This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website.
- Table of Contents
Facts about Beta-arrestin-2.
The beta-arrestins goal many receptors for internalization by acting as endocytic adapters (CLASPs, clathrin-associated sorting proteins) and recruiting the GPRCs into the adapter protein 2 complex 2 (AP-2) in clathrin-coated pits (CCPs). However, the extent of beta-arrestin involvement appears to vary significantly depending on the receptor, agonist and cell type.
Human | |
---|---|
Gene Name: | ARRB2 |
Uniprot: | P32121 |
Entrez: | 409 |
Belongs to: |
---|
arrestin family |
ARB2; ARR2; ARRB2; arrestin 3; Arrestin beta-2; arrestin, beta 2; BARR2; betaArrestin 2; beta-Arrestin 2; beta-arrestin-2; DKFZp686L0365
Mass (kDA):
46.106 kDA
Human | |
---|---|
Location: | 17p13.2 |
Sequence: | 17; NC_000017.11 (4710619..4721500) |
Cytoplasm. Nucleus. Cell membrane. Membrane, clathrin-coated pit. Cytoplasmic vesicle. Translocates to the plasma membrane and colocalizes with antagonist-stimulated GPCRs.
This article will discuss the ARRB2 biomarker, its benefits, detection limit, as well as its functions. Learn how the ARRB2 Biomarker can be used in the fields conservation, biodiversity, and disease research. The benefits are not limited to a few species; this biomarker can be used to study many different types of organisms. It is available to all scientists worldwide.
Boster has validated the product on multiple platforms. There are known positive samples and negative samples. The results are reported with high specificity, and high affinity. Boster rewards scientists who are the first to review a product by giving product credits. Boster also allows users to leave feedback on a product using the review feature. An example of such product is the ARRB2 indicator. In this case, the detection limit under reducing conditions is 5ng/lane.
Interestingly, ARRB1 and ARRB2 have opposite roles in microglia-mediated inflammation and pathogenesis of PD. This finding highlights the pivotal role of the ARRB1-Ub phosphorylation-to-ARRB2 expression ratio in controlling microglia inflammation. This research also reveals ARRBs as critical mediators of inflammatory signaling pathways, DA neuron degeneration, and other aspects.
The ARRB2 scaffold protein is multifunctional. It targets multiple surfaces molecules and exerts pro and antinociceptive activities. Arrb2 acts to suppress or arrest pain caused by nerve injury or inflammation. Arrb2 deficiencies resulted in prolonged inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain. However, baseline pain levels were not affected by the loss or reactivation of Arrb2.
This study revealed that Arrb2 could not regulate the surface expression GluN2A. However, pulldown analysis showed that Arrb2 was co-IP with GluN2A. It is possible that these proteins interact in a particular way. This study also revealed that GluN2B has co-IPs and Arrb2.
The ARRB2 marker is expressed in SDH neurons, although the pattern of expression remains unknown. Despite the ambiguous expression, Arrb2 mRNA has been found in most SDH neural cells of WT mice. Arrb2-KO mice, however, do not express Arrb2 mRNA. Moreover, colocalization of NeuN and Arrb2 was seen, indicating that Arrb2 mRNA was expressed in the majority SDH neurons.
Nearly all cell types contain the ARRB2 gene. It is interesting that the genes for ARRB1 as well as ARRB2 are very homologous. Mice lacking either gene will have mild symptoms, while mice with both genes will be lethal. However, recent studies have shown that ARRBs serve distinct functions. For example, Abrisqueta et al. (2014) The MC1R Protein was used to study the non-visual ARRBs.
The ARRB2 gene regulates multiple cell signaling pathways involved in maintaining stem cell health. Its plethora of functions in normal cell biology makes it a difficult target for cancer therapy. Recent research has shown that targeting this protein in myeloproliferative Neoplasms may be a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Here are some functions that the ARRB2 marker is predicted to perform.
The pathogenesis of central nervous system diseases is influenced by a variety of roles played by the ARRBs. These include multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease (AD), ischemia and Alzheimer's. Recent research suggests that ARRB2 plays a role in Parkinson's disease (PD), protecting TH-positive neurons from inflammation and mediating functions for k-opioid receptors. Its involvement with Parkinson's disease (PD) is consistent in other studies, suggesting that the gene may have a therapeutic effect.
ARRB2 is also implicated in the inflammatory response to stroke. Because the marker inhibits the production of white blood cells, it may be an ideal therapeutic target for immunological management of the condition. Acute ischemicstroke can cause severe immune reactions and inflammatory response. This is the case with stroke-induced immunity syndrome (SIDS), a condition which impacts brain repair and causes infection complications.
ARRB2 is a gene that encodes a molecule bound to p65. ARRB1 and ARRB2 have different interactions with p65. Inflammation is one of many known triggers for inflammation. Both ARRBs have different effects upon the NF-kB pathway. They may interact with IKKa/IKKb to activate and activate the NFkb pathway.
In addition to its regulatory role in the cell cycle, ARRB1 and ARRB2 regulate the NF-kB, CAMKII, Akt, and p38 pathways. They are therefore required for cell differentiation in adult hippocampus. ARRB1 is also responsible for the regulation of the JNK/cjun pathway. This gene is essential in myogenesis.
The ARRB2 gene regulates STAT3 in bladder cancer. STAT3 serves multiple functions in the body. It plays a role in many cellular events such as the formation of carcinomas in situ and the progression into invasive tumors. Metastasis and resistance are linked to higher levels of STAT3 in bladder CSCs. Further, increased expression of ARRB2 decreases metastasis and cancer cell viability.
PMID: 1587386 by Rapoport B., et al. Cloning of a member of the arrestin family from a human thyroid cDNA library.
PMID: 9346876 by Barak L.S., et al. A beta-arrestin/green fluorescent protein biosensor for detecting G protein-coupled receptor activation.