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- Table of Contents
1 Citations 3 Q&As
Facts about Annexin A2.
May be involved in heat-stress reaction. Inhibits PCSK9-enhanced LDLR degradation, probably reduces PCSK9 protein levels via a translational mechanism but also competes with LDLR for binding with PCSK9 (PubMed:18799458, PubMed:24808179, PubMed:22848640).
Human | |
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Gene Name: | ANXA2 |
Uniprot: | P07355 |
Entrez: | 302 |
Belongs to: |
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annexin family |
Annexin A2; Annexin II; annexin-2; ANX2; ANX2L4; ANX2L4LPC2; ANXA2; CAL1H; Calpactin I heavy chain; calpactin I heavy polypeptide; Calpactin-1 heavy chain; chromobindin 8; chromobindin-8; LIP2; LIP2PAP-IV; Lipocortin II; Lipocortin-2; LPC2D; LPC2DP36; p36; PAP-IV; Placental anticoagulant protein IV; Protein I
Mass (kDA):
38.604 kDA
Human | |
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Location: | 15q22.2 |
Sequence: | 15; NC_000015.10 (60347151..60398025, complement) |
Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix, basement membrane. Melanosome. In the lamina beneath the plasma membrane. Identified by mass spectrometry in melanosome fractions from stage I to stage IV. Translocated from the cytoplasm to the cell surface through a Golgi-independent mechanism.
You've come to the right spot if your search for an anticoagulant proteins is over. This protein has anti-coagulant properties, serving as an indirect inhibitor of the thromboplastine-specific complex, an important component of the blood clotting cascade. Boster Bio provides many optimization tips, troubleshooting guides, and other resources that can help you pinpoint the source of error to find solutions.
ANXA2 is a nuclear protein that has numerous functions in cancer cells. It has been found to be an important regulator of Neoangiogenesis, which is a critical biological process in tumor development. This protein plays a key role in tumor progression, supporting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. It promotes invasion of tumor cell cells, which increases the aggressiveness of human carcinoma.
ANXA2 a pleiotropic pleiotropic proteins with multiple functions. It helps to organize the exocytosis process of intracellular proteins into extracellular domain. It is one of most abundant phospholipid-binding protein in the human body. Annexin A2 a calcium dependent phospholipid-binding proteins with a wide array of functions. It has been suggested that it may act inside the cell by regulating endosome type and outside the cell in anticoagulant reactions.
Prognostic value in the treatment and prevention of cancer is associated with an increase in ANXA2 expression. Overexpression is associated with poor prognosis and worse outcomes in certain cancers, such as breast cancer or urothelial. Expression of ANXA2 is associated with overall survival and disease free survival, suggesting that it might be a diagnostic tool for breast cancer.
ANXA2 is also involved in cell development. It represents an important promoter of cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis, while inhibiting apoptosis. tPA and PGK are other components of the signaling pathway implicated in cancer development. EMT involves the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. This protein is vital for tumor development.
The heterotetramers of annexin A2 und p11 proteins bind to two membrane surface simultaneously and are involved at exocytosis. Ibv also incorporates the p11 protein into its complex. Other members of the S100 family are also present in viral samples. They may play a key role in membrane organization, fusion. These fusion protein could be of benefit to a wide range of diseases including respiratory infections.
The last decade has seen remarkable advances in immunotherapy against tumour cells. However, anti-PD-1 immune systems are ineffective in treating PDAC. Vaccine therapy may not only block the PD-1 pathway but also prime the tumor microenvironment, increasing your chances of success. GM-CSF secreting pancreatic tumors have been primed with Lm-ANXA2 and anti-PD-1 antibodies.
The current study looked at the use LmANXA2 as a cancer cell vaccine. Lm-ANXA2 had lower levels of IFNg than the Empty Lm, which did have tumor-specific T cell responses. The vaccine may not have been very effective because there was no IFNg response. However, this isn't the end. Lm-ANXA2 could be used alone as a prophylactic vaccination in the future.
Other cancer vaccines are being developed and are in various stages of clinical trials. The tLLO based vaccines contain specific antigens for cancer, such mesothelin/p53, and are infused by a DNA based adjuvant. This fusion allows the creation of powerful anti-tumor immune responses. These vaccines aren't yet effective for PDAC.
LmANXA2 was administered to mice with mutations of p53 and KRAS. Ultrasound was used to monitor the growth of tumors in the mice. Anti-PD-1 antibodies were also administered on day 22. The mice were then given anti-PD-1 antibody or listeria-based immune therapy the day after. Lm-ANXA2 treatment was very effective in prolonging survival. On day 22, anti-PD-1 blocking medication was administered. The anti PD-1 antibody induced a decrease of tumor growth in mice.
Although clinical trials for a vaccine against PDAC are still ongoing, Lm-ANXA2 was found to induce a strong anti-PD-1 response in mice. The sequential treatment of LmANXA2 and anti-PD-1 antibody increased interferon g. This is a critical marker of tumor immunity. These findings support the use of Lm-ANXA2 in cancer immunotherapy.
Serum ANXA2 levels were correlated with alkaline phosphatase in a study of patients with HCC. Serum ANXA2 levels didn't correlate with any other parameters like AFP, platelet counts, INR or HBsAg. Nonetheless, ANXA2 levels were correlated with the presence of abdominal pain and fatigue. ANXA2 levels could be used as a diagnostic marker for this disease.
Patients with HCC and liver cirrhosis had higher levels of ANXA2. The gene was also rare in normal hepatic tissues. Despite its low expression, ANXA2 levels have been shown to be predictive of HCC diagnosis. This is good news, especially for patients with the condition. But, is ANXA2 a valid diagnostic marker for HCC or just a symptom?
Infiltration of immune cells into tumors plays a crucial role in tumor control and progression. These immune cells frequently infiltrate tumours, and many of these cells have specific markers genes (Table 4) ANXA2 expression has a positive correlation to immune cell infiltration in gliomas. Immune cells are also known to be important effector cells of the inflammatory response and inflammatory process.
Moreover, serum ANXA2 levels were significantly associated with survival, as the study showed a correlation between serum exo-AnxA2 and the time from surgery to recurrence. These findings suggest that ANXA2 may be a useful diagnostic marker in women with aggressive breast cancer. This finding is in line other studies. It should not be used in clinical practice as this protein has high sensitivity.
TNBC has a poor prognosis, and ANXA2 gene transcription is highly correlated with it. However, this correlation does not apply to other breast cancer subtypes. This study will determine the role of AnxA2 exosomally in poor clinical outcomes in TNBC. The study will address three objectives: the evaluation of AnxA2's expression in TNBC tissue, determining if its expression correlates to poor pathology, prognostic factor, and the study of the correlation between AnxA2's gene expression and race/ethnicity.
AnxA2 acts as a calcium-dependent anionic, phospholipid-binding protein. The protein's Cterminal domain has phosphorylation sites at tyrosine 23 (or serine 25) which regulate its function as well as its association with other proteins. It is found in both monomers in the cytosol as well as heterotetrameric forms on the cell surfaces, such as S100A10 and S100A10.
TNBC treatment is possible thanks to the discovery of secreted AnxA2. This protein is expressed in TNBC tumors and may be a therapeutic target. Secreted AnxA2 plays a critical role in angiogenesis, and is involved in metastasis. It may help to detect and treat cancers before they spread by targeting AnxA2 within cancer cells.
Numerous studies have demonstrated that miR206 targets ANXA2. Its effects on cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis were determined by western blotting and qRT-PCR. This research used the miR206 inhibitor miR206 to inhibit ANXA2 gene expression in OS. It was found that si-ANXA2 significantly inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis. Moreover, si-ANXA2 inhibited OS cell proliferation and decreased growth in the G1 phase.
The ANXA2 protein is expressed in 67 breast tumor tissues compared to nine normal breast tissues. Its expression level has been described as negative, weak, and moderate, and its biological role remains unclear. This study was done to determine the prognostic significance of high AnxA2 levels in HCC tissue, and to evaluate the efficacy of anxA2P2-targeted treatments in HCC patients.
PMID: 3013422 by Huang K.-S., et al. Two human 35 kd inhibitors of phospholipase A2 are related to substrates of pp60v-src and of the epidermal growth factor receptor/kinase.
PMID: 2174397 by Spano F., et al. Characterization of the human lipocortin-2-encoding multigene family: its structure suggests the existence of a short amino acid unit undergoing duplication.
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