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Plan paraffin AURKA IHC with the catalog antibody’s documented staining workflow and HPA tissue controls (datasheet A00246-4; HPA tissue IHC). Assess cytoplasmic and nuclear staining in pachytene spermatocytes and tonsillar germinal center cells, both reported at medium intensity (HPA tissue IHC).
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
| Expected localisation | Cytoplasmic and nuclear tissue staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Pachytene spermatocytes and immune cells: cytoplasmic, nuclear (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A00246-4) | |
| Positive control | Testis+1 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
| Fixation | Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A00246-4) | |
| Caveat | Mitotic cells may show centrosomal or spindle-pole signal (UniProt) | |
| Regulation | RNA enhanced in testis and lymphoid tissue (HPA tissue RNA) | |
| Isoform / epitope | No annotated isoforms; one 1–403 chain (UniProt) |
The catalog antibody protocol uses EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval (datasheet: A00246-4). The published option below describes AURKA staining in colorectal tumor sections (PMC8688726).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human cervical cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A00246-4) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A00246-4); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A00246-4); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A00246-4) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-AURKA, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A00246-4) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A00246-4) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet A00246-4) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | AURKA-positive staining in pachytene spermatocytes of testis (HPA tissue IHC: Medium). HPA tissue profile: Cytoplasmic and nuclear expression most abundant in pachytene spermatocytes and immune cells. No signal in the no-primary control. |
AURKA staining should be enriched in pachytene spermatocytes in testis and germinal center cells in tonsil, with cytoplasmic and nuclear staining reported in tissue (HPA tissue IHC). In dividing cells, AURKA localizes to centrosomes and spindle poles (UniProt O14965). HPA rates the tissue staining profile Enhanced, while noting medium consistency with RNA expression; interpret weak or unexpected staining cautiously (HPA tissue IHC). AURKA has no transmembrane segment (UniProt O14965 topology).
| Medium cytoplasmic and nuclear staining in pachytene spermatocytes or tonsil germinal center cells. | This matches the reported positive cell types, intensity, and broad tissue compartments (HPA tissue IHC). Score the relevant cells separately from surrounding cells; a positive region does not imply that every cell in the section should stain (general IHC practice). |
| A punctate signal near the nucleus or spindle-associated signal in an identifiable mitotic cell. | Centrosomal and spindle-pole localization is consistent with AURKA biology (UniProt O14965; HPA subcellular ICC-IF). Chromogenic IHC may not resolve these small structures clearly, so use cell identity and the broader tissue pattern when interpreting a fine punctum (general IHC practice). |
| Strong, uniform membrane staining dominates the candidate positive cells. | Treat this as an unexpected compartment pattern: AURKA has no transmembrane segment, and HPA reports cytoplasmic and nuclear tissue staining (UniProt O14965 topology; HPA tissue IHC). Review the negative control and antibody specificity before assigning it to AURKA (general IHC practice). |
| Prominent staining appears in HPA-listed cells reported as not detected, such as adipocytes. | The pattern conflicts with the HPA observations for adipocytes in adipose tissue and breast (HPA tissue IHC). Cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity is possible; compare the matched negative control and assess tissue morphology before interpreting it as target signal (general IHC practice). |
| No staining is visible in pachytene spermatocytes in a testis control section. | HPA reports medium staining in these cells, so an entirely blank result warrants a technical review (HPA tissue IHC). Check tissue identity, preservation, retrieval, primary antibody use, and detection controls; a negative result alone does not identify which step failed (general IHC practice). |
| Cell type and tissue context | HPA reports medium staining in pachytene spermatocytes and tonsil germinal center cells, but low staining in several other listed cell types (HPA tissue IHC). Choose the specific positive cell population for assessment rather than treating all tissue cells as equivalent (general IHC practice). |
| Cell cycle and spatial resolution | AURKA associates with centrosomes and spindle structures during mitosis and moves to the midbody during telophase and cytokinesis (UniProt O14965). The fraction of recognizable dividing cells can therefore affect how often those structures are seen; small structures may be difficult to distinguish in chromogenic sections (general IHC practice). |
| Evidence tied to the antibody | HPA lists IHC status as Approved for HPA002636 and Enhanced for CAB001454 (HPA antibodies). The tissue profile is also labeled Enhanced, with medium consistency between staining and RNA data (HPA tissue IHC). Keep the antibody-specific status and the tissue-profile rating distinct when weighing an unexpected result. |
| Topology and processing | UniProt lists a single 1–403 chain, no signal peptide, no propeptide, and no transmembrane segment for AURKA (UniProt O14965). These annotations do not support expecting a secreted or membrane-spanning staining pattern; they do not predict how fixation or retrieval will affect this antibody (UniProt O14965; target-specific fixation evidence not supplied). |
| IF/ICC pattern — interpretation only | For the separate IF/ICC guide, HPA reports centrosome and basal-body localization as supported, while mitotic spindle, nucleoplasm, and cytosol are labeled uncertain (HPA subcellular ICC-IF). Use those confidence labels when comparing images; no IF/ICC protocol option is established by this section (HPA subcellular ICC-IF). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Known-positive testis cells are blank. | The expected medium signal in pachytene spermatocytes was not recovered (HPA tissue IHC); the failed step is undetermined. | Confirm the positive cell population, then review the section, primary antibody application, retrieval conditions, and detection controls together (general IHC practice). Do not infer AURKA-specific fixation sensitivity from this result. |
| Only diffuse haze is visible across the section. | A broad haze cannot be assigned to the reported cell-selective pattern (HPA tissue IHC); nonspecific staining or detection background is possible (general IHC practice). | Compare a matched no-primary control and inspect blocking, washing, detection reagent, and chromogen development using the established IHC workflow (general IHC practice). Reassess whether the positive cells remain distinguishable. |
| An apparent positive signal concentrates at tissue edges or damaged areas. | Edge or damage-associated staining can reflect a section or detection artifact (general IHC practice); HPA's AURKA profile describes cell types and compartments instead (HPA tissue IHC). | Inspect an intact region and compare controls before scoring the affected area (general IHC practice). Record whether the signal still follows pachytene spermatocytes or germinal center cells (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Strong membrane staining outweighs cytoplasmic and nuclear staining. | That distribution conflicts with HPA's tissue pattern and UniProt's absence of a transmembrane segment (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt O14965 topology). | Check the negative control and the antibody's IHC validation status; HPA assigns Approved to HPA002636 and Enhanced to CAB001454 (general IHC practice; HPA antibodies). Treat unresolved membrane staining as unexpected. |
| Cells listed as not detected stain as strongly as the positive control. | For example, prominent adipocyte staining conflicts with HPA's not-detected calls in adipose tissue and breast (HPA tissue IHC). Cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity may contribute (general IHC practice). | Compare the same cell type in control sections, inspect the no-primary control, and review the detection system's endogenous-activity controls (general IHC practice). Avoid calling the staining specific solely from color intensity. |
| IF/ICC shows a diffuse signal but no clear centrosome or basal body. | HPA supports centrosome and basal-body localization; it labels cytosolic localization uncertain (HPA subcellular ICC-IF). A diffuse image alone gives limited support for the expected spatial pattern. | In the separate IF/ICC analysis, check cell morphology and available localization controls before assigning the diffuse signal to AURKA (general IF practice). Interpret spindle and nucleoplasm signals with HPA's uncertain labels (HPA subcellular ICC-IF). |
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Testis | Pachytene spermatocytes | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Tonsil | Germinal center cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Caudate | Glial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebellum | Cells in granular layer | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Troubleshoot chromogenic AURKA IHC in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, controls, cell type and mitotic localisation before scoring staining.
A00246-4 and A00246-3 have IHC images from human paraffin sections (catalog IHC captions); A00246-3 also has IF data from Caco-2 cells (A00246-3 IF caption).
A00246-4 shows human cervical cancer paraffin-section IHC at 2 μg/ml with EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval; the fixative is unreported (A00246-4 IHC caption). A00246-3 shows human liver cancer paraffin-section IHC at 2 μg/ml with EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval; the fixative is unreported (A00246-3 IHC caption).
Which to pick: For tissue IHC, choose A00246-4 when its human cervical cancer paraffin-section example is relevant (A00246-4 IHC caption). For IF/ICC, choose A00246-3: both applications are listed, and its IF image uses Caco-2 cells (A00246-3 catalog applications; A00246-3 IF caption). For human and mouse IF/ICC work, consider M00246, a rabbit monoclonal listed for both species and applications; IHC is not listed (M00246 catalog).