This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website.
- Table of Contents
ATG16L1 / Autophagy-related protein 16-1 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for ATG16L1
Plan ATG16L1 chromogenic IHC in paraffin sections using documented tissue staining patterns (HPA tissue IHC). Compare ciliated cells and distal tubules, and account for cell composition when interpreting signal (HPA tissue IHC).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
ATG16L1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Membranous and cytoplasmic tissue staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Strong staining at cilia and in distal tubules (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A00526-3) | |
| Positive control | Bronchus+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Lymph node+2 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A00526-3); keep fixation consistent (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Cell composition may change apparent staining intensity (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Starvation recruits ATG16L1 to phagophores (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | Five isoforms; verify that the epitope is shared (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended ATG16L1 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody’s IHC protocol (datasheet A00526-3) is accompanied by one published colorectal tumor protocol (PMC10517947).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human the renal pelvis is squamous metaplasia tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A00526-3) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A00526-3); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A00526-3); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A00526-3) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-ATG16L1, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A00526-3) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A00526-3) |
| Detection | Streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC), DAB chromogen (datasheet A00526-3) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | ATG16L1-positive staining in ciliated cells (tip of cilia) of bronchus (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Membranous and cytoplasmic expression in several tissue types. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 (datasheet A00526-3); CC1 retrieval is a published comparison point for colorectal tumor sections (PMC10517947).
Section 2
What Is the Expected ATG16L1 Staining Pattern?
ATG16L1 is a cytoplasmic protein with no transmembrane segment; it can associate with preautophagosomal, endosomal and lysosomal membranes (UniProt Q676U5). In paraffin sections, expect cytoplasmic and membranous staining, particularly in bronchial and fallopian tube ciliated cells, kidney distal tubules and round or early spermatids (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA rates its tissue staining profile Supported, citing consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC).
| Cytoplasmic or membranous staining in kidney distal tubules, with clear cell outlines and limited background. | This fits the reported tissue pattern and a High staining site (HPA tissue IHC: distal tubules). Membrane-associated signal is plausible for ATG16L1, but a chromogenic outline alone cannot identify the membrane compartment (UniProt Q676U5 subcellular location). |
| Predominantly nuclear staining, with little cytoplasmic signal in otherwise positive cells. | Nuclear enrichment does not match the listed cytoplasmic and membrane locations (UniProt Q676U5; HPA tissue IHC). Treat it as a suspect pattern; review controls and staining distribution before assigning it to ATG16L1 (general IHC practice). |
| Strong staining in lymph node germinal center cells or spleen red pulp cells. | These cell populations are reported as Not detected (HPA tissue IHC). Signal there may reflect cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity; compare with a matched negative control and the expected positive cell population (general IHC practice). |
| Uniform chromogen across cells and extracellular areas, obscuring cell boundaries. | This prevents a reliable compartment call. Assess reagent-only controls, blocking and detection background, then compare cell-specific staining with the reported cytoplasmic and membranous pattern (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC). |
| No staining in kidney distal tubules or bronchial ciliated cells. | Both are reported High sites, so a blank slide needs a technical check before a biological interpretation (HPA tissue IHC). Examine section quality, retrieval, antibody dilution and detection with a known-positive control (general IHC practice). |
💡Expected ATG16L1 appearanceA convincing positive shows cytoplasmic or membranous signal in High-reporting cells such as kidney distal tubules or bronchial ciliated cells, with lower background than those cells; isolated nuclear staining or strong signal in HPA Not detected populations is suspect (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q676U5; general IHC practice).
| Cell population and tissue context | HPA reports High staining in bronchial ciliated cells, fallopian tube ciliated cells, kidney distal tubules and round or early spermatids; several other listed populations are Medium, Low or Not detected (HPA tissue IHC). Score the named cell population rather than the whole tissue. |
| Subcellular interpretation | ATG16L1 is cytoplasmic and associates with preautophagosomal, endosomal and lysosomal membranes without a transmembrane segment (UniProt Q676U5). HPA describes tissue staining as membranous and cytoplasmic; chromogenic IHC alone does not specify which membrane is stained (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| Antibody validation | The tissue profile has Supported reliability, and HPA063900 is listed as IHC Supported (HPA tissue IHC; HPA antibodies). HPA012577 has no IHC status in the supplied antibody record (HPA antibodies); do not transfer validation between antibodies. |
| Isoforms and epitope interpretation | UniProt lists five ATG16L1 isoforms, but the supplied record gives no antibody epitope or isoform-specific staining result (UniProt Q676U5; HPA antibodies). A regional staining difference cannot be assigned to an isoform from these data. |
| Processing and modification | UniProt lists a single 1–607 chain, no signal peptide or propeptide, no annotated glycosylation sites and three modified residues (UniProt Q676U5). The supplied sources do not link these features to IHC staining intensity or retrieval response. |
| IF/ICC Q&A: should the same pattern appear in fluorescence images? | HPA describes a mainly cytosolic ICC-IF signal, plus approved localization in sperm equatorial, mid and principal pieces (HPA subcellular ICC-IF). This informs compartment interpretation; it does not establish an IHC-P protocol or identical appearance in tissue sections. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Known High cell populations have no visible signal. | A failed staining or detection step is possible; absence alone does not establish loss of ATG16L1 (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Run the IHC-validated antibody on a known-positive section and check retrieval, dilution and detection against its documented IHC-P conditions (HPA antibodies; general IHC practice). |
| The slide is dominated by nuclear staining. | This conflicts with the reported cytoplasmic and membrane-associated distribution (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q676U5). | Compare positive cells with a matched negative control and reassess localization before scoring (general IHC practice). |
| Germinal center cells stain strongly. | They are reported Not detected; cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity is possible (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Check a reagent control and inspect whether known-positive cells show the expected distribution on the same run (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC). |
| Diffuse background hides cell boundaries. | Nonspecific reagent binding or detection background can prevent compartment assessment (general IHC practice). | Review blocking, antibody concentration, washes and reagent-only controls; score only interpretable cell-associated signal (general IHC practice). |
| Signal is present, but the stained membrane cannot be identified. | ATG16L1 has several reported membrane-associated locations, while chromogenic tissue staining is described broadly as membranous and cytoplasmic (UniProt Q676U5; HPA tissue IHC). | Record the visible pattern as cytoplasmic or membranous; avoid naming a specific organelle from IHC appearance alone (general IHC practice). |
| An antibody with only ICC approval gives an unexpected IHC pattern. | HPA012577 has ICC Approved status but no IHC status in the supplied record; HPA063900 is IHC Supported (HPA antibodies). | Use the IHC-validated antibody for the paraffin-section comparison and interpret each antibody's validation separately (HPA antibodies; general IHC practice). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing ATG16L1 staining
A00526-3 · IHCIHC analysis of ATG16L1 using anti-ATG16L1 antibody (A00526-3). ATG16L1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human the renal pelvi
A00526-3 · IHCIHC analysis of ATG16L1 using anti-ATG16L1 antibody (A00526-3). ATG16L1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human lung cancer tis
A00526-3 · IFIF analysis of ATG16L1 using anti-ATG16L1 antibody (A00526-3). ATG16L1 was detected in an immunocytochemical section of A431 cells. Enzyme a
A00526-2 · IHCFormalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded human colon carcinoma tissue reacted with Autophagy APG16L antibody (L176), which was peroxidase-conjug
A00526-2 · IFImmunofluorescent analysis of U251 cells, using ATG16L Antibody. U251 cells (right) were treated with Chloroquine (50 μM,16h). A00526-2 was
A00526 · IFImmunocytochemistry of ATG16 in HeLa cells with ATG16 antibody at 2 μg/mL.
A00526-1 · IFImmunocytochemistry of ATG16 in HeLa cells with ATG16 antibody at 2 μg/mL.
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000085978-ATG16L1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_18748936
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000085978-ATG16L1/tissue/colon#imid_18748862
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000085978-ATG16L1/tissue/liver#imid_18748863
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000085978-ATG16L1/tissue/kidney#imid_18748856
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA012577; green = ATG16L1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA012577; green = ATG16L1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for ATG16L1 IHC & IF
🧪Run kidney first: distal tubule cells should stain strongly (HPA: High in kidney distal tubules). Run lymph node as a negative comparator in germinal center cells (HPA: Not detected in lymph node germinal center cells); on the kidney slide, treat cells outside the distal tubules as internal background comparators only after confirming they are unstained, since these HPA rows do not establish that they lack ATG16L1.
Positive control tissue: Bronchus (Ciliated cells (tip of cilia), HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Lymph node (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show ATG16L1 in A-431, Hep-G2, Sperm, with annotated localisation: Cytosol (supported) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only control, a rabbit IgG isotype control matched to the primary antibody, and an ATG16L1 knockout biological control where available (selected-SKU caption: rabbit primary antibody). For kidney sections developed with the caption’s biotin-based DAB method, quench endogenous peroxidase and block endogenous biotin (selected-SKU caption: biotinylated secondary, streptavidin–biotin complex and DAB).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the selected-SKU paraffin-section caption does not state the fixative; paraffin embedding alone does not establish fixation (selected-SKU caption: paraffin section; fixative unreported). The caption used heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0, but its specimen was renal pelvis squamous metaplasia, so retrieval for kidney distal tubules needs validation (selected-SKU caption: EDTA pH 8.0 and renal pelvis squamous metaplasia). Neither frozen sections nor IF are established as easier by the supplied evidence; endogenous biotin can complicate the caption’s biotin-based detection in kidney sections (selected-SKU caption: biotin-based detection). The selected A00526-3 tissue-IHC caption documents paraffin sections, but does not specify the fixative (selected-SKU IHC image A00526-3).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for ATG16L1
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Supported — High consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bronchus | Ciliated cells (tip of cilia) | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Fallopian tube | Ciliated cells (cilia axoneme) | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Kidney | Distal tubules | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Testis | Round or early spermatids | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced ATG16L1 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot ATG16L1 chromogenic IHC in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, compartment-specific staining, tissue controls, and scoring before interpreting biological changes.
What retrieval conditions should I start with for weak ATG16L1 staining?
Start with heat-mediated EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 for paraffin sections (datasheet A00526-3). The selected antibody image used that retrieval before 2 μg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C, so keep those documented conditions together for the first comparison (caption A00526-3). If staining remains weak, compare retrieval heating duration on adjacent sections while holding antibody concentration and chromogen development constant (standard IHC practice). Include a known positive cell population, such as kidney distal tubules, and inspect tissue integrity alongside signal intensity (HPA: High in kidney distal tubules; standard IHC practice). Stronger color alone does not establish improved specificity; check whether the expected cellular distribution is preserved (UniProt Q676U5 subcellular; standard IHC practice).
Could fixation explain inconsistent ATG16L1 staining across paraffin blocks?
Target-specific sensitivity of ATG16L1 to fixation is unknown from the supplied evidence; the selected paraffin-section caption does not report a fixative (caption A00526-3). Record each block’s fixative, fixation duration, and processing history before comparing staining intensity across cases (standard IHC practice). When possible, stain adjacent sections in the same run using EDTA at pH 8.0 and the documented 2 μg/ml antibody condition (caption A00526-3; standard IHC practice). Compare morphology and staining within the same cell type, since damaged sections can make intensity comparisons unreliable (standard IHC practice). Do not attribute a difference to ATG16L1 phosphorylation or membrane association without a controlled fixation comparison (UniProt Q676U5 modified residues and subcellular; standard IHC practice).
Where should convincing ATG16L1 staining appear in tissue sections?
Look for predominantly cytoplasmic staining, with possible membrane-associated or punctate signal, rather than requiring a single uniform pattern (UniProt Q676U5 subcellular; HPA: membranous and cytoplasmic tissue expression). ATG16L1 has no transmembrane segment, although it associates with preautophagosomal, endosomal, and lysosomal membranes (UniProt Q676U5 topology and subcellular). High staining in kidney distal tubules or bronchial ciliated cells can help anchor cell identification on a control section (HPA: High in kidney distal tubules and bronchial ciliated cells). Assess each compartment against morphology and a matched negative control at the same DAB development time (standard IHC practice). Diffuse color across unrelated structures warrants a background check before calling a localization change (standard IHC practice).
Can this antibody distinguish ATG16L1 isoforms or phosphorylation states in IHC?
The record lists 5 ATG16L1 isoforms and phosphorylation sites including residues 139, 269, and 287 (UniProt Q676U5 isoforms and modified residues). The supplied antibody caption gives no epitope or isoform-reactivity map, so a positive DAB signal cannot be assigned to one isoform or phosphorylation state (caption A00526-3). Before making that claim, obtain the antibody’s epitope and cross-reactivity data, then check whether the relevant sequence is present in each isoform (standard IHC practice). Keep retrieval at EDTA pH 8.0 during that comparison so staining changes have fewer procedural explanations (datasheet A00526-3; standard IHC practice). Report the result as ATG16L1 immunoreactivity unless additional validation supports a narrower identity (standard IHC practice).
How should I investigate ATG16L1 puncta with multiplex IF?
For the separate IF/ICC workflow, pair ATG16L1 with a marker identifying the expected cell type, such as a ciliated-cell marker when assessing bronchial cilia (HPA: High at bronchial cilia tips; standard IF practice). Choose spectrally separated fluorophores and place the weaker signal in a channel with low tissue autofluorescence, checking unstained tissue first (standard IF practice). ATG16L1 lacks a transmembrane segment and is mainly cytosolic, so permeabilisation should allow antibody access to its cytosolic epitope while preserving puncta; the precise epitope is unreported (UniProt Q676U5 topology; HPA: cytosol supported; caption A00526-3). Compare single-stain controls before judging colocalisation, and do not transfer the paraffin IHC antibody condition directly to IF (standard IF practice; caption A00526-3).
How can I separate ATG16L1 staining from tissue or detection background?
Run a no-primary control beside the test section and inspect whether color follows the same cells and compartments (standard IHC practice). The selected image used a biotinylated secondary, streptavidin–biotin detection, and DAB, so check detection-only staining when unexpected color persists (caption A00526-3; standard IHC practice). Apply an endogenous peroxidase block as part of the chromogenic workflow and compare DAB development times across controls and samples (standard IHC practice). The documented tissue section was blocked with 10% goat serum and incubated with 2 μg/ml antibody overnight at 4°C (caption A00526-3). If background remains, titrate antibody and blocking conditions while retaining a positive tissue control (standard IHC practice; HPA: High in kidney distal tubules).
What scoring method captures changes in ATG16L1 IHC without confounding tissue composition? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and compartment before scoring, because ATG16L1 can show cytoplasmic and membranous tissue staining (HPA: tissue expression profile). For a specified population, record the percentage of positive cells and an H-score based on intensity categories; use positive profiles per mm² when counting discrete structures (standard IHC practice). Normalize counts to the area or number of evaluable cells of that same population, excluding necrosis and folds by a prespecified rule (standard IHC practice). Keep EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0, imaging settings, and DAB development consistent across compared sections (datasheet A00526-3; standard IHC practice). Report cytoplasmic and membranous scores separately when both patterns are present (HPA: tissue expression profile; standard IHC practice).
Which ATG16L1 patterns suggest a true positive rather than a staining artefact?
A credible result matches identifiable cells and an expected cytoplasmic or membrane-associated distribution, then reproduces across sections (UniProt Q676U5 subcellular; HPA: tissue expression profile; standard IHC practice). Kidney distal tubules provide a high-staining reference, whereas lymph-node germinal center cells were reported as not detected in the HPA survey (HPA: High in kidney distal tubules; HPA: Not detected in lymph-node germinal center cells). Treat isolated nuclear color, section-edge enhancement, necrotic deposits, or color in a no-primary control as reasons to investigate artefact (UniProt Q676U5 subcellular; standard IHC practice). Check endogenous peroxidase and detection-only controls before interpreting widespread DAB deposits (standard IHC practice). Even specific staining reports ATG16L1 distribution, not autophagic flux by itself (UniProt Q676U5 function; standard IHC practice).
Boster reagents
Best ATG16L1 / Autophagy-related protein 16-1 IHC Antibodies
IHC images cover human paraffin sections, including formalin-fixed colon carcinoma; IF/ICC images cover human cells (catalog image captions). Listed reactivity extends to mouse and rat for selected antibodies (catalog reactivity).
Real IHC data
Anti-ATG16L1 Antibody ®
Cat # A00526-3
Real IHC data
Anti-ATG16L Antibody
Cat # A00526-2
Real IF data
Anti-ATG16 ATG16L1 Antibody
Cat # A00526
Real IF data
Anti-ATG16 ATG16L1 Antibody
Cat # A00526-1
A00526-3 shows IHC in human paraffin sections, including renal pelvis squamous metaplasia, lung cancer and esophageal squamous carcinoma (A00526-3 image captions); A00526-2 shows IHC in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human colon carcinoma (A00526-2 image caption). A00526 and A00526-1 show ICC in HeLa cells and list IF among their applications (catalog image captions; catalog applications).
Which to pick: For tissue IHC, choose A00526-3 for human paraffin sections at 2–5 μg/ml (datasheet: IHC dilution; A00526-3 image captions); its captions do not report a fixative (A00526-3 image captions). Choose polyclonal A00526-2 when a documented paraffin-section, paraffin-embedded human tissue example is useful; its IHC-P range is 1:10–1:50 (catalog dilution_raw; A00526-2 image caption). For IF/ICC, A00526 and A00526-1 have HeLa cell images, while A00526-1 offers listed human, mouse and rat reactivity; the supplied cell images establish human evidence only (catalog image captions; catalog reactivity). The selected A00526-3 tissue-IHC caption documents paraffin sections, but does not specify the fixative (selected-SKU IHC image A00526-3).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q676U5 (A16L1_HUMAN, Autophagy-related protein 16-1).
- Human Protein Atlas. ATG16L1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Supported).
- Human Protein Atlas. ATG16L1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the cytosol. In addition localized to the equatorial segment, mid piece and principal piece..
- Human Protein Atlas. ATG16L1 antibody validation summary (2 antibodies).
- Tumor-intrinsic expression of the autophagy gene Atg16l1 suppresses anti-tumor immunity in colorectal cancer. Nature communications 2023 — PMC10517947.
- MicroRNA-20a-mediated loss of autophagy contributes to breast tumorigenesis by promoting genomic damage and instability. Oncogene 2017 — PMC5658668.
- MIR106B and MIR93 prevent removal of bacteria from epithelial cells by disrupting ATG16L1-mediated autophagy. Gastroenterology 2014 — PMC3870037.
- Paneth cells as a site of origin for intestinal inflammation. Nature 2013 — PMC3862182.
- PubMed PMID:15620219 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:17200669 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:12975309 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for ATG16L1 (Autophagy-related protein 16-1). Expected localisation Membranous and cytoplasmic tissue staining (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A00526-3). Validated IHC antibody: A00526-3 at 2-5 μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Bronchus (Ciliated cells (tip of cilia)); negative Lymph node. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human the renal pelvis is squamous metaplasia tissue; fixative not specified…; 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A00526-3); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A00526-3); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A00526-3); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-ATG16L1, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A00526-3); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A00526-3). Watch for: Fixation: Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A00526-3); keep fixation consistent (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Cell composition may change apparent staining intensity (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: Five isoforms; verify that the epitope is shared (UniProt); Regulation: Starvation recruits ATG16L1 to phagophores (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt Q676U5, HPA tissue IHC · Supported, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the cytosol. In addition localized to the…, Datasheet A00526-3, PMC10517947. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/ATG16L1/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.