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AKR1D1 / Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member D1 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for AKR1D1
Plan chromogenic IHC on paraffin sections with the catalog antibody at 0.5–1 μg/ml (datasheet M05278). Use liver hepatocytes as a positive reference and assess cytoplasmic staining with the reported off-target caveat in mind (HPA tissue IHC).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
AKR1D1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Cytoplasmic in liver tissue (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Hepatocytes: medium cytoplasmic staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet M05278) | |
| Positive control | Liver | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Presumed off-target staining has been observed (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Liver-enriched expression (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 3 isoforms; epitope coverage is unknown (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended AKR1D1 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol (datasheet M05278) is accompanied by 2 published AKR1D1 paraffin IHC protocols (PMC8417905; PMC7906155).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human liver cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet M05278) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet M05278); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet M05278); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet M05278) |
| Primary antibody | Mouse monoclonal (clone 6I4) anti-AKR1D1, 0.5-1μg/ml (datasheet M05278) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet M05278) |
| Detection | Streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC), DAB chromogen (datasheet M05278) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | AKR1D1-positive staining in hepatocytes of liver (HPA tissue IHC: Medium). HPA tissue profile: Selective cytoplasmic expression in liver. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval for the catalog antibody (datasheet M05278). The published protocols use high-pressure or unspecified antigen retrieval (PMC8417905; PMC7906155).
Section 2
What Is the Expected AKR1D1 Staining Pattern?
AKR1D1 is a cytoplasmic protein with no transmembrane segment (UniProt P51857). In paraffin-section IHC, expect selective cytoplasmic staining of liver hepatocytes at medium intensity (HPA tissue IHC). HPA rates the tissue pattern Enhanced, while noting medium consistency with RNA expression and presumed off-target staining that was disregarded (HPA tissue IHC). Interpret other staining against that qualified reference pattern.
| Hepatocytes show clear cytoplasmic chromogen, with nuclei less stained than cytoplasm (HPA tissue IHC). | This matches the reported medium-level hepatocyte signal and selective liver pattern (HPA tissue IHC). Assess cells and compartments, not just whether the section looks brown. A liver positive control should show recognizable hepatocyte cytoplasm without widespread staining of unrelated structures (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| Nuclei dominate the signal in liver IHC, with little hepatocyte cytoplasmic staining. | That differs from the reported liver IHC pattern (HPA tissue IHC). Check the counterstain, chromogen distribution and antibody controls before calling nuclear IHC positive. HPA separately reports nucleoplasm as the main ICC-IF location, so a nuclear IF image alone does not resolve an unexpected paraffin IHC result (HPA subcellular ICC-IF). |
| Cells outside the expected hepatocyte population stain strongly, including a tissue reported as negative (HPA tissue IHC). | Treat this as a specificity or detection concern, especially because HPA disregarded presumed off-target binding in its tissue assessment (HPA tissue IHC). Cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity can mimic a positive IHC result (general IHC practice); compare a tissue-matched negative control and a no-primary control before assigning AKR1D1 expression. |
| Hepatocytes and surrounding tissue have an even haze or poorly defined brown signal. | Diffuse staining lacks the selective cytoplasmic distribution reported for hepatocytes (HPA tissue IHC). Review no-primary controls, blocking, washes and detection chemistry for nonspecific background (general IHC practice). Do not score uniform slide-wide color as cellular AKR1D1 staining solely because liver is the expected positive tissue (HPA tissue IHC). |
| No convincing hepatocyte cytoplasmic signal appears in the liver control. | That conflicts with the reported medium-level hepatocyte staining (HPA tissue IHC), but a single negative section cannot establish absent AKR1D1. Check section integrity, the catalog antibody’s IHC-P conditions and detection controls (general IHC practice). Confirm that the tissue contains assessable hepatocytes before interpreting an experimental negative. |
💡Expected AKR1D1 appearanceCall positive when hepatocytes show distinct, medium-level cytoplasmic staining (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P51857); dominant nuclear color or widespread staining of cells reported negative is a result to investigate, not the reference liver IHC pattern (HPA tissue IHC).
| Positive tissue and cell type | Liver hepatocytes are the supplied medium-level IHC positive reference (HPA tissue IHC). UniProt describes liver as highly expressing AKR1D1 (UniProt P51857). Use hepatocyte localization when judging a run; tissue-wide color by itself is less informative than a cell-resolved pattern (general IHC practice). |
| Negative tissue comparison | HPA reports adipocytes in adipose tissue and glandular cells in adrenal gland as not detected, among other listed examples (HPA tissue IHC). These are comparison patterns, not proof that every specimen from those tissues must be entirely colorless (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| IHC antibody evidence | HPA057002 has Enhanced IHC validation, and HPA’s tissue summary also flags medium RNA agreement and disregarded presumed off-target binding (HPA antibodies; HPA tissue IHC). Give greatest weight to the reported hepatocyte cytoplasmic pattern while checking unexpected staining with controls; Enhanced does not make every positive cell specific. |
| Cellular topology | AKR1D1 is annotated as cytoplasmic, without a transmembrane segment, signal peptide, propeptide or annotated modified residues (UniProt P51857). These annotations support a cytoplasmic interpretation; they do not identify the antibody epitope or establish any AKR1D1-specific fixation or antigen-retrieval effect. |
| Alternative isoforms | UniProt lists 3 isoforms (UniProt P51857). The supplied record gives no isoform-specific IHC pattern or antibody epitope, so a difference between samples cannot be assigned to an isoform from staining alone. Keep the interpretation at the protein-pattern level unless separate isoform evidence becomes available. |
| IF/ICC Q: Should nucleoplasmic staining be expected? | A: HPA reports nucleoplasm as the main ICC-IF location and cytosol as an additional location (HPA subcellular ICC-IF). HPA057002 is rated Uncertain for ICC (HPA antibodies). This is separate from the selective cytoplasmic liver IHC result; evaluate IF/ICC on its own guide page, without treating its pattern as an IHC-P protocol option. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Liver control is blank or much weaker than the reported medium hepatocyte pattern (HPA tissue IHC). | A failed staining or detection step, unsuitable section, or an unoptimized IHC-P condition is possible (general IHC practice). The supplied sources do not establish an AKR1D1-specific fixation sensitivity. | Check tissue morphology and hepatocyte content, then verify the catalog antibody’s actual IHC-P instructions and reagent controls. Review retrieval and detection as general IHC variables; do not infer a target-specific retrieval requirement from HPA staining (general IHC practice). |
| Nuclear chromogen predominates in paraffin liver IHC. | The distribution does not match HPA’s selective cytoplasmic liver IHC report (HPA tissue IHC). Nucleoplasmic ICC-IF localization is a separate observation (HPA subcellular ICC-IF). | Compare nuclear counterstain with chromogen in a no-primary section and inspect hepatocyte cytoplasm. Reassess antibody specificity if nuclear color persists, documenting the IHC/ICC difference rather than merging the two readouts (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC). |
| A reported negative cell population shows strong staining (HPA tissue IHC). | Nonspecific antibody binding or endogenous enzyme activity may account for unexpected chromogen (general IHC practice). HPA’s reliability note also records presumed off-target staining that was disregarded (HPA tissue IHC). | Compare a no-primary control and an appropriate tissue comparison; check endogenous enzyme blocking for the chosen chromogenic system (general IHC practice). Report the unexpected cell type explicitly and avoid calling it AKR1D1 positive without corroboration. |
| Brown haze obscures hepatocyte borders or fills the whole section. | Excess background from antibody, blocking, washing or detection can obscure cell localization (general IHC practice). A uniform haze differs from HPA’s selective cytoplasmic hepatocyte pattern (HPA tissue IHC). | Inspect the no-primary control, wash performance and detection background, then adjust only the variables identified by those controls (general IHC practice). Score AKR1D1 only where hepatocyte cytoplasm remains clearly distinguishable (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Only scattered cells stain in a liver section despite intact hepatocytes. | The distribution is less convincing than the reported hepatocyte pattern (HPA tissue IHC). Patchy technical staining or an atypical specimen could contribute; these sources do not establish which explanation applies. | Examine morphology and control sections, document which cell types stain, and repeat using the catalog antibody’s IHC-P guidance if the controls are unsatisfactory (general IHC practice). Keep the result indeterminate until the cellular pattern can be assessed. |
| An IF/ICC image appears nuclear while the liver IHC slide appears cytoplasmic. | HPA reports mainly nucleoplasmic ICC-IF localization with additional cytosol, but selective cytoplasmic liver tissue IHC (HPA subcellular ICC-IF; HPA tissue IHC). The listed antibody’s ICC status is Uncertain (HPA antibodies). | Record assay, specimen and antibody validation separately. Judge this paraffin IHC result against hepatocyte cytoplasmic staining (HPA tissue IHC); use the separate IF/ICC guide for fluorescence controls and localization assessment. |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing AKR1D1 staining
M05278 · IHCIHC analysis of AKR1D1 using anti-AKR1D1 antibody (M05278). AKR1D1 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human liver cancer tissue. H
M05278 · IHCIHC analysis of AKR1D1 using anti-AKR1D1 antibody (M05278). AKR1D1 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human liver cancer tissue. H
A05278-2 · IHCIHC analysis of AKR1D1 using anti-AKR1D1 antibody (A05278-2). AKR1D1 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human liver cancer tissue.
A05278-2 · IFIF analysis of AKR1D1 using anti-AKR1D1 antibody (A05278-2). AKR1D1 was detected in immunocytochemical section of U2OS cells. Enzyme antigen
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000122787-AKR1D1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_16181791
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000122787-AKR1D1/tissue/colon#imid_16181709
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000122787-AKR1D1/tissue/liver#imid_16181710
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000122787-AKR1D1/tissue/kidney#imid_16181711
HPA · ICC-IF Hep-G2Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, Hep-G2, antibody HPA057002; green = AKR1D1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF Hep-G2Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, Hep-G2, antibody HPA057002; green = AKR1D1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for AKR1D1 IHC & IF
🧪Run liver first and expect hepatocyte staining (HPA: Medium in hepatocytes); use adipose tissue as the negative tissue and expect adipocytes to remain unstained (HPA: Not detected in adipocytes). On the liver slide, treat non-hepatocyte cells as internal negative candidates only after confirming their identity and absence of signal; HPA reports staining for hepatocytes but does not establish that every other cell type is negative (HPA: Medium in hepatocytes).
Positive control tissue: Liver (Hepatocytes, HPA Medium)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show AKR1D1 in Hep-G2, U-251MG, U2OS, with annotated localisation: Nucleoplasm (approved) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only control, a mouse IgG isotype control matched to the primary antibody, and an AKR1D1-knockout biological negative where available (caption: mouse anti-AKR1D1 antibody). For liver sections, block endogenous peroxidase for DAB detection and assess endogenous biotin background when using the caption’s streptavidin–biotin detection system (caption: SABC with DAB).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the selected M05278 tissue-IHC caption does not state the fixative (caption: fixative not stated). The reported paraffin-section result used heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0; this supports starting with that retrieval condition but does not establish that retrieval is required for every specimen (caption: EDTA heat retrieval). The supplied evidence does not establish whether frozen sections or IF/ICC are easier; with the reported biotin-based liver detection, check for endogenous biotin background (caption: SABC with DAB).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for AKR1D1
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data. Presumed off target binding observed and disregarded.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liver | Hepatocytes | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced AKR1D1 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot AKR1D1 staining in paraffin sections using the catalog antibody’s tissue image, tissue expression evidence and appropriate IHC controls.
What retrieval conditions should I try when AKR1D1 staining is weak?
Start with heat mediated antigen retrieval in EDTA pH 8.0 for paraffin sections (datasheet M05278). The selected tissue image used this retrieval before overnight incubation at 4°C with 1 μg/ml catalog antibody (datasheet M05278). If staining remains weak, test an alternative retrieval buffer on adjacent sections while keeping antibody concentration and detection conditions constant (standard IHC practice). Include liver hepatocytes as a positive tissue reference because they show selective cytoplasmic staining (HPA: liver tissue IHC). Record heating and cooling conditions for each run so a change in signal can be attributed to retrieval (standard IHC practice).
Could fixation explain inconsistent AKR1D1 staining between paraffin specimens?
Target specific fixation sensitivity is unknown: the selected paraffin tissue caption does not state its fixative (datasheet M05278). Record the fixative, fixation duration and processing history for each specimen before comparing AKR1D1 staining (standard IHC practice). If specimens were processed differently, compare matched sections using the same EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval and 1 μg/ml primary antibody conditions (datasheet M05278; standard IHC practice). Judge any change alongside morphology and a no primary control, since poor preservation or uneven processing can complicate chromogenic interpretation (standard IHC practice). Do not assign a target specific fixation effect without a controlled comparison (standard IHC practice).
Where should a convincing AKR1D1 signal appear in liver IHC?
Look first for cytoplasmic staining in hepatocytes: tissue IHC reports selective cytoplasmic liver expression and medium staining in hepatocytes (HPA: tissue IHC). AKR1D1 is annotated as cytoplasmic and has no transmembrane segment, so a sharp membrane only pattern needs further validation (UniProt P51857: subcellular location and topology). An independent cell imaging dataset reports nucleoplasm as its main location and cytosol as an additional location, so nuclear staining alone cannot settle specificity (HPA: subcellular). Compare the cell type and compartment across adjacent sections, with a no primary control and consistent DAB development (standard IHC practice). Interpret discordant patterns with the antibody’s epitope information and orthogonal expression evidence (standard IHC practice).
Can this antibody distinguish AKR1D1 isoforms or a masked epitope?
AKR1D1 has 3 listed isoforms, but the supplied antibody caption does not identify its epitope (UniProt P51857: isoforms; datasheet M05278). Therefore, staining with this catalog antibody cannot by itself establish which isoform is present (standard IHC interpretation). Check the antibody’s disclosed immunogen or epitope against each isoform before making an isoform specific claim (standard IHC practice). The protein has no annotated transmembrane segment, glycosylation sites or modified residues in the supplied record; these annotations do not establish whether fixation masks this antibody’s epitope (UniProt P51857: topology and processing). If an epitope specific control becomes available, compare it under the same EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval conditions (datasheet M05278; standard IHC practice).
How should I assess AKR1D1 in a multiplex IF experiment?
Treat IF/ICC as a separate antibody validation: the selected catalog image documents paraffin IHC with DAB, not IF performance (datasheet M05278). Pair AKR1D1 with a validated hepatocyte marker when examining liver, since hepatocytes are the reported positive cell type in tissue IHC (HPA: tissue IHC; standard IF practice). Choose spectrally separated fluorophores and consider a far red channel plus an unstained control to assess tissue autofluorescence (standard IF practice). Because AKR1D1 is annotated as cytoplasmic with no transmembrane segment, use permeabilisation suitable for intracellular epitopes and validate its effect on morphology (UniProt P51857: location and topology; standard IF practice). Assess cytosolic and nuclear signal separately because cell imaging reports both locations (HPA: subcellular).
How can I reduce diffuse brown staining in the AKR1D1 assay?
The selected paraffin IHC image used 10% goat serum blocking, a biotinylated secondary antibody, streptavidin biotin complex and DAB (datasheet M05278). Start with a no primary section to assess detection background, then check washing and secondary antibody binding on matched sections (standard IHC practice). Include an endogenous peroxidase block in the chromogenic workflow and assess whether endogenous biotin contributes to signal with this biotin based detection system (standard IHC practice; datasheet M05278). Keep DAB development consistent so stronger brown colour is not mistaken for more AKR1D1 (standard IHC practice). Review background against the expected hepatocyte cytoplasmic pattern rather than treating all brown tissue staining as positive (HPA: tissue IHC; standard IHC practice).
How should I score AKR1D1 staining across liver sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the region and viable cell population before scoring, then assess hepatocyte cytoplasmic staining because that is the reported liver tissue pattern (HPA: tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). An H-score combines the percentages of cells at intensity grades 0–3, yielding a possible score of 0–300 (standard IHC practice). Alternatively, report the percentage of positive hepatocytes and the positivity threshold alongside each result (standard IHC practice). Normalise counts to evaluable hepatocytes, or area measurements to viable tissue area in mm², using the same rule across sections (standard IHC practice). Keep retrieval, antibody incubation and DAB development consistent before comparing specimens (datasheet M05278; standard IHC practice).
What would make an apparent AKR1D1 positive section unconvincing?
A convincing liver result includes hepatocyte cytoplasmic staining, consistent with the selective tissue IHC pattern and cytoplasmic annotation (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt P51857: location). Signal confined to an unexpected cell population or membrane warrants review, although cell imaging also reports nucleoplasmic localisation (HPA: tissue IHC and subcellular; UniProt P51857: topology). Exclude section edge staining, necrotic regions and signal in a no primary control before calling a specimen positive (standard IHC practice). Check endogenous peroxidase and biotin contributions when interpreting this DAB and biotin based workflow (datasheet M05278; standard IHC practice). HPA notes presumed off target binding in its tissue assessment, so morphology alone cannot prove antibody specificity (HPA: reliability description).
Boster reagents
Best AKR1D1 / Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member D1 IHC Antibodies
Both antibodies have IHC images from paraffin-embedded human liver cancer tissue (catalog IHC captions); A05278-2 also has IF data from U2OS cells (catalog IF caption). Both list human, mouse, and rat reactivity (catalog).
Real IHC data
Anti-AKR1D1 Antibody ® (monoclonal, 6I4)
Cat # M05278
Real IHC data
Anti-AKR1D1 Antibody ®
Cat # A05278-2
M05278, a mouse monoclonal antibody, has an IHC image from paraffin-embedded human liver cancer tissue (catalog: M05278 IHC caption). A05278-2, a rabbit antibody, has an IHC image from paraffin-embedded human liver cancer tissue and an IF image from U2OS cells (catalog: A05278-2 IHC and IF captions).
Which to pick: For paraffin-section IHC, either SKU has its own human tissue image using EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 and 1 μg/ml primary antibody (catalog: each SKU’s IHC caption); the fixative is unreported in both captions. Choose A05278-2 for IF/ICC because those applications are listed and its IF image uses U2OS cells at 4 μg/ml (catalog: A05278-2 applications and IF caption). Both SKUs list human, mouse, and rat reactivity for cross-species planning, while their IHC images show human tissue only (catalog: reactivity and IHC captions).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry P51857 (AK1D1_HUMAN, Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member D1).
- Human Protein Atlas. AKR1D1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Enhanced).
- Human Protein Atlas. AKR1D1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the nucleoplasm. In addition localized to the cytosol..
- Human Protein Atlas. AKR1D1 antibody validation summary (1 antibodies).
- Regulation Network and Prognostic Significance of Aldo-Keto Reductase (AKR) Superfamily Genes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Journal of hepatocellular carcinoma 2021 — PMC8417905.
- Diagnostic and prognostic values of AKR1C3 and AKR1D1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging 2021 — PMC7906155.
- PubMed PMID:7508385 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:11342103 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for AKR1D1 (Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member D1). Expected localisation Cytoplasmic in liver tissue (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet M05278). Validated IHC antibody: M05278 at 0.5-1μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Liver (Hepatocytes); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human liver cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet M05278); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet M05278); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet M05278); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet M05278); 8. Primary antibody: Mouse monoclonal (clone 6I4) anti-AKR1D1, 0.5-1μg/ml (datasheet M05278); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet M05278). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Presumed off-target staining has been observed (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: 3 isoforms; epitope coverage is unknown (UniProt); Regulation: Liver-enriched expression (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt P51857, HPA tissue IHC · Enhanced, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the nucleoplasm. In addition localized to the…, Datasheet M05278, PMC8417905, PMC7906155. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/AKR1D1/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.