for human melanoma. It is a novel disease gene discovered in human genetic studies. Further research is needed before we can determine if TRIB1 acts in human melanoma as a repressor to FOXO.
The TRIB2 Gene is a repressor foxa, which is a potent tumour suppressor. These genes regulate adherent cancer genes and could therefore be targets in cancer treatments. However, their effects on human cancer cells have been controversial. This is a crucial moment for developing new drug strategies. The new research has implications to cancer patients.
PMID: 15299019 by Kiss-Toth E., et al. Human tribbles, a protein family controlling mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades.
PMID: 15950723 by Zhang Y., et al. Identification of tribbles homolog 2 as an autoantigen in autoimmune uveitis by phage display.