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- Table of Contents
Plan paraffin IHC for U2AF2 around widespread nuclear staining (HPA tissue IHC). Compare high-staining glandular cells with low-staining glia or myocytes (HPA tissue IHC), and keep fixation consistent across sections.
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
| Expected localisation | Nuclear staining in tissue (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Widespread nuclear staining; high in glandular cells (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet M03639-1) | |
| Positive control | Adrenal gland+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | None in HPA (detected in all 45 tissues); use no-primary + isotype controls |
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image M03639-1) | |
| Caveat | Intensity varies by cell type despite broad expression (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | No specific expression regulator annotated (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 2 isoforms; antibody epitope coverage is unknown (UniProt) |
Compare the catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol with the published mouse aortic tissue IHC protocol (PMC12924209: histological staining).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human gallbladder adenocarcinoma tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet M03639-1) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet M03639-1); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet M03639-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet M03639-1) |
| Primary antibody | Mouse monoclonal (clone 3G9) anti-U2AF2, 2μg/ml (datasheet M03639-1) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet M03639-1) |
| Detection | Streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC), DAB chromogen (datasheet M03639-1) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | U2AF2-positive staining in glandular cells of adrenal gland (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Ubiquitous nuclear expression. No signal in the no-primary control. |
U2AF2 should stain nuclei across many cell types: UniProt places it in the nucleus and reports no transmembrane segment (UniProt P26368). In paraffin tissue, HPA describes ubiquitous nuclear expression, with high staining in several glandular cell populations, kidney tubule cells, and lymph node germinal center cells (HPA tissue IHC). HPA rates the tissue pattern Supported, with medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC).
| Nuclear chromogen appears in glandular cells of colon or duodenum, or in kidney tubule cells. | This matches high staining reported for those cells and the expected nuclear compartment (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P26368). Compare nuclei within the same section before scoring intensity: HPA levels describe observed patterns, not a required intensity for every cell or specimen (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Cytoplasmic or membranous staining dominates while nuclei are weak or unstained. | Treat this as a localisation mismatch: U2AF2 is nuclear and has no transmembrane segment (UniProt P26368). Review counterstained nuclei, the negative reagent control, and detection background before interpreting the extranuclear colour as U2AF2 (general IHC practice). |
| Strong staining is confined to a population reported as low, while expected positive cells are unstained. | HPA reports low staining in skeletal myocytes, smooth muscle cells, breast adipocytes, and some glial cells (HPA tissue IHC). This reversal raises cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity as possibilities; an HPA low designation alone does not make every stained cell a false positive (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| Colour spreads across extracellular space, section edges, or many compartments without clear nuclear boundaries. | Diffuse colour cannot be scored confidently as the nuclear U2AF2 pattern (UniProt P26368; general IHC practice). Check reagent-only controls and blocking, washing, and detection steps for nonspecific background (general IHC practice). |
| No nuclear staining appears in a known-positive control section. | Colon or duodenum glandular cells and kidney tubule cells are reported High by HPA (HPA tissue IHC). An unstained control makes a negative study section inconclusive; first check section integrity, antibody and detection steps, and control staining (general IHC practice). |
| Nuclear localisation and topology | UniProt assigns U2AF2 to the nucleus and reports no transmembrane segment (UniProt P26368). Score chromogen against counterstained nuclei; a surface or membrane pattern does not fit that annotation (general IHC practice; UniProt P26368). |
| Choice of tissue control | HPA reports High staining in adrenal, colon, duodenum, epididymis, fallopian tube, and gallbladder glandular cells, kidney tubule cells, and lymph node germinal center cells (HPA tissue IHC). Low-staining populations are weaker comparators, not verified negative controls (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Antibody evidence | HPA marks HPA043562 and CAB010910 Supported for IHC; HPA041943 has ICC support but no supplied IHC status (HPA antibody records). Interpret a new antibody's staining with its own controls rather than transferring that validation to it (general IHC practice). |
| Isoforms and epitope coverage | UniProt lists two U2AF2 isoforms and three RNA recognition motifs (UniProt P26368). The payload gives no antibody epitope or isoform coverage, so these annotations cannot predict which isoform a stain detects or explain a negative section. |
| IF/ICC Q: What localisation should be expected? | HPA reports supported nucleoplasmic and nuclear speckle localisation, with a cytokinetic bridge as an additional location (HPA subcellular ICC-IF). Those ICC-IF observations help interpret fluorescence images; they do not establish an IHC chromogen pattern in every tissue (HPA subcellular ICC-IF; HPA tissue IHC). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Positive-control nuclei are blank. | A failed staining or detection step is possible; HPA reports High staining in colon glandular and kidney tubule cells (HPA tissue IHC). | Verify that the control section and detection reagents worked, then review antibody dilution and retrieval against the antibody's IHC instructions (general IHC practice). Do not score study negatives until the control stains. |
| The section has strong cytoplasmic colour but little nuclear colour. | The dominant signal conflicts with nuclear U2AF2 localisation (UniProt P26368). Nonspecific binding or detection background may contribute (general IHC practice). | Compare with a negative reagent control, inspect counterstained nuclei, and reassess blocking and washing (general IHC practice). |
| Brown colour is widespread and obscures cell boundaries. | Diffuse detection background can hide a nuclear pattern (general IHC practice). | Check reagent-only controls and review antibody dilution, blocking, washing, and detection conditions one at a time (general IHC practice). Score only nuclei that remain distinguishable. |
| A low-staining cell population appears stronger than the chosen positive control. | HPA reports Low staining in populations including skeletal myocytes and some glial cells, but that designation is not absolute absence (HPA tissue IHC). | Confirm cell identity and compare staining with an HPA High control; investigate cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity using appropriate controls (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| An ICC-supported antibody gives an uncertain paraffin-section result. | HPA041943 is Supported for ICC, with no supplied IHC status; ICC support does not establish IHC performance (HPA antibody records). | Use an IHC-validated antibody and a positive tissue control to assess the paraffin-section result (HPA antibody records; HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| Nuclear intensity varies between tissue populations. | HPA reports ubiquitous nuclear expression alongside High and Low cell-specific levels, with medium consistency between staining and RNA data (HPA tissue IHC). | Record the cell population and nuclear intensity separately. Compare each with its HPA tissue entry and an internal control before calling variation a technical failure (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Supported — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Colon | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Duodenum | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Epididymis | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Fallopian tube | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| None in HPA: U2AF2 is detected in all 45 scored tissues. Use a no-primary (secondary-only) and an isotype control instead. | ||||
Troubleshoot chromogenic U2AF2 IHC by checking nuclear staining, section processing, controls, and scoring against the supplied tissue evidence.
Catalog anti-U2AF2 antibodies have paraffin-section IHC images from human tumors and mouse and rat spleen (catalog IHC captions), plus IF/ICC images from A549 and HeLa cells (catalog IF captions).
M03639-1 (clone 3G9) and M03639 (clone 10F4) each have paraffin-section IHC images from human gallbladder adenocarcinoma and IF/ICC images from A549 cells (catalog entries and image captions). A03639-2 has paraffin-section IHC images from human mammary cancer and mouse and rat spleen, plus an IF/ICC image from HeLa cells (A03639-2 image captions).
Which to pick: For tissue IHC, choose M03639-1 if a mouse monoclonal is preferred: clone 3G9 is listed for IHC, and its own image shows human gallbladder adenocarcinoma paraffin sections (M03639-1 catalog entry and IHC caption). For IF/ICC, A03639-2 has a documented 2 μg/ml HeLa cell example (A03639-2 IF caption). For IHC across the listed species, A03639-2 has separate human, mouse and rat paraffin-section images (A03639-2 IHC captions); the fixative is unreported in those captions (A03639-2 IHC captions).