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AP2M1 / AP-2 complex subunit mu · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for AP2M1
Plan chromogenic AP2M1 IHC in paraffin sections using the catalog antibody at 2 μg/mL, as demonstrated in human kidney (datasheet A06179-3). Assess cytoplasmic staining against the reported medium signal in neuronal and glandular cells, bearing in mind the uncertain tissue staining reliability (HPA tissue IHC).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
AP2M1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Cytoplasmic staining in most tissues (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Medium cytoplasmic staining in neuronal and glandular cells (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A06179-3) | |
| Positive control | Appendix+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Tissue staining has uncertain reliability (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Expression regulation unreported (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 2 isoforms; no transmembrane segment; epitope coverage unknown (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended AP2M1 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody protocol and this published colorectal tissue IHC protocol provide starting conditions for AP2M1 staining (datasheet A06179-3; PMC10900655).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human kidney tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A06179-3) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A06179-3); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A06179-3); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A06179-3) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-AP2M1, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A06179-3) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A06179-3) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet A06179-3) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | AP2M1-positive staining in glandular cells of appendix (HPA tissue IHC: Medium). HPA tissue profile: Cytoplasmic expression in most tissues. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with EDTA pH 8.0 heat retrieval for the catalog antibody (datasheet A06179-3); consider EDTA pH 9.0 under heat and pressure as a published alternative (PMC10900655).
Section 2
What Is the Expected AP2M1 Staining Pattern?
AP2M1 is an AP-2 adaptor at the cell membrane and coated pits, with no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q96CW1). In paraffin IHC, expect cytoplasmic staining in many tissues, including neuronal and glandular cells (HPA: tissue IHC). Interpret the pattern cautiously: HPA rates its tissue IHC reliability Uncertain because antibody staining and RNA expression show medium consistency (HPA: tissue IHC).
| Moderate cytoplasmic staining in cortical neurons, cerebellar granular-layer cells, or appendix glandular cells. | These are reported positive cell populations with Medium staining (HPA: tissue IHC). Assess the named cells rather than treating all cells in the section as equally positive. Cytoplasmic IHC can be compatible with AP2M1's membrane-associated role; HPA tissue images report a broadly cytoplasmic pattern (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt Q96CW1). |
| Staining concentrated exclusively in nuclei, with little or no cytoplasmic signal. | An isolated nuclear pattern conflicts with the reported cytoplasmic tissue IHC and membrane/coated-pit localization (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt Q96CW1). Treat it as suspect and review morphology, detection controls, and antibody specificity before scoring it as AP2M1. |
| Strong staining in adipocytes or esophageal squamous epithelial cells. | Both cell populations are reported Not detected by HPA tissue IHC (HPA: tissue IHC). Unexpected signal can reflect cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity; inspect a reagent control and repeat with adjusted detection conditions. HPA's Uncertain IHC reliability also limits how decisively a single discordant section can be judged (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Brown precipitate spread across cells, stroma, and empty spaces without a cell-bound pattern. | This favors nonspecific background or a detection artifact over the reported cellular distribution (general IHC practice; HPA: tissue IHC). Compare a primary-antibody omission control, inspect washing and chromogen development, and score only signal that follows identifiable cell boundaries and morphology (general IHC practice). |
| No signal in cortical neurons or appendix glandular cells while the slide otherwise appears intact. | These are Medium-staining populations in the HPA tissue survey (HPA: tissue IHC). First check positive-control performance, antibody dilution, antigen retrieval, and detection reagents (general IHC practice). A failed control makes the test section uninterpretable; HPA's Uncertain IHC reliability means absence in one specimen alone cannot establish AP2M1 absence (HPA: tissue IHC). |
💡Expected AP2M1 appearanceA plausible positive is Medium cytoplasmic staining in HPA-reported neuronal or glandular cells; isolated nuclear signal or widespread tissue-independent precipitate is suspect (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt Q96CW1; general IHC practice).
| Compartment and topology | AP2M1 associates with the cell membrane and coated pits but has no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q96CW1). HPA reports cytoplasmic tissue IHC, while its separate ICC-IF record supports plasma-membrane localization (HPA: tissue IHC; HPA: subcellular). Do not require a sharply outlined membrane in chromogenic sections. |
| Tissue and cell selection | HPA reports Medium staining in neuronal and several glandular populations, Low staining in liver hepatocytes, and Not detected in adipocytes (HPA: tissue IHC). Choose a reported Medium population as a practical comparison; a Low population offers a less clear readout. |
| Strength of IHC evidence | HPA labels the tissue IHC profile Uncertain and antibody HPA036849 Uncertain for IHC (HPA: tissue IHC; HPA: antibodies). Treat the reported pattern as a reference for comparison, then verify specificity with appropriate controls rather than using intensity alone as proof. |
| Assay-specific localization evidence | HPA's plasma-membrane call comes from ICC-IF and is Supported for HPA069870; its tissue IHC summary is cytoplasmic and its listed IHC antibody is Uncertain (HPA: subcellular; HPA: antibodies; HPA: tissue IHC). IF/ICC interpretation belongs to the separate guide and does not supply an IHC protocol. |
| Isoforms and antibody epitope | UniProt lists 2 AP2M1 isoforms, but the supplied evidence does not identify the tested antibody epitope or isoform coverage (UniProt Q96CW1; HPA: antibodies). Do not infer isoform-specific staining or explain a missing signal by epitope differences without antibody documentation. |
| Retrieval and detection settings | For paraffin IHC, retrieval and detection conditions can change the visibility of an immunostain (general IHC practice). No AP2M1-specific retrieval condition or fixation sensitivity is supplied here; use the selected antibody's validated IHC instructions and judge changes against controls. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Expected Medium-staining cells show no chromogenic signal. | The run may have failed, or assay settings may be insufficient; one blank specimen does not establish biological absence (general IHC practice; HPA: tissue IHC, Uncertain). | Run a reported Medium-staining neuronal or glandular control alongside the specimen (HPA: tissue IHC). Check reagent activity, the selected antibody's IHC dilution and retrieval instructions, and detection steps (general IHC practice). |
| Only nuclei stain strongly. | This distribution disagrees with HPA's cytoplasmic tissue profile and UniProt's membrane/coated-pit annotation (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt Q96CW1). | Review cell morphology and a primary-antibody omission control; confirm the pattern with another appropriately validated approach before calling it AP2M1 (general IHC practice). |
| Adipocytes or esophageal squamous cells stain as strongly as the selected positive control. | Those cell types are reported Not detected, so cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity is possible (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Compare omission and detection-system controls, inspect where precipitate forms, and avoid scoring the discordant signal as specific without further validation (general IHC practice). |
| The whole section has diffuse brown haze. | Excess background can obscure the cell-based pattern used for interpretation (general IHC practice; HPA: tissue IHC). | Check an omission control, washing, blocking, antibody concentration, and chromogen development; adjust one condition at a time while retaining a positive control (general IHC practice). |
| A reported Low-staining population appears negative. | HPA reports Low staining in some cells, including liver hepatocytes, and rates its overall tissue IHC reliability Uncertain (HPA: tissue IHC). | Compare a reported Medium-staining population in the same run before judging assay performance; record the Low result as below detection if the control works (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| IHC looks cytoplasmic, but an ICC-IF image highlights the plasma membrane. | These are different assay readouts: HPA reports cytoplasmic tissue IHC and Supported plasma-membrane localization in ICC-IF (HPA: tissue IHC; HPA: subcellular). | Interpret the paraffin section against tissue IHC cell patterns and its own controls. Consult the separate IF/ICC guide for that assay; do not transfer its localization threshold to chromogenic IHC (general IHC practice). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing AP2M1 staining
A06179-3 · IHCIHC analysis of AP2M1 using anti-AP2M1 antibody (A06179-3). AP2M1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human kidney tissue. Heat m
A06179-3 · IFIF analysis of AP2M1 using anti-AP2M1 antibody (A06179-3). AP2M1 was detected in an immunocytochemical section of MCF-7 cells. Enzyme antige
A06179-1 · IHCImmunohistochemistry of AP2M1 in mouse kidney tissue with AP2M1 antibody at 2.5 μg/mL.
A06179-1 · IFImmunofluorescence of AP2M1 in Mouse Kidney cells with AP2M1 antibody at 20 μg/mL.
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000161203-AP2M1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_9610032
HPA · CerebellumHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebellum. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000161203-AP2M1/tissue/cerebellum#imid_9610051
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000161203-AP2M1/tissue/colon#imid_9609974
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000161203-AP2M1/tissue/liver#imid_9609959
HPA · ICC-IF MCF-7Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, MCF-7, antibody HPA069870; green = AP2M1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF MCF-7Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, MCF-7, antibody HPA069870; green = AP2M1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for AP2M1 IHC & IF
🧪Run appendix first: glandular cells should stain at a Medium level (HPA: Appendix, glandular cells, Medium). Use adipose tissue as the negative tissue, focusing on adipocytes (HPA: Adipose tissue, adipocytes, Not detected); on the appendix slide, internal negative cells should retain counterstain without specific chromogen, but the HPA row does not establish which nonglandular cells are negative (HPA: Appendix row).
Positive control tissue: Appendix (Glandular cells, HPA Medium)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show AP2M1 in MCF-7, U-251MG, with annotated localisation: Plasma membrane (supported) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only control and a concentration-matched rabbit IgG isotype control (caption: rabbit primary; standard IHC control practice). If available, use AP2M1-knockout material or a cognate-peptide block as a biological specificity control, and quench endogenous peroxidase before HRP/DAB detection (standard IHC control practice; caption: HRP/DAB detection).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window and fixation effect are unreported; the selected A06179-3 kidney paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (selected-SKU caption). Heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 is a documented starting condition, but retrieval dependency was not tested in the supplied evidence (selected-SKU caption). Whether frozen sections or IF are easier is unreported; assess endogenous peroxidase background in appendix during HRP/DAB scoring (HPA: Appendix positive row; standard IHC practice).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for AP2M1
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Uncertain — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appendix | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Caudate | Neuronal cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebellum | Cells in granular layer | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebral cortex | Neuronal cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cervix | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Esophagus | Squamous epithelial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Oral mucosa | Squamous epithelial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Ovary | Ovarian stroma cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced AP2M1 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot AP2M1 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, compartment, controls, and scoring; use the IF guidance when comparing fluorescent images.
What retrieval should I start with for AP2M1 in paraffin sections?
Start with heat-mediated retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 (datasheet A06179-3). The catalog antibody produced AP2M1 staining in a paraffin section of human kidney after this retrieval, followed by 2 μg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C (datasheet A06179-3). If staining is weak, vary heating duration on adjacent sections while holding antibody concentration and detection constant, and watch for tissue damage (standard IHC practice). Compare signal with a no-primary control and with intact tissue morphology rather than judging DAB intensity alone (standard IHC practice). Record the heating method and duration because the caption specifies the buffer and pH but gives no heating time (datasheet A06179-3).
Could fixation explain weak or uneven AP2M1 staining?
The selected paraffin-section caption does not state its fixative, so AP2M1-specific fixation sensitivity is unknown (datasheet A06179-3). Record the specimen fixative and fixation duration, then compare sections processed together before changing antibody concentration (standard IHC practice). If a controlled fixation series is available, keep section thickness, EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0, and DAB development constant while assessing morphology and signal (datasheet A06179-3; standard IHC practice). Excessive fixation can mask epitopes in paraffin IHC generally, but that possibility has not been established for this antibody (standard IHC practice; datasheet A06179-3). Do not use staining differences between tissues as evidence of a fixation effect (standard IHC practice).
Where should AP2M1 staining appear within cells?
Assess cytoplasmic staining alongside any membrane-associated pattern: tissue IHC reports cytoplasmic expression in most tissues, while subcellular IF supports plasma-membrane localisation (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular). AP2M1 associates with coated pits at the cell membrane and has no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q96CW1 localisation and topology). A diffuse nuclear-only DAB pattern therefore needs scrutiny against compartment-specific controls and section morphology (UniProt Q96CW1 localisation; standard IHC practice). Score identifiable cells rather than assigning every brown punctum to an endocytic vesicle, since AP-2 can disengage before vesicle internalisation (UniProt Q96CW1 localisation; standard IHC practice). Compare equivalent cellular regions across sections under the same illumination and DAB development conditions (standard IHC practice).
Can isoforms or epitope position change how I interpret staining?
AP2M1 has 2 reported isoforms, but the supplied caption does not identify this antibody’s epitope or establish isoform selectivity (UniProt Q96CW1 isoforms; datasheet A06179-3). Its MHD spans residues 170–434, and reported modifications include Ser-45 and Thr-156 phosphorylation (UniProt Q96CW1 domains and modified residues). Those features alone do not show whether retrieval or phosphorylation alters staining by this antibody (UniProt Q96CW1; datasheet A06179-3). Before interpreting different cellular patterns as isoform changes, obtain the epitope information and compare staining under identical processing and detection conditions (standard IHC practice). Report the antibody identity and retrieval conditions with any isoform-related claim so the limits of that interpretation remain clear (standard IHC practice).
How should I compare AP2M1 IF with chromogenic IHC?
For multiplex IF, pair AP2M1 with a marker for the expected cell type and inspect each channel separately before assessing overlap (standard IF practice). Neuronal cells in caudate and cerebral cortex show medium tissue-IHC staining, providing a documented cell context for comparison (HPA tissue IHC). Choose a fluorophore channel after checking tissue autofluorescence and include single-stain controls for bleed-through (standard IF practice). AP2M1 has no transmembrane segment and is associated with the plasma membrane; if the antibody epitope faces the cytosol, optimise permeabilisation to give antibody access without disrupting the membrane pattern (UniProt Q96CW1 topology and localisation; standard IF practice). Treat punctate IF and DAB intensity as different readouts, and compare cell identity and compartment before comparing apparent signal strength (standard IF and IHC practice).
How can I reduce diffuse or misleading brown background?
Check a no-primary section first to assess detection-system staining, then examine whether DAB colour persists outside intact cells (standard IHC practice). The selected kidney-section caption used 10% goat serum blocking, a peroxidase-conjugated secondary, and DAB development (datasheet A06179-3). Block endogenous peroxidase as a general chromogenic IHC step, especially when background remains in the no-primary control (standard IHC practice). If background appears only with primary antibody, titrate around the reported 2 μg/ml concentration and adjust washing while holding retrieval and development constant (datasheet A06179-3; standard IHC practice). Exclude folds, damaged edges, and precipitate from evaluation because their colour need not reflect AP2M1 localisation (standard IHC practice).
What is a defensible way to quantify AP2M1 IHC? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and compartment before scoring, and apply one threshold and DAB development procedure across the comparison set (standard IHC practice). Record the percentage of positive intact cells and intensity; an H-score from 0–300 can summarise both measures (standard IHC practice). If measuring stained area or positive-cell density per mm², normalise to viable tissue area or the counted cells of the specified population (standard IHC practice). Separate cytoplasmic from membrane-associated signal where morphology permits, because both tissue cytoplasmic staining and plasma-membrane localisation are documented (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular). Report excluded regions and control staining, since HPA rates its tissue-IHC evidence uncertain (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice).
How do I distinguish credible AP2M1 staining from artefact?
A credible result follows identifiable cell boundaries or cytoplasm and is reproducible in comparable intact regions (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular; standard IHC practice). Medium staining is reported in neuronal cells of caudate and cerebral cortex, whereas adipocytes are listed as not detected; these patterns can guide cell-level review (HPA tissue IHC). Question isolated nuclear-only staining, strong section-edge colour, staining in necrotic areas, or signal retained in a no-primary control (UniProt Q96CW1 localisation; standard IHC practice). Check endogenous peroxidase when DAB persists without primary antibody, and compare with the catalog antibody’s paraffin-section kidney example under EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval (standard IHC practice; datasheet A06179-3). Avoid treating a negative cell as proof of absent protein because HPA rates tissue-IHC reliability uncertain (HPA tissue IHC).
Boster reagents
Best AP2M1 / AP-2 complex subunit mu IHC Antibodies
Validated anti-AP2M1 antibodies have IHC images from human and mouse kidney tissue and IF images from MCF-7 and mouse kidney cells (catalog image captions); both list Human, Mouse, and Rat reactivity (catalog).
Real IHC data
Anti-AP2M1 Antibody ®
Cat # A06179-3
Real IHC data
Anti-AP-2 complex subunit mu AP2M1 Antibody
Cat # A06179-1
A06179-3 has an IHC image from a paraffin-embedded human kidney section and an IF image from MCF-7 cells (A06179-3 image captions). A06179-1 has an IHC image from mouse kidney tissue and an IF image from mouse kidney cells (A06179-1 image captions).
Which to pick: For human paraffin-section IHC, choose rabbit-host A06179-3: its image documents EDTA retrieval and 2 μg/ml primary antibody, but does not report the fixative (A06179-3 IHC caption; catalog host). For mouse tissue IHC, chicken-host A06179-1 lists IHC-P and shows mouse kidney tissue at 2.5 μg/mL; its caption does not report the fixative (A06179-1 applications, IHC caption, and catalog host). For IF/ICC, A06179-3 lists both applications and shows IF in MCF-7 cells; A06179-1 lists IF and shows mouse kidney cells (catalog applications and IF captions). Both list Human, Mouse, and Rat reactivity for cross-species planning, while their IHC images document human tissue for A06179-3 and mouse tissue for A06179-1 (catalog reactivity and IHC captions).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q96CW1 (AP2M1_HUMAN, AP-2 complex subunit mu).
- Human Protein Atlas. AP2M1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Uncertain).
- Human Protein Atlas. AP2M1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Localized to the plasma membrane..
- Human Protein Atlas. AP2M1 antibody validation summary (2 antibodies).
- A multi-dimensional approach to unravel the intricacies of lactylation related signature for prognostic and therapeutic insight in colorectal cancer. Journal of translational medicine 2024 — PMC10900655.
- The role of AP2M1 in oncofetal characteristics: integrative in silico, in vitro, and in vivo analyses using zebrafish models. European journal of medical research 2025 — PMC12772027.
- Mendelian randomization analysis identifies HLA-A and AP2M1 as genetic biomarkers linked to immune-endocytic crosstalk in intervertebral disc degeneration. Journal of cell communication and signaling 2026 — PMC12906310.
- SNX10 enhances HCoV-OC43 infection by facilitating viral entry and inhibiting virus-triggered autophagy. Virologica Sinica 2025 — PMC12665429.
- PubMed PMID:7788527 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:16641997 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:15489334 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for AP2M1 (AP-2 complex subunit mu). Expected localisation Cytoplasmic staining in most tissues (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A06179-3). Validated IHC antibody: A06179-3 at 2-5 μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Appendix (Glandular cells); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human kidney tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A06179-3); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A06179-3); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A06179-3); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A06179-3); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-AP2M1, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A06179-3); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A06179-3). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Tissue staining has uncertain reliability (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: 2 isoforms; no transmembrane segment; epitope coverage unknown (UniProt); Regulation: Expression regulation unreported (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt Q96CW1, HPA tissue IHC · Uncertain, HPA ICC-IF · plasma membrane., Datasheet A06179-3, PMC10900655. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/AP2M1/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.