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VDAC1 / Non-selective voltage-gated ion channel VDAC1 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for VDAC1
Plan VDAC1 staining in paraffin sections using the IHC-validated antibody and chromogenic detection (datasheet A01168-1). Compare cytoplasmic signal across cell types, including high staining in lung macrophages and low staining in adipocytes (HPA tissue IHC).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
VDAC1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Cytoplasmic tissue staining (HPA tissue IHC). | |
| Staining pattern | Cytoplasmic signal; high in lung macrophages (HPA tissue IHC). | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A01168-1) | |
| Positive control | Cerebellum+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | None in HPA (detected in all 45 tissues); use no-primary + isotype controls |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation conditions consistent across sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Cell-type intensity varies; adipocytes stain low (HPA tissue IHC). | |
| Regulation | Expression regulation unspecified (UniProt). | |
| Isoform / epitope | No annotated isoforms; epitope location unspecified (UniProt). |
Section 1
Recommended VDAC1 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody protocol uses EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval (datasheet A01168-1). The published IHC methods below cover breast tissue, oral lesions, and bone marrow smears (PMC7904344; PMC10093190; PMC8808998).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human lymphadenoma tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A01168-1) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A01168-1); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A01168-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A01168-1) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-VDAC1, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A01168-1) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A01168-1) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet A01168-1) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | VDAC1-positive staining in purkinje cells - cytoplasm/membrane of cerebellum (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Ubiquitous cytoplasmic expression. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval for the catalog antibody (datasheet A01168-1). The breast tissue method used microwave citrate pH 6.0 (PMC7904344).
Section 2
What Is the Expected VDAC1 Staining Pattern?
VDAC1 localises mainly to the mitochondrial outer membrane, with cell membrane localisation also reported; its 19 transmembrane segments support a membrane-associated interpretation (UniProt P21796 topology and subcellular location). In paraffin-section IHC, expect broadly distributed cytoplasmic staining, including strong staining in selected cell populations (HPA: ubiquitous cytoplasmic expression; High in lung macrophages and kidney collecting ducts). HPA rates the tissue IHC pattern Supported, with medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression (HPA: tissue IHC reliability).
| Cytoplasmic staining across many cells, strongest in lung macrophages or kidney collecting ducts. | This fits the reported broad distribution and High staining in those populations (HPA: ubiquitous cytoplasmic expression; High in lung macrophages and kidney collecting ducts). At light-microscope resolution, cytoplasmic chromogen does not identify individual mitochondrial membranes, so judge the overall compartment and cell distribution. |
| Strong nuclear staining dominates while expected cytoplasmic staining is weak or absent. | Treat this as a suspect compartment pattern: the reported tissue pattern is cytoplasmic, and UniProt places VDAC1 at mitochondrial outer and cell membranes (HPA: ubiquitous cytoplasmic expression; UniProt P21796 subcellular location). Review the matched negative control and detection background before assigning biological meaning. |
| An unannotated cell population stains more strongly than nearby annotated High cells. | A reversed local pattern can suggest cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity; it is not proof of either. Compare cells within the same section and inspect controls (HPA: High in lung macrophages, liver cholangiocytes and kidney collecting ducts). HPA describes ubiquitous expression, so staining outside named High populations is not automatically false (HPA: tissue IHC profile). |
| Chromogen spreads across extracellular areas or obscures cell boundaries. | Diffuse background makes compartment and cell-type calls unreliable. The supported reference is cellular, chiefly cytoplasmic staining (HPA: ubiquitous cytoplasmic expression). Check whether the negative control shows similar deposits, then reassess blocking, washes, detection exposure and counterstain as general IHC workflow checks. |
| A section containing an annotated High cell population has no detectable staining. | This is an inconclusive assay result before it is evidence of absent VDAC1. Check that the expected cells are present and identifiable, then review the antibody and detection controls (HPA: High in the listed cell populations; tissue IHC reliability Supported). HPA supplies no target-specific fixation-sensitivity claim. |
💡Expected VDAC1 appearanceCall the result positive when cellular cytoplasmic staining is broadly present and conspicuous in an annotated High population, such as lung macrophages or kidney collecting ducts; dominant nuclear or diffuse extracellular signal is suspect (HPA: ubiquitous cytoplasmic expression; High in those cells; UniProt P21796 subcellular location).
| Compartment and optical resolution | VDAC1 has 19 annotated transmembrane segments and is assigned primarily to the mitochondrial outer membrane, with cell membrane localisation also reported (UniProt P21796 topology and subcellular location). Routine chromogenic IHC supports a cellular distribution call, not direct identification of a mitochondrial membrane. |
| Choice of tissue reference | HPA reports High staining in several distinct populations, including Purkinje cells, cholangiocytes, macrophages and collecting ducts (HPA: tissue IHC). Thyroid glandular cells and adipocytes are Low, not negative controls (HPA: Low in those cells; negative list empty). Use identified High cells when assessing sensitivity. |
| Strength of antibody evidence | HPA lists 3 antibodies with IHC status Supported: HPA030780, CAB005885 and CAB072343 (HPA: antibody validation). The tissue-level Supported rating means medium consistency with RNA expression; it does not establish that every new stain or unexpected compartment is specific (HPA: tissue IHC reliability). |
| IF/ICC evidence boundary | The supplied HPA subcellular record has no main ICC-IF location and no cell lines with ICC-IF images (HPA: subcellular record). UniProt localisation can guide an IF interpretation, but this record cannot independently validate an IF pattern (UniProt P21796 subcellular location; HPA: subcellular record). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| No chromogenic signal in a section with identifiable annotated High cells. | The run may have failed at antibody incubation or detection; the slide alone cannot establish target absence (HPA: High in the annotated cells). | Confirm the expected cells are present, inspect the run controls, and review the IHC-validated antibody's stated IHC-P conditions and detection steps. Record the retrieval conditions used; no VDAC1-specific retrieval effect is established here. |
| Strong nuclear signal with little cytoplasmic staining. | The dominant compartment conflicts with the reported cytoplasmic tissue pattern and membrane localisation (HPA: tissue IHC profile; UniProt P21796 subcellular location). | Compare with a negative control, check counterstain and chromogen separation, and repeat with an IHC-validated antibody if the nuclear pattern persists (HPA: IHC Supported antibodies). |
| An unexpected cell population is the main positive area. | Cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity is possible, but HPA's ubiquitous profile also permits staining beyond its named High examples (HPA: tissue IHC profile). | Identify the cells morphologically, compare annotated High cells in the same section, and inspect a matched negative detection control before interpreting the distribution. |
| Diffuse staining or deposits appear outside cells. | Background can obscure the reported cellular, cytoplasmic pattern (HPA: ubiquitous cytoplasmic expression). The supplied sources do not identify a VDAC1-specific cause. | Compare the negative control, then review blocking, washes, detection exposure and chromogen development as general IHC steps. Reassess localisation only when cell boundaries are clear. |
| A Low HPA population shows faint staining. | Low is a reported staining level, not an absence call (HPA: Low in thyroid glandular cells and adipocytes; negative list empty). | Avoid scoring it as a failed negative control. Compare its intensity with an identified High population and use a separate negative detection control to evaluate background. |
| Q: Can an IF/ICC image confirm the same VDAC1 pattern? | The supplied HPA ICC-IF record provides neither a main location nor cell lines with ICC-IF images (HPA: subcellular record). | A: Use the mitochondrial outer membrane and reported cell membrane localisation as interpretation context (UniProt P21796 subcellular location). Treat IF/ICC validation as unresolved by this evidence; follow its separate guide for assay design. |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing VDAC1 staining
A01168-1 · IHCIHC analysis of Porin/VDAC1 using anti-Porin/VDAC1 antibody (A01168-1). Porin/VDAC1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human lym
A01168-1 · IHCIHC analysis of Porin/VDAC1 using anti-Porin/VDAC1 antibody (A01168-1). Porin/VDAC1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human bre
A01168-1 · IFIF analysis of Porin/VDAC1 using anti-Porin/VDAC1 antibody (A01168-1). Porin/VDAC1 was detected in an immunocytochemical section of HELA cel
M01168 · IHCIHC analysis of VDAC1/Porin using anti-VDAC1/Porin antibody (M01168). VDAC1/Porin was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human liver
M01168 · IHCIHC analysis of VDAC1/Porin using anti-VDAC1/Porin antibody (M01168). VDAC1/Porin was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human stoma
M01168 · IFImmunofluorescent analysis using the Antibody at 1:50 dilution.
PA1780 · IHCIHC analysis of VDAC/Porin/VDAC1 using anti-VDAC/Porin/VDAC1 antibody (PA1780). VDAC/Porin/VDAC1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section
PA1780 · IHCIHC analysis of VDAC/Porin/VDAC1 using anti-VDAC/Porin/VDAC1 antibody (PA1780). VDAC/Porin/VDAC1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section
PA1780 · IFIF analysis of VDAC/Porin/VDAC1 using anti-VDAC/Porin/VDAC1 antibody (PA1780). VDAC/Porin/VDAC1 was detected in an immunocytochemical sectio
PB9455 · IHCIHC analysis of VDAC using anti-VDAC antibody (PB9455). VDAC was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human intestinal cancer tissue.
PB9455 · IHCIHC analysis of VDAC using anti-VDAC antibody (PB9455). VDAC was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of rat cardiac muscle tissue. Heat
M01168-1 · IHCHuman kidney was stained with anti-VDAC1 rabbit antibody
M01168-1 · IHCHuman tonsil was stained with anti-VDAC1 rabbit antibody
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000213585-VDAC1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_19281287
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000213585-VDAC1/tissue/colon#imid_19281221
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000213585-VDAC1/tissue/liver#imid_19281214
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000213585-VDAC1/tissue/kidney#imid_19281215
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for VDAC1 IHC & IF
🧪Run kidney first: collecting duct cells should stain strongly (HPA: High in kidney collecting ducts). HPA lists no negative tissue because VDAC1 is detected in all 45 scored tissues (HPA); use no-primary and isotype controls for the negative comparison, and expect cells without specific DAB signal on the positive slide to show counterstain alone without treating them as validated VDAC1-negative cells.
Positive control tissue: Cerebellum (Purkinje cells - cytoplasm/membrane, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: None in HPA: VDAC1 is detected in all 45 scored tissues. Use a no-primary (secondary-only) and an isotype control instead.
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA carries no ICC-IF cell line for VDAC1; derive a cell-line control from the positive tissue's cell type (Purkinje cells - cytoplasm/membrane) and confirm it by RNA or western blot first.
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only section and a concentration-matched rabbit IgG isotype control (caption: rabbit primary antibody), plus a matched VDAC1 knockout specimen as a biological negative. Quench endogenous peroxidase for HRP/DAB detection and, if using avidin–biotin detection in kidney, control for endogenous biotin (caption: HRP/DAB detection; standard IHC practice).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the selected A01168-1 paraffin-section caption does not state the fixative (caption: fixative unreported). Heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 is documented for that IHC example, but whether retrieval is required is unreported (caption: heat retrieval in EDTA, pH 8.0). The supplied evidence does not establish whether frozen sections or IF are easier for VDAC1; kidney endogenous biotin can complicate avidin–biotin detection (standard IHC practice).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for VDAC1
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Supported — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cerebellum | Purkinje cells - cytoplasm/membrane | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Gallbladder | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Kidney | Collecting ducts | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Liver | Cholangiocytes | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Lung | Macrophages | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| None in HPA: VDAC1 is detected in all 45 scored tissues. Use a no-primary (secondary-only) and an isotype control instead. | ||||
Section 3
Advanced VDAC1 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot VDAC1 staining in paraffin sections using the catalog antibody’s tissue IHC example, expected localisation, and cell specific expression patterns.
Which retrieval conditions should I try first for weak VDAC1 staining?
Start with heat mediated retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 for paraffin sections (datasheet A01168-1). The catalog antibody produced VDAC1 staining in a paraffin embedded human lymphadenoma section after that retrieval, followed by 2 μg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C (datasheet A01168-1). If staining remains weak, compare a shorter and longer heating interval on matched sections while keeping the antibody concentration and detection conditions constant (standard IHC practice). Check whether cytoplasmic staining appears in expected positive cells, such as lymph node germinal center cells, before increasing detection intensity (HPA: High in lymph node germinal center cells; standard IHC practice).
Could fixation explain weak or uneven VDAC1 staining?
VDAC1 specific sensitivity to fixation is unknown from the supplied evidence: the catalog tissue caption identifies a paraffin embedded section but does not report its fixative (datasheet A01168-1). Record the fixative, fixation duration, section thickness, and processing history for each specimen so that staining differences can be assessed against handling differences (standard IHC practice). Compare sections processed together using the same EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval and 2 μg/ml primary antibody conditions reported for the catalog example (datasheet A01168-1; standard IHC practice). If staining varies between batches, include a consistently processed positive control and review morphology before assigning the variation to VDAC1 abundance (standard IHC practice).
Where should convincing VDAC1 staining appear in tissue sections?
Expect predominantly cytoplasmic staining at light microscope resolution because VDAC1 is assigned to the mitochondrial outer membrane and HPA describes ubiquitous cytoplasmic tissue expression (UniProt P21796 localisation; HPA: tissue IHC profile). A membrane associated pattern can also be plausible: UniProt lists the cell membrane and membrane rafts, while HPA reports high cytoplasmic or membrane staining in cerebellar Purkinje cells (UniProt P21796 localisation; HPA: High in Purkinje cells). Assess staining within intact cells and compare adjacent structures before calling a thin peripheral rim specific (standard IHC practice). Strong isolated nuclear staining should prompt review of controls and morphology because it does not match the supplied VDAC1 localisation assignments (UniProt P21796 localisation; standard IHC practice).
How should epitope location affect interpretation of VDAC1 IHC?
The supplied record annotates 0 isoforms and 19 transmembrane segments for VDAC1, but it does not identify this antibody’s epitope (UniProt P21796 isoforms and topology; datasheet A01168-1). Therefore, a change in staining cannot be assigned to a specific isoform or to masking of a particular membrane facing epitope from these data alone (UniProt P21796 isoforms and topology; standard IHC interpretation). UniProt records modified residues, including phosphorylation at positions 13 and 19, without establishing whether they affect antibody binding (UniProt P21796 modified residues). Compare retrieval conditions on matched sections and seek an independently mapped epitope or antibody before proposing an epitope specific mechanism (standard IHC practice).
How can I compare tissue IHC findings with VDAC1 immunofluorescence?
Use this as a comparison experiment rather than treating the paraffin section IHC caption as IF validation for the antibody (datasheet A01168-1). Multiplex VDAC1 with a marker for the cell population under study, such as macrophages in lung, where HPA reports high VDAC1 staining, and inspect both signals within the same cells (HPA: High in lung macrophages; standard IF practice). Select fluorophores after checking tissue autofluorescence and include single stain controls when evaluating overlapping channels (standard IF practice). Because the antibody epitope and its membrane facing side are unreported, determine whether permeabilisation is needed experimentally instead of assuming that the 19 segment topology identifies antibody access (UniProt P21796 topology; datasheet A01168-1; standard IF practice).
What should I check when VDAC1 DAB staining looks diffuse?
First compare the stained section with a no primary control to assess signal from detection reagents and endogenous peroxidase (standard IHC practice). The catalog example used 10% goat serum block, a peroxidase conjugated secondary antibody, and DAB development; these describe its staining workflow, not proof that every brown deposit is VDAC1 (datasheet A01168-1; standard IHC interpretation). Apply a peroxidase block and optimise washing and DAB development if background obscures cell boundaries (standard chromogenic IHC practice). Judge residual signal against intact cell morphology and the expected predominantly cytoplasmic pattern, while remembering that HPA describes broad tissue expression and offers no negative tissue in this payload (HPA: tissue IHC profile; standard IHC practice).
How should I score VDAC1 across regions with different cell populations? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and region before scoring because HPA reports high VDAC1 staining in selected cells, including kidney collecting ducts and lung macrophages (HPA: High in collecting ducts; HPA: High in macrophages). For chromogenic sections, report the percentage of positive cells and an intensity weighted H score within each prespecified population, using the same scoring thresholds across specimens (standard IHC practice). Normalise counts to the number of evaluable cells or the measured tissue area in mm², and exclude necrotic or poorly preserved regions by a consistent rule (standard IHC practice). Keep acquisition, DAB development, and counterstain settings comparable, and interpret intensity differences cautiously when processing batches differ (standard IHC practice).
How can I distinguish true VDAC1 signal from staining artefacts?
A credible result follows intact cell morphology and a predominantly cytoplasmic pattern, consistent with mitochondrial outer membrane localisation and HPA tissue staining (UniProt P21796 localisation; HPA: tissue IHC profile). Check whether strongly stained cells match the expected population in that tissue, such as lymph node germinal center cells or lung macrophages, while allowing for HPA’s broadly distributed cytoplasmic expression (HPA: High in germinal center cells; HPA: High in macrophages; HPA: tissue IHC profile). Treat nuclear only deposits, section edge enrichment, and staining confined to necrosis as reasons to inspect morphology and controls (UniProt P21796 localisation; standard IHC practice). A no primary control and peroxidase block help identify detection background or endogenous enzyme activity before assigning DAB signal to VDAC1 (standard chromogenic IHC practice).
Boster reagents
Best VDAC1 / Non-selective voltage-gated ion channel VDAC1 IHC Antibodies
The catalog includes anti-VDAC1 antibodies with IHC images from human, mouse and rat tissues (catalog IHC captions), plus IF images from HeLa cells and paraffin sections (catalog IF captions).
Real IHC data
Anti-Porin/VDAC1 Antibody ®
Cat # A01168-1
Real IHC data
Anti-VDAC1/Porin Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody
Cat # M01168
Real IHC data
Anti-VDAC/Porin/VDAC1 Antibody ®
Cat # PA1780
Real IHC data
Anti-VDAC/Porin/VDAC1 Antibody ®
Cat # PB9455
Real IHC data
Anti-VDAC1 Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody
Cat # M01168-1
A01168-1 has IHC images from human lymphadenoma, breast cancer, colorectal adenocarcinoma and liver cancer (A01168-1 IHC captions); M01168 from human liver and stomach cancer and mouse and rat heart (M01168 IHC captions); PA1780 from human liver, lung, ovarian and urothelial cancers (PA1780 IHC captions). PB9455 has IHC images from human intestinal cancer and mouse and rat cardiac muscle (PB9455 IHC captions); M01168-1 has stained human tonsil and human, mouse and rat kidney images (M01168-1 IHC captions).
Which to pick: For paraffin-section chromogenic IHC, start with A01168-1: its caption documents EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0, 2 μg/ml primary antibody and DAB detection in human lymphadenoma; the fixative is unreported (A01168-1 IHC caption). For IF/ICC, A01168-1 has a 5 μg/ml HeLa-cell IF example and IF images from paraffin sections of human intestinal cancer and mouse and rat cardiac muscle (A01168-1 IF captions). For cross-species tissue IHC, M01168 is a rabbit monoclonal with paraffin-section IHC images from human liver cancer and mouse and rat heart; its captions do not report the fixative (M01168 catalog clone and IHC captions).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry P21796 (VDAC1_HUMAN, Non-selective voltage-gated ion channel VDAC1).
- Human Protein Atlas. VDAC1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Supported).
- Human Protein Atlas. VDAC1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Highest expression in HBEC3-KT: 648.1 nTPM.
- Human Protein Atlas. VDAC1 antibody validation summary (3 antibodies).
- VDAC1 Conversely Correlates with Cytc Expression and Predicts Poor Prognosis in Human Breast Cancer Patients. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 2021 — PMC7904344.
- Oxidative phosphorylation patterns in pituitary adenoma/neuroendocrine tumors. Pituitary 2026 — PMC12979347.
- Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel 1 Expression in Oral Malignant and Premalignant Lesions. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 2023 — PMC10093190.
- Identification and validation of serum autoantibodies in children with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia by serological proteome analysis. Proteome science 2022 — PMC8808998.
- PubMed PMID:8420959 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:10501981 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:10772903 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for VDAC1 (Non-selective voltage-gated ion channel VDAC1). Expected localisation Cytoplasmic tissue staining (HPA tissue IHC).. Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A01168-1). Validated IHC antibody: A01168-1 at 2-5 μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Cerebellum (Purkinje cells - cytoplasm/membrane); negative None in HPA (detected in all 45 tissues); use no-primary + isotype controls. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human lymphadenoma tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A01168-1); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A01168-1); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A01168-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A01168-1); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-VDAC1, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A01168-1); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A01168-1). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation conditions consistent across sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Cell-type intensity varies; adipocytes stain low (HPA tissue IHC).; Isoform / epitope: No annotated isoforms; epitope location unspecified (UniProt).; Regulation: Expression regulation unspecified (UniProt).. Evidence: UniProt P21796, HPA tissue IHC · Supported, HPA cell-line RNA · Highest expression in HBEC3-KT: 648.1 nTPM, Datasheet A01168-1, PMC7904344, PMC10093190. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/VDAC1/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.