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AKR1D1 / Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member D1 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for AKR1D1
Plan AKR1D1 paraffin IHC around cytoplasmic staining in liver hepatocytes (HPA tissue IHC). Start the IHC-validated antibody M05278 at 0.5–1 μg/mL and assess staining alongside controls (datasheet M05278).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
AKR1D1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Hepatocyte cytoplasm observed (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Selective, medium cytoplasmic staining in hepatocytes (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet M05278) | |
| Positive control | Liver | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation conditions consistent across sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Presumed off-target staining was observed and disregarded (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Expression is liver enriched (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 3 isoforms; confirm antibody epitope coverage (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended AKR1D1 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody protocol uses EDTA pH 8.0 heat-mediated retrieval (datasheet M05278). The published options describe AKR1D1 staining in paraffin sections (PMC8417905; PMC7906155).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human liver cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet M05278) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet M05278); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet M05278); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet M05278) |
| Primary antibody | Mouse monoclonal (clone 6I4) anti-AKR1D1, 0.5-1μg/ml (datasheet M05278) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet M05278) |
| Detection | Streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC), DAB chromogen (datasheet M05278) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | AKR1D1-positive staining in hepatocytes of liver (HPA tissue IHC: Medium). HPA tissue profile: Selective cytoplasmic expression in liver. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval for the catalog antibody (datasheet M05278). The published methods report high-pressure retrieval or unspecified antigen repair (PMC8417905; PMC7906155).
Section 2
What Is the Expected AKR1D1 Staining Pattern?
AKR1D1 is cytoplasmic and has no transmembrane segment (UniProt P51857). In paraffin section IHC, expect selective cytoplasmic staining of liver hepatocytes, reported at medium intensity (HPA tissue IHC). HPA rates the tissue pattern Enhanced, while noting medium agreement with RNA data and presumed off target staining that was disregarded (HPA tissue IHC). Read unexpected staining against that qualification rather than treating every colored cell as AKR1D1.
| Hepatocytes show distinct cytoplasmic chromogen in liver. | This matches the selective liver pattern and medium hepatocyte staining reported by HPA (HPA tissue IHC), as well as cytoplasmic localization (UniProt P51857). Judge the cell pattern alongside the counterstain; staining intensity alone cannot establish specificity (general IHC practice). |
| Nuclear staining dominates the hepatocyte IHC signal, with little cytoplasmic staining. | This does not match the tissue IHC reference and may be artefactual (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). HPA separately reports nucleoplasmic ICC/IF localization, so investigate the discrepancy before calling nuclear staining specific in a paraffin section (HPA subcellular ICC/IF). |
| Adipocytes or adrenal glandular cells stain as strongly as hepatocytes. | HPA reports AKR1D1 as undetected in those listed cells (HPA tissue IHC). Consider antibody cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity, and compare with a no-primary control (general IHC practice). HPA's reliability note also acknowledges presumed off target staining (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Color spreads across tissue structures without a discernible hepatocyte cytoplasmic pattern. | Treat diffuse staining as background until controls clarify its source (general IHC practice). It cannot be scored as the selective hepatocyte result reported by HPA (HPA tissue IHC); check whether the same distribution appears without primary antibody (general IHC practice). |
| Liver hepatocytes show no signal despite an interpretable section and counterstain. | The expected positive tissue result is missing (HPA tissue IHC). Check assay controls and the catalog antibody's IHC-P instructions before interpreting this as absent AKR1D1; an unstained slide alone cannot distinguish assay failure from a biological negative (general IHC practice). |
💡Expected AKR1D1 appearanceCall a positive result when liver hepatocytes show selective, medium cytoplasmic staining (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P51857); diffuse staining or strong staining in HPA-negative cells is suspect (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice).
| Tissue and cell context | HPA reports selective cytoplasmic expression in liver hepatocytes, with medium staining; its sampled adipocytes and adrenal glandular cells were undetected (HPA tissue IHC). UniProt also reports high liver expression, expression in testis, and weak expression in colon (UniProt P51857). Those expression statements do not establish an IHC intensity for testis or colon. |
| IHC evidence quality | The tissue profile is rated Enhanced, but HPA describes only medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA data and says presumed off target staining was disregarded (HPA tissue IHC). HPA057002 has Enhanced IHC validation (HPA antibodies). Use the reported cell pattern with controls when judging an individual slide (general IHC practice). |
| Compartment and topology | UniProt assigns AKR1D1 to the cytoplasm and reports no transmembrane segment or signal peptide (UniProt P51857). These annotations support a cytoplasmic interpretation; they do not identify an antibody epitope or predict what antigen retrieval will do in a paraffin section. |
| Isoforms and target processing | UniProt lists three isoforms, one chain spanning residues 1–326, and no annotated propeptide or glycosylation sites (UniProt P51857). The supplied records do not specify which isoforms the IHC antibody recognizes; do not infer isoform selectivity from a staining pattern. |
| IF/ICC Q&A: should nuclear signal count as the expected IHC result? | No automatic transfer of the reference pattern: HPA's ICC/IF summary places AKR1D1 mainly in the nucleoplasm, with additional cytosol, while its tissue IHC profile is selective cytoplasmic liver staining (HPA subcellular ICC/IF; HPA tissue IHC). HPA057002 is rated Uncertain for ICC (HPA antibodies). Interpret IF/ICC with its separate guide and validation. |
| Fixation sensitivity | Target-specific effects of fixation or antigen retrieval are unreported in the supplied UniProt and HPA records. Use the catalog antibody's IHC-P instructions for assay setup; do not infer that a changed signal proves AKR1D1 epitope masking or loss. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| No hepatocyte staining in liver. | The observed result conflicts with HPA's medium hepatocyte staining reference (HPA tissue IHC); the assay step responsible is unknown. | Review the catalog antibody's IHC-P instructions, positive and no-primary controls, and whether detection worked on the run (general IHC practice). Do not assign a target-specific fixation cause from these sources. |
| Nuclei dominate a paraffin section. | The compartment conflicts with HPA tissue IHC, although HPA ICC/IF separately reports nucleoplasmic localization (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular ICC/IF). | Recheck the cytoplasmic pattern, counterstain, and controls before assigning specificity (general IHC practice). Report the assay-dependent discrepancy if it persists; do not use the ICC/IF result alone to validate nuclear IHC. |
| Adipocytes or adrenal glandular cells stain prominently. | These sampled cell types are reported as undetected by HPA; cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity is possible (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Compare matched no-primary and detection controls; review blocking and the detection system as general IHC checks. Interpret remaining signal cautiously given HPA's note about disregarded presumed off target staining (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Diffuse color obscures cell boundaries. | Nonspecific background or detection activity may prevent a readable cellular pattern (general IHC practice). | Check a no-primary control and the catalog antibody's IHC-P detection conditions; reassess only when hepatocyte cytoplasm can be distinguished from background (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC). |
| Scattered nonhepatocyte signal appears in liver. | It falls outside HPA's selective hepatocyte tissue profile, but morphology alone does not identify its source (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Record the cell distribution and compare it with no-primary controls and the hepatocyte signal (general IHC practice). Avoid scoring the scattered cells as AKR1D1 positive without supporting specificity evidence. |
| IF/ICC shows nucleoplasmic signal while IHC shows hepatocyte cytoplasm. | The two HPA assay summaries differ, and HPA057002 has Uncertain ICC validation (HPA subcellular ICC/IF; HPA tissue IHC; HPA antibodies). | Keep the paraffin section call tied to the tissue IHC reference; assess the IF/ICC observation under its own guide and controls (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). Do not treat either assay's compartment as proof that the other assay failed. |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing AKR1D1 staining
M05278 · IHCIHC analysis of AKR1D1 using anti-AKR1D1 antibody (M05278). AKR1D1 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human liver cancer tissue. H
M05278 · IHCIHC analysis of AKR1D1 using anti-AKR1D1 antibody (M05278). AKR1D1 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human liver cancer tissue. H
A05278-2 · IHCIHC analysis of AKR1D1 using anti-AKR1D1 antibody (A05278-2). AKR1D1 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human liver cancer tissue.
A05278-2 · IFIF analysis of AKR1D1 using anti-AKR1D1 antibody (A05278-2). AKR1D1 was detected in immunocytochemical section of U2OS cells. Enzyme antigen
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000122787-AKR1D1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_16181791
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000122787-AKR1D1/tissue/colon#imid_16181709
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000122787-AKR1D1/tissue/liver#imid_16181710
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000122787-AKR1D1/tissue/kidney#imid_16181711
HPA · ICC-IF Hep-G2Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, Hep-G2, antibody HPA057002; green = AKR1D1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF Hep-G2Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, Hep-G2, antibody HPA057002; green = AKR1D1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for AKR1D1 IHC & IF
🧪Run liver first: hepatocytes should stain (HPA: Medium in liver hepatocytes). Use adipose tissue as a negative, with adipocytes at background (HPA: Not detected in adipose adipocytes); on the liver slide, assess nonhepatocyte areas for background staining alongside hepatocytes (HPA: Medium in liver hepatocytes).
Positive control tissue: Liver (Hepatocytes, HPA Medium)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show AKR1D1 in Hep-G2, U-251MG, U2OS, with annotated localisation: Nucleoplasm (approved) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include no-primary (secondary-only) and concentration- and subclass-matched mouse IgG isotype controls for the mouse catalog antibody (selected-SKU caption: mouse primary). A target knockout sample, if available, provides a biological negative; block endogenous peroxidase and biotin when using the caption’s streptavidin–biotin/DAB detection on liver tissue (selected-SKU caption: SABC/DAB).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption does not state a fixative (selected-SKU caption: fixative unreported). The reported paraffin-section procedure uses heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 and 1 μg/mL primary antibody overnight at 4°C; retrieval dependence beyond that procedure is unreported (selected-SKU caption). The supplied evidence does not establish whether frozen sections or IF are easier; interpret IF localisation cautiously because UniProt reports cytoplasm while HPA ICC-IF reports mainly nucleoplasm with additional cytosol staining (UniProt P51857 subcellular location; HPA: subcellular localisation).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for AKR1D1
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data. Presumed off target binding observed and disregarded.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liver | Hepatocytes | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced AKR1D1 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot AKR1D1 staining in paraffin sections using the catalog antibody’s IHC conditions, tissue controls and compartment-aware interpretation.
How should I adjust retrieval if AKR1D1 staining is weak?
Start with heat-mediated retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 (datasheet M05278). The selected paraffin-section example used this retrieval before overnight incubation at 4°C with 1 μg/ml primary antibody (datasheet M05278). If staining is weak, first check that sections reached the intended retrieval temperature, stayed covered by buffer, and were processed consistently across controls; then adjust heating duration in a small, matched series (general IHC practice). Use liver hepatocytes as a positive tissue control, and compare the cytoplasmic pattern and tissue integrity before accepting a stronger signal as improved AKR1D1 detection (HPA: liver hepatocytes, medium; HPA: selective cytoplasmic liver expression).
How can I troubleshoot variable AKR1D1 staining between fixed specimens?
Target-specific fixation sensitivity is unknown: the selected paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (datasheet M05278). Record the fixative, fixation duration, tissue thickness and processing history for every specimen, then compare sections processed together with the same retrieval and detection conditions (general IHC practice). If signal differs, run matched liver control sections beside the affected specimens and inspect morphology before changing primary-antibody concentration; liver hepatocytes provide an expected positive compartment for comparison (HPA: liver hepatocytes, medium; HPA: selective cytoplasmic expression). Treat differences linked to fixation history as possible preanalytical effects until a controlled comparison separates them from biological variation (general IHC practice).
What should I make of nuclear staining in AKR1D1 IHC?
Prioritise cytoplasmic staining in liver hepatocytes when reading tissue sections, because that is the reported tissue-IHC pattern (HPA: selective cytoplasmic expression in liver; HPA: liver hepatocytes, medium). AKR1D1 is also annotated as cytoplasmic and has no transmembrane segment (UniProt P51857: subcellular location and topology). Nuclear signal deserves careful review because separate ICC/IF data place AKR1D1 mainly in the nucleoplasm, with additional cytosolic localisation; those observations do not establish the expected pattern for this chromogenic tissue section (HPA: subcellular). Compare intact cells, the liver control and a no-primary control before scoring nuclear staining, especially where counterstain or precipitate obscures compartments (general IHC practice).
Could isoforms or epitope masking explain discordant AKR1D1 sections?
AKR1D1 has 3 annotated isoforms, while the supplied product caption does not identify which epitope the catalog antibody recognises (UniProt P51857: isoforms; datasheet M05278). Therefore, a staining difference cannot be assigned to a particular isoform from this IHC result alone (UniProt P51857: isoforms; datasheet M05278). If sections differ, compare retrieval and fixation histories, then stain matched controls in the same run and inspect cytoplasmic hepatocyte signal (general IHC practice; HPA: selective cytoplasmic liver expression). The protein has no annotated signal peptide, propeptide, glycosylation site or modified residue, but those annotations do not establish epitope accessibility after tissue processing (UniProt P51857: processing and modifications).
How should I check an IF result against this IHC guide?
Use this guide’s chromogenic liver pattern as a tissue reference: hepatocytes show cytoplasmic AKR1D1 staining (HPA: liver hepatocytes, medium; HPA: selective cytoplasmic expression). In a separate IF experiment, multiplex AKR1D1 with a hepatocyte marker whose specificity is established for the specimen, and choose spectrally separated fluorophores after checking tissue autofluorescence in an unstained section (general IF practice). For an intracellular epitope, optimise permeabilisation for cytosolic access and, if evaluating nuclear signal, for nuclear access without disrupting morphology; AKR1D1 lacks a transmembrane segment, while ICC/IF reports nucleoplasmic and cytosolic localisation (UniProt P51857: topology; HPA: subcellular). Keep IF fixation and antibody conditions distinct from the paraffin-section caption (datasheet M05278).
How do I distinguish AKR1D1 signal from chromogenic background?
Check whether DAB signal resolves to hepatocyte cytoplasm rather than diffuse tissue, vessels or section edges (HPA: selective cytoplasmic liver expression; general IHC practice). The selected example used a biotinylated secondary, streptavidin–biotin detection and DAB, so evaluate no-primary and secondary-only controls alongside a peroxidase block when investigating background (datasheet M05278; general IHC practice). Include a reagent control for the biotin-based detection system if staining persists in the absence of primary antibody (datasheet M05278; general IHC practice). Compare a liver section with a listed negative tissue, such as adipose tissue, while assessing cell type, morphology and staining intensity rather than treating every brown deposit as AKR1D1 (HPA: liver hepatocytes, medium; HPA: adipocytes not detected).
What is a defensible way to quantify AKR1D1 IHC? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the scored compartment as hepatocyte cytoplasm before reviewing experimental groups (HPA: selective cytoplasmic liver expression). For comparable liver regions, record the percentage of positive hepatocytes and an intensity category, then calculate an H-score if that scoring scheme was set in advance (general IHC practice). Normalise counts to evaluable hepatocytes or sampled viable tissue area, reported in mm², and exclude folds, necrosis and section edges using the same rules in every specimen (general IHC practice). Keep retrieval, DAB development, imaging and threshold settings consistent, and report the number of specimens and sampled regions so technical variation is visible (general IHC practice).
Which findings support a genuine AKR1D1-positive IHC result?
A convincing result shows reproducible cytoplasmic staining in intact liver hepatocytes, consistent with tissue-IHC observations and the cytoplasmic protein annotation (HPA: selective cytoplasmic liver expression; UniProt P51857: subcellular location). Interpret staining in another cell type cautiously, and compare its morphology and controls with the reported hepatocyte pattern (HPA: liver hepatocytes, medium). Discount signal confined to section edges, necrotic areas or damaged cells, and check no-primary controls for endogenous enzyme activity or detection-system background before calling a specimen positive (general IHC practice). HPA rates the tissue evidence Enhanced while noting presumed off-target binding, so intensity alone cannot establish specificity (HPA: reliability description).
Boster reagents
Best AKR1D1 / Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member D1 IHC Antibodies
Both anti-AKR1D1 antibodies have human liver cancer paraffin-section IHC images (M05278 and A05278-2 IHC captions); A05278-2 also has U2OS cell IF data (A05278-2 IF caption). Catalog reactivity includes human, mouse and rat (catalog applications/reactivity).
Real IHC data
Anti-AKR1D1 Antibody ® (monoclonal, 6I4)
Cat # M05278
Real IHC data
Anti-AKR1D1 Antibody ®
Cat # A05278-2
M05278 has an IHC image from a human liver cancer paraffin section (M05278 IHC caption) and lists IHC reactivity with human, mouse and rat (catalog applications/reactivity). A05278-2 has its own human liver cancer paraffin-section IHC image and a U2OS cell IF image (A05278-2 IHC and IF captions); its catalog lists IHC, IF and ICC applications and human, mouse and rat reactivity (catalog applications/reactivity).
Which to pick: For paraffin-section IHC, choose either M05278, a mouse monoclonal clone 6I4, or A05278-2, a rabbit antibody; each has its own IHC image using 1 μg/ml primary antibody after EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval (catalog host/clone; M05278 and A05278-2 IHC captions). For IF/ICC, choose A05278-2: its catalog lists both applications and its U2OS cell IF image used 4 μg/ml; M05278 has no IF/ICC application listed (catalog applications; A05278-2 IF caption). Both list human, mouse and rat reactivity, while the supplied IHC images show human sections only; the fixative is unreported in both paraffin-section captions (catalog reactivity; M05278 and A05278-2 IHC captions).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry P51857 (AK1D1_HUMAN, Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member D1).
- Human Protein Atlas. AKR1D1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Enhanced).
- Human Protein Atlas. AKR1D1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the nucleoplasm. In addition localized to the cytosol..
- Human Protein Atlas. AKR1D1 antibody validation summary (1 antibodies).
- Regulation Network and Prognostic Significance of Aldo-Keto Reductase (AKR) Superfamily Genes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Journal of hepatocellular carcinoma 2021 — PMC8417905.
- Diagnostic and prognostic values of AKR1C3 and AKR1D1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging 2021 — PMC7906155.
- PubMed PMID:7508385 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:11342103 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for AKR1D1 (Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member D1). Expected localisation Hepatocyte cytoplasm observed (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet M05278). Validated IHC antibody: M05278 at 0.5-1μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Liver (Hepatocytes); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human liver cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet M05278); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet M05278); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet M05278); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet M05278); 8. Primary antibody: Mouse monoclonal (clone 6I4) anti-AKR1D1, 0.5-1μg/ml (datasheet M05278); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet M05278). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation conditions consistent across sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Presumed off-target staining was observed and disregarded (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: 3 isoforms; confirm antibody epitope coverage (UniProt); Regulation: Expression is liver enriched (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt P51857, HPA tissue IHC · Enhanced, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the nucleoplasm. In addition localized to the…, Datasheet M05278, PMC8417905, PMC7906155. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/AKR1D1/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.