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ATF1 / Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-1 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for ATF1
Plan paraffin-section ATF1 IHC around the general nuclear staining observed in tissue (HPA tissue IHC) and the nuclear location annotated for the protein (UniProt). Use cell-specific controls and consistent fixation to assess staining across sections.
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
ATF1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | General nuclear staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Nuclear staining across many tissue cell types (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet M01600-1) | |
| Positive control | Adrenal gland+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Nasopharynx |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific). Selected-image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet M01600-1); verify before use. | |
| Caveat | Staining and RNA show medium consistency (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Expression regulation unreported (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 2 isoforms; epitope coverage is unknown (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended ATF1 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody has a datasheet IHC-P protocol (datasheet: M01600-1). Published IHC procedures below cover ATF1 and p-CREB/ATF1 staining (PMC9983578; PMC8038809).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human lung cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet M01600-1) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet M01600-1); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet M01600-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet M01600-1) |
| Primary antibody | Mouse monoclonal (clone 7F8) anti-ATF1, 0.5-1μg/ml (datasheet M01600-1) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet M01600-1) |
| Detection | Streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC), DAB chromogen (datasheet M01600-1) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | ATF1-positive staining in glandular cells of adrenal gland (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: General nuclear expression. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated EDTA at pH 8.0 for the catalog antibody (datasheet: M01600-1); the published ATF1 procedure used citrate at pH 7.8 (PMC9983578).
Section 2
What Is the Expected ATF1 Staining Pattern?
ATF1 should appear predominantly in nuclei, with nucleoplasmic localisation also observed by ICC-IF (UniProt P18846: nucleus; HPA subcellular: nucleoplasm). In paraffin-section IHC, expect nuclear staining across multiple cell types, including glandular cells and glomerular cells that HPA scores High (HPA tissue IHC: general nuclear expression). ATF1 has no transmembrane segment (UniProt P18846 topology). HPA rates the tissue IHC pattern Supported, with medium consistency between staining and RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC: reliability).
| Crisp nuclear chromogen in colon or duodenal glandular cells, with weaker staining possible in other cells (HPA tissue IHC: High glandular-cell staining; general nuclear expression). | This fits the expected compartment and reported positive cell types (UniProt P18846: nucleus; HPA tissue IHC: colon and duodenum). Score nuclear staining in the relevant cells; compare its intensity with surrounding cells on the same section (general IHC practice). |
| Predominantly cytoplasmic, membranous or extracellular chromogen, while nuclei remain clear (UniProt P18846: nucleus; HPA tissue IHC: general nuclear expression). | Treat this as discordant with the reported ATF1 pattern, rather than a confirmed positive (UniProt P18846: nucleus; HPA tissue IHC: general nuclear expression). Inspect morphology, detection background and the primary-antibody omission control for artefact (general IHC practice). |
| Strong staining in nasopharyngeal basal cells, which HPA reports as Not detected (HPA tissue IHC: nasopharynx, basal cells). | This discrepancy warrants checking cell identification and nonspecific antibody binding; endogenous detection activity is another possibility if signal persists without primary antibody (general IHC practice). An HPA Not detected result is a reference observation, not proof that every specimen must be negative (HPA tissue IHC: nasopharynx). |
| Diffuse chromogen covers nuclei, cytoplasm and tissue spaces, making cell boundaries difficult to judge (general IHC practice). | Do not score this as ATF1 expression without resolvable nuclear signal (UniProt P18846: nucleus; general IHC practice). Excess detection background or nonspecific binding can obscure localisation; inspect controls and background before comparing tissues (general IHC practice). |
| No nuclear signal in a section containing colon glandular cells or pancreatic exocrine glandular cells (HPA tissue IHC: both High). | A technical failure is possible, but HPA's High categories do not guarantee staining in every specimen (HPA tissue IHC: colon and pancreas; reliability Supported). Check section quality and the staining run with a suitable positive control before calling ATF1 absent (general IHC practice). |
💡Expected ATF1 appearanceCall a result consistent with ATF1 when nuclear chromogen is clear in reported positive cells, such as High-staining colon glandular cells; isolated cytoplasmic or extracellular colour is discordant (HPA tissue IHC: colon; UniProt P18846: nucleus).
| Tissue and cell choice (HPA tissue IHC) | HPA reports High staining in adrenal, colon, duodenal, epididymal and gallbladder glandular cells, Bergmann glial nuclei, glomerular cells and pancreatic exocrine glandular cells. It reports Low staining in several epithelial and muscle cell types, so those cells are less useful for judging a weak run (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Strength of the IHC reference (HPA tissue IHC; HPA antibodies) | The overall IHC pattern is Supported, with medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA data (HPA tissue IHC: reliability). HPA055069 and CAB016222 have Supported IHC status; HPA055406 has no listed IHC status (HPA antibodies). Interpret an unexpected pattern against that validation limit. |
| IF/ICC: Where should ATF1 appear? (HPA subcellular) | Expect nucleoplasmic signal in the HPA ICC-IF reference images (HPA subcellular: Nucleoplasm, enhanced). This supports a localisation comparison with nuclear IHC staining; it does not supply an IF/ICC protocol for this IHC guide (HPA subcellular; HPA tissue IHC: general nuclear expression). |
| Protein form and antibody epitope (UniProt P18846) | ATF1 is annotated as one chain spanning residues 1–271, with no signal peptide or propeptide, and has two isoforms (UniProt P18846: processing, isoforms). The supplied record gives no antibody epitope, so isoform coverage and epitope-dependent staining cannot be predicted from it. |
| Phosphorylation and retrieval decisions (UniProt P18846; general IHC practice) | UniProt lists phosphoserines at residues 63 and 198, but the supplied evidence does not link them to IHC staining or retrieval response (UniProt P18846: modified residues). Choose and assess retrieval conditions as a general paraffin-IHC workflow step, without assuming an ATF1-specific fixation effect (general IHC practice). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| No nuclear staining in the expected positive cells (HPA tissue IHC: High in colon glandular cells). | The run may have failed, or the specimen may differ from the HPA reference; the HPA category does not establish a guaranteed result (HPA tissue IHC: reliability Supported). | Review section integrity, staining-run controls and the IHC-validated antibody's documented conditions; assess retrieval as a general paraffin-IHC variable (general IHC practice). |
| Colour is mainly cytoplasmic despite identifiable nuclei (UniProt P18846: nucleus). | The compartment is inconsistent with the UniProt and HPA localisation references; nonspecific staining or detection background is possible (HPA tissue IHC: general nuclear expression; general IHC practice). | Check nuclear morphology and a primary-antibody omission control, then judge whether distinct nuclear signal remains after background is accounted for (general IHC practice). |
| Basal cells in nasopharynx stain strongly (HPA tissue IHC: basal cells Not detected). | Possible explanations include cell misidentification, antibody cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity; HPA alone cannot distinguish them (HPA tissue IHC: nasopharynx; general IHC practice). | Verify the cell type on the counterstained section and inspect omission and detection controls before assigning the colour to ATF1 (general IHC practice). |
| Broad tissue background masks nuclear detail (general IHC practice). | Nonspecific binding or endogenous detection activity can produce chromogen beyond the expected nuclear pattern (general IHC practice; UniProt P18846: nucleus). | Review blocking, washes and detection controls under the chosen chromogenic method; score only nuclei that remain distinct from background (general IHC practice). |
| Only weak staining appears in lung alveolar type I cells or skeletal myocytes (HPA tissue IHC: Low in both). | Weak staining in those cell types is compatible with HPA's Low category and, by itself, does not show that the run failed (HPA tissue IHC: lung and skeletal muscle). | Compare a reported High-staining cell type in a suitable control section, then interpret the weak signal by its nuclear location and local background (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| The IF image looks nucleoplasmic, but IHC chromogen is diffuse (HPA subcellular: Nucleoplasm, enhanced). | The localisation readouts disagree; the supplied evidence does not identify an ATF1-specific fixation or retrieval cause (HPA subcellular; HPA tissue IHC). | Use the IF image as a localisation reference, then troubleshoot IHC section morphology, background and detection controls within the paraffin workflow (HPA subcellular; general IHC practice). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing ATF1 staining
M01600-1 · IHCIHC analysis of ATF1 using anti-ATF1 antibody (M01600-1). ATF1 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human lung cancer tissue. Heat m
M01600-1 · IHCIHC analysis of ATF1 using anti-ATF1 antibody (M01600-1). ATF1 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human rectal cancer tissue. Heat
M01600-1 · IFIF analysis of ATF1 using anti-ATF1 antibody (M01600-1). ATF1 was detected in immunocytochemical section of A431 cells. Enzyme antigen retri
A01600-1 · IHCImmunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human Colon cancer. 1, Antibody was diluted at 1:200(4° overnight). 2, Tris-EDTA,pH9.0 was
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000123268-ATF1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_4075252
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000123268-ATF1/tissue/colon#imid_4075178
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000123268-ATF1/tissue/liver#imid_4075171
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000123268-ATF1/tissue/kidney#imid_4075164
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody CAB016222; green = ATF1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody CAB016222; green = ATF1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for ATF1 IHC & IF
🧪Run cerebellum first and score nuclear staining in Bergmann glia (HPA: High in Bergmann glia nuclei). Run nasopharynx basal cells as the negative tissue (HPA: Not detected); on the positive slide, use other cells as internal negative references only if independently verified to lack ATF1, and expect no cytoplasmic staining (UniProt P18846: nucleus).
Positive control tissue: Adrenal gland (Glandular cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Nasopharynx (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show ATF1 in A-431, U-251MG, U2OS, HeLa, U2OS, siRNA 1 (10x), U2OS, siRNA 2 (10x), U2OS, scrambled (10x), NIH 3T3, with annotated localisation: Nucleoplasm (enhanced) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only control, a mouse isotype-matched IgG control for the caption’s mouse primary, and an ATF1 knockout biological negative (selected-SKU caption: mouse anti-ATF1). For chromogenic detection, block endogenous peroxidase and check endogenous biotin background when using the caption’s streptavidin–biotin detection system (selected-SKU caption: SABC with DAB).
⚠️Feasibility: No target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is reported, and the selected-SKU paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative. The caption uses heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0, but does not establish that retrieval is required (selected-SKU caption: EDTA retrieval). Relative ease of frozen sections or IF/ICC is unreported; for the IHC positive tissue, assess background from endogenous biotin with the caption’s SABC detection system (selected-SKU caption: SABC with DAB).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for ATF1
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Supported — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebellum | Bergmann glia - nucleus | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Colon | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Duodenum | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Epididymis | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasopharynx | Basal cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced ATF1 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot ATF1 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, nuclear localisation, assay controls and scoring before interpreting signal.
How should I retrieve ATF1 in paraffin sections when nuclear staining is weak?
Start with heat-mediated antigen retrieval in EDTA buffer at pH 8.0 (datasheet M01600-1). The documented paraffin-section example used this retrieval before incubating the antibody at 1 μg/mL overnight at 4°C; its caption does not report the fixative (datasheet M01600-1). If staining remains weak, compare a small set of heating and cooling durations on adjacent sections while keeping antibody concentration and detection constant (standard IHC practice). Judge improvement by sharper nuclear signal, since ATF1 is nuclear and the reported tissue profile shows general nuclear expression (UniProt P18846; HPA tissue IHC).
Could fixation explain inconsistent ATF1 staining between tissue blocks?
Target-specific ATF1 sensitivity to fixation is unknown from the supplied evidence; the paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (datasheet M01600-1). Record each block’s fixative and fixation duration, then compare similarly processed sections with the same EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval and antibody incubation at 1 μg/mL overnight at 4°C (datasheet M01600-1; standard IHC practice). Include a reference section in every staining run to separate block variation from run variation (standard IHC practice). Do not use the HPA nuclear pattern or ATF1 phosphorylation sites as evidence that one fixation condition specifically preserves ATF1 better (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P18846).
What should I check when ATF1 staining appears predominantly cytoplasmic?
Prioritise nuclear staining when evaluating this chromogenic assay: ATF1 is assigned to the nucleus, and tissue IHC reports general nuclear expression (UniProt P18846; HPA tissue IHC). The independent subcellular profile places ATF1 in the nucleoplasm (HPA subcellular). Compare the DAB deposit with a nuclear counterstain in the same cells, then inspect a no-primary control and an adjacent section for diffuse pigment or detection background (standard IHC practice). A chiefly cytoplasmic pattern without convincing nuclei warrants review of retrieval, antibody concentration and detection controls before it is scored as ATF1 (UniProt P18846; standard IHC practice).
Can this stain distinguish ATF1 isoforms or phosphorylation states?
ATF1 has 2 listed isoforms, but the supplied antibody caption does not identify its epitope or establish isoform selectivity (UniProt P18846; datasheet M01600-1). The protein contains a KID region at residues 31–90 and a bZIP region at 213–271, with annotated phosphoserines at 63 and 198 (UniProt P18846). Treat nuclear DAB signal as antibody reactivity without assigning it to either isoform or phosphorylation state (standard IHC interpretation). To test either distinction, obtain epitope and validation evidence for the exact antibody, then compare appropriate matched controls under the documented EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval (datasheet M01600-1; standard IHC practice).
How should I use IF to investigate an ambiguous ATF1 IHC pattern?
Use IF as a separate localisation check alongside this chromogenic paraffin-section assay, whose caption documents EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval (datasheet M01600-1). Multiplex ATF1 with a validated marker for the cell population being examined, such as glandular cells in a tissue where HPA reports their expression, and include a nuclear counterstain (HPA tissue IHC; standard IF practice). Choose fluorophores after checking tissue autofluorescence and keep single-stain controls for channel bleed-through (standard IF practice). Because ATF1 is nucleoplasmic and has no transmembrane segment, use controlled permeabilisation that permits nuclear antibody access; establish IF conditions independently of the IHC caption (HPA subcellular; UniProt P18846; standard IF practice).
How can I distinguish ATF1 signal from brown background in this detection system?
The documented assay used a biotinylated secondary antibody, streptavidin–biotin detection and DAB, so examine controls for background from those detection steps (datasheet M01600-1; standard IHC practice). Include no-primary and secondary-only sections, and compare them with a section stained at the documented 1 μg/mL primary concentration (datasheet M01600-1; standard IHC practice). Apply a peroxidase block and assess whether endogenous biotin contributes signal when using this detection chemistry (standard IHC practice). Count crisp nuclear staining preferentially, because the reported ATF1 tissue pattern is generally nuclear; diffuse brown deposits alone do not establish target staining (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC interpretation).
What is a reproducible way to score ATF1 nuclear IHC? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the tissue compartment and cell population before scoring, then count nuclei with specific DAB signal rather than all brown pixels (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). Report the percentage of positive cells and, where intensity is reliable, an H-score: percentage at intensity 1, 2 and 3 multiplied by each intensity, giving a 0–300 range (standard IHC practice). Normalise counts to the number of evaluable nuclei in the same compartment, or report positive nuclei per mm² of viable tissue (standard IHC practice). Hold retrieval, detection, imaging and thresholds constant across groups, and record excluded necrotic or damaged areas (standard IHC practice).
When should an apparent ATF1-positive region be treated as an artefact?
Expect a predominantly nuclear pattern: UniProt assigns ATF1 to the nucleus, and HPA describes general nuclear tissue expression (UniProt P18846; HPA tissue IHC). Check whether positive cells match the compartment under study; HPA reports high signal in several glandular populations and glomerular cells, but does not establish every cell’s status in a new specimen (HPA tissue IHC). Treat staining confined to section edges, damaged or necrotic areas, or no-primary controls as suspect, and check endogenous peroxidase background before calling DAB positive (standard IHC practice). The HPA tissue assessment is Supported with medium staining–RNA consistency, so interpret an unusual pattern alongside morphology and independent controls (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice).
Boster reagents
Best ATF1 / Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-1 IHC Antibodies
The catalog shows human paraffin-section IHC images from lung, rectal, and colon cancer tissue, plus an IF image from A431 cells (catalog: IHC and IF image captions).
Real IHC data
Anti-ATF1 Antibody ®(monoclonal, 7F8)
Cat # M01600-1
Real IHC data
Anti-ATF1 Antibody
Cat # A01600-1
M01600-1 is listed for IHC and IF/ICC, with paraffin-section IHC images from human lung and rectal cancer tissue and an IF image from A431 cells (catalog: M01600-1 applications and image captions). A01600-1 is listed for IHC and IF/ICC in human, mouse, and rat, with a paraffin-section IHC image from human colon cancer tissue (catalog: A01600-1 applications, reactivity, IHC caption).
Which to pick: For human tissue IHC, choose mouse monoclonal M01600-1 if its lung and rectal cancer paraffin-section examples match your intended approach; those captions specify EDTA pH 8 retrieval but do not report the fixative (catalog: M01600-1 host, clone, IHC captions). For IF/ICC, M01600-1 has an A431 IF image, while A01600-1 lists IF/ICC without an IF image (catalog: M01600-1 IF caption; A01600-1 applications, IF image captions). For work across human, mouse, and rat, choose rabbit polyclonal A01600-1 based on its listed reactivity and IHC/IF applications; its colon cancer IHC caption specifies a paraffin section and Tris-EDTA pH 9 retrieval but does not report the fixative (catalog: A01600-1 dilution notes, reactivity, applications, IHC caption).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry P18846 (ATF1_HUMAN, Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-1).
- Human Protein Atlas. ATF1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Supported).
- Human Protein Atlas. ATF1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Localized to the nucleoplasm..
- Human Protein Atlas. ATF1 antibody validation summary (3 antibodies).
- Phosphorylated ATF1 at Thr184 promotes metastasis and regulates MMP2 expression in gastric cancer. Journal of translational medicine 2022 — PMC8994398.
- Exploring Prognosis, Tumor Microenvironment and Tumor Immune Infiltration in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on ATF/CREB Transcription Factor Family Gene-Related Model. Journal of hepatocellular carcinoma 2023 — PMC9983578.
- Colorectal Cancer-Associated Genes Are Associated with Tooth Agenesis and May Have a Role in Tooth Development. Scientific reports 2018 — PMC5813178.
- Blockade of AMPK-Mediated cAMP-PKA-CREB/ATF1 Signaling Synergizes with Aspirin to Inhibit Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers 2021 — PMC8038809.
- PubMed PMID:2196176 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:1655749 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for ATF1 (Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-1). Expected localisation General nuclear staining (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet M01600-1). Validated IHC antibody: M01600-1 at 0.5-1μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Adrenal gland (Glandular cells); negative Nasopharynx. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human lung cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet M01600-1); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet M01600-1); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet M01600-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet M01600-1); 8. Primary antibody: Mouse monoclonal (clone 7F8) anti-ATF1, 0.5-1μg/ml (datasheet M01600-1); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet M01600-1). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific). Selected-image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet M01600-1); verify before use.; Caveat: Staining and RNA show medium consistency (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: 2 isoforms; epitope coverage is unknown (UniProt); Regulation: Expression regulation unreported (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt P18846, HPA tissue IHC · Supported, HPA ICC-IF · nucleoplasm., Datasheet M01600-1, PMC9983578, PMC8038809. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/ATF1/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.