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CAVIN1 / Caveolae-associated protein 1 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for CAVIN1
Plan CAVIN1 staining in paraffin sections using its reported tissue pattern and molecular localisation (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt). The guide covers fixation, controls and scoring around prominent vascular and adipocyte staining (HPA tissue IHC).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
CAVIN1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Caveolar membrane; cytosol possible (UniProt) | |
| Staining pattern | Staining mainly in blood vessels and adipocytes (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A31732-2) | |
| Positive control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adrenal gland+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Vascular and adipocyte staining can complicate scoring (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Tissue expression regulation is not annotated (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 3 isoforms; epitope coverage is unknown (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended CAVIN1 IHC & IF Protocols
Use the catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol (datasheet: A31732-2) alongside two published chromogenic CAVIN1 methods (PMC8107102; PMC3636273).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human glioblastoma tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A31732-2) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A31732-2); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A31732-2); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A31732-2) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-CAVIN1, 1-2 μg/ml (datasheet A31732-2) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A31732-2) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet A31732-2) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | CAVIN1-positive staining in adipocytes of adipose tissue (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Expression mainly in blood vessels and adipocytes. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteTry heat-mediated EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 first (datasheet: A31732-2). Heated citric acid was used for some antibodies, but its use for CAVIN1 was unspecified (PMC3636273).
Section 2
What Is the Expected CAVIN1 Staining Pattern?
CAVIN1 is associated with caveolae and the cell membrane; UniProt also lists cytosolic, nuclear and other locations, and reports no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q6NZI2). In tissue IHC, expect staining mainly in blood vessels and adipocytes, with high staining reported in several defined cell populations (HPA: tissue IHC). HPA rates the tissue pattern Supported, with medium consistency between staining and RNA data (HPA: tissue IHC reliability).
| Staining outlines adipocytes or follows vascular structures, while nearby cells differ in intensity. | This fits the broad tissue pattern of expression mainly in adipocytes and blood vessels (HPA: tissue IHC). Judge the stained cells within each structure; a vessel in a tissue with a negative listed cell population does not, by itself, contradict that population's result. HPA describes the tissue evidence as Supported but notes medium consistency with RNA data and staining in some cells or structures that it has not annotated (HPA: tissue IHC reliability). |
| A membrane-associated pattern appears in expected cells, with some intracellular staining. | Membrane association is consistent with the caveolar and cell-membrane locations in UniProt and the mainly plasma-membrane ICC-IF pattern in HPA (UniProt Q6NZI2 subcellular location; HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). Intracellular signal alone is not proof of artefact: UniProt also lists cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum, microsomes, mitochondria and nucleus, while HPA reports additional vesicular localization in ICC-IF. Assess cell identity, control tissue and background together. |
| Predominantly nuclear or uniformly intracellular staining appears throughout the section. | This is less persuasive as the expected tissue result because HPA describes expression mainly in blood vessels and adipocytes, and its ICC-IF summary places the main signal at the plasma membrane (HPA: tissue IHC; HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). UniProt includes nuclear and other intracellular locations, so compartment alone cannot establish an artefact (UniProt Q6NZI2 subcellular location). Compare the pattern with a known-positive tissue and appropriate staining controls before interpreting it. |
| Strong chromogen appears in cells reported as not detected, or it also appears in a no-primary control. | For example, HPA lists adrenal gland glandular cells and bone-marrow hematopoietic cells as not detected; first confirm which cells actually carry the signal (HPA: tissue IHC). A positive no-primary control points to detection-system or endogenous-activity background as a general IHC interpretation. If the no-primary control is clear, unexpected staining can reflect antibody cross-reactivity or a pattern requiring further validation; HPA's Supported rating does not validate every stained cell. |
| The slide looks uniformly hazy, or a known-positive adipose sample has no discernible cellular signal. | Diffuse haze makes localization and cell-based interpretation unreliable; check background controls before scoring (general IHC practice). Adipocytes are listed as High in adipose tissue, so absent staining there calls for a technical review, including section integrity, retrieval and detection controls, rather than an immediate biological absence call (HPA: High in adipocytes; general IHC practice). HPA does not provide target-specific fixation or retrieval behavior in this record. |
💡Expected CAVIN1 appearanceCall a result convincing when chromogenic signal is enriched in expected cells, especially High-staining adipocytes or vascular-associated cells, with a plausible membrane-associated distribution and clear background; broad staining of unrelated cells or a positive no-primary control argues against a specific positive call (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt Q6NZI2 subcellular location; general IHC practice).
| Cell population and comparison tissue | HPA reports expression mainly in blood vessels and adipocytes, with High staining in adipocytes, breast myoepithelial cells, kidney Bowman's capsule, lung type I alveolar cells and smooth muscle cells (HPA: tissue IHC). Its negative calls name particular cells, not entire tissue sections: adrenal glandular cells, for example, are listed as Not detected. Select and score the specified cell population rather than treating every cell in a section as one control. |
| Compartment and topology | UniProt places CAVIN1 at caveolae and the cell membrane and reports no transmembrane segment; it also lists several intracellular locations (UniProt Q6NZI2). HPA's plasma-membrane and vesicle observations come from ICC-IF, so they inform localization but do not set a mandatory chromogenic IHC shape (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). Interpret compartment alongside cell identity and controls. |
| Antibody evidence and isoforms | HPA049838 is listed as Supported for IHC and ICC, whereas HPA074213 is listed as Supported for ICC with no IHC status shown (HPA: antibodies). UniProt lists 3 isoforms; the supplied record gives no antibody epitope or isoform-coverage information, so an isoform-specific staining claim cannot be made (UniProt Q6NZI2 isoforms; HPA: antibodies). |
| IF/ICC Q&A | Q: Does IF/ICC evidence define the expected paraffin-section IHC pattern? A: It supports mainly plasma-membrane localization with additional vesicles, but it comes from ICC-IF images and should be read alongside tissue IHC observations for this guide (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF; HPA: tissue IHC). HPA lists HPA049838 and HPA074213 as ICC Supported; only HPA049838 has an IHC Supported status in the supplied antibody list (HPA: antibodies). |
| Fixation and retrieval evidence | The supplied UniProt and HPA records give no CAVIN1-specific fixation sensitivity or antigen-retrieval condition (UniProt Q6NZI2; HPA: tissue IHC). Retrieval and detection checks can be part of general paraffin-IHC troubleshooting, but these sources do not justify predicting how formalin exposure changes CAVIN1 signal or declaring a particular retrieval setting optimal. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| No staining in adipocytes used as the positive comparison. | Adipocytes are reported High, so a completely blank result may reflect a failed staining run or an unsuitable section; the record does not identify a CAVIN1-specific fixation cause (HPA: High in adipocytes). | Verify tissue identity and preservation, then check primary-antibody application, general paraffin-IHC retrieval steps and detection-system performance using run controls. Reassess the adipocytes before reporting absence (general IHC practice). |
| Only faint or patchy staining is visible in an expected cell population. | HPA gives cell-level observations rather than a required intensity for every specimen, and its tissue reliability is Supported with medium RNA–staining consistency (HPA: tissue IHC reliability). Technical variation also needs exclusion (general IHC practice). | Compare like cell populations across sections, review section quality and run controls, and score the observed localization and intensity without turning a weak result into a categorical negative (general IHC practice). |
| Signal is widespread in glandular cells listed as not detected. | The named negative call applies to those cells; nearby vessels can be a separate stained population because HPA describes expression mainly in blood vessels (HPA: adrenal glandular cells Not detected; HPA: tissue IHC profile). If the glandular cells themselves stain, specificity needs checking. | Identify the stained cells morphologically, inspect a no-primary control and compare a known-positive sample from the same run. Treat persistent unexpected cell staining as unresolved until independently validated (general IHC practice). |
| The no-primary control shows brown deposits or a section-wide haze. | Detection-system background or endogenous activity can produce signal without primary antibody; this is a general chromogenic-IHC control interpretation, not a CAVIN1-specific property (general IHC practice). | Resolve the control background and review blocking, washing and detection steps before scoring CAVIN1. A signal that persists without primary antibody cannot establish target localization (general IHC practice). |
| The main signal is nuclear despite an otherwise clean slide. | Nucleus is a listed UniProt location, but HPA's main ICC-IF localization is plasma membrane; neither source makes nuclear staining alone a tissue-IHC specificity test (UniProt Q6NZI2; HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). | Check whether expected adipocytes or vascular-associated cells also stain, compare positive and no-primary controls, and report the observed compartment without assigning it to caveolae solely from nuclear signal (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| An ICC-supported antibody produces an ambiguous paraffin IHC result. | ICC support does not establish IHC support: HPA074213 has ICC Supported and no IHC status shown, while HPA049838 has IHC Supported (HPA: antibodies). | For tissue-IHC interpretation, favor an IHC-validated antibody and require expected cell-population staining plus clean controls; keep the ICC-IF localization evidence as context rather than a substitute for paraffin IHC validation (HPA: antibodies; HPA: tissue IHC). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing CAVIN1 staining
A31732-2 · IHCIHC analysis of PTRF/CAVIN1 using anti-PTRF/CAVIN1 antibody (A31732-2). PTRF/CAVIN1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human gli
A31732-2 · IHCIHC analysis of PTRF/CAVIN1 using anti-PTRF/CAVIN1 antibody (A31732-2). PTRF/CAVIN1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human thy
A31732-2 · IFIF analysis of PTRF/CAVIN1 using anti-PTRF/CAVIN1 antibody (A31732-2). PTRF/CAVIN1 was detected in an immunocytochemical section of Hela cel
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000177469-CAVIN1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_14163188
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000177469-CAVIN1/tissue/colon#imid_14163106
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000177469-CAVIN1/tissue/liver#imid_14163123
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000177469-CAVIN1/tissue/kidney#imid_14163116
HPA · ICC-IF A-549Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-549, antibody HPA049838; green = CAVIN1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-549Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-549, antibody HPA049838; green = CAVIN1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for CAVIN1 IHC & IF
🧪Run adipose tissue first and score adipocytes, which have high CAVIN1 staining (HPA: High in adipocytes). Use bone marrow hematopoietic cells as the tissue negative (HPA: Not detected in hematopoietic cells); on the adipose slide, non-adipocyte cells without signal should show only background staining, but their target-negative status is unverified (HPA: High in adipocytes).
Positive control tissue: Adipose tissue (Adipocytes, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Adrenal gland (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show CAVIN1 in A-549, U-251MG, U2OS, BJ [Human fibroblast], NIH 3T3, with annotated localisation: Plasma membrane (supported) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary (secondary-only) control, a rabbit control immunoglobulin matched to the primary antibody’s class and clonality where known, and a verified CAVIN1 knockout specimen as a biological negative (caption: rabbit primary and anti-rabbit secondary; standard IHC controls). For DAB detection, block endogenous peroxidase; for IF in adipose tissue, check autofluorescence on an unstained section (caption: DAB detection; standard IHC/IF practice).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window and fixation effect are unreported, and the selected A31732-2 paraffin-section caption does not state the fixative (caption: fixative not stated). That IHC example uses heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0, but the evidence does not establish that retrieval is required across preparations (caption: EDTA retrieval). Frozen-section performance and whether IF is easier are unreported; ICC-IF images place CAVIN1 mainly at the plasma membrane and additionally in vesicles, while adipose autofluorescence should be checked for IF (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF; standard IF practice).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for CAVIN1
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Supported — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data. Antibody staining in cells/structures not annotated, view images.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Myoepithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Kidney | Bowman's capsule | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Lung | Alveolar cells type I | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Smooth muscle | Smooth muscle cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Endocrine cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Caudate | Glial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebellum | Cells in granular layer | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced CAVIN1 IHC Tips
These answers focus on chromogenic CAVIN1 IHC in paraffin sections; IF/ICC is addressed separately in one entry (caption A31732-2; HPA subcellular).
How should I recover CAVIN1 staining in paraffin sections?
Start with heat-mediated antigen retrieval in EDTA pH 8.0 for paraffin sections (datasheet A31732-2). The selected image used this retrieval before a 10% goat serum block, 2 μg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C, and DAB detection (caption A31732-2). If signal is weak, compare shorter and longer heating intervals on matched sections while keeping antibody concentration and detection constant (standard IHC practice). Judge improvement in expected vessel or adipocyte staining against a negative control, since excessive retrieval can damage morphology or raise background (HPA: expression mainly in blood vessels and adipocytes; standard IHC practice).
Can I assume CAVIN1 survives my fixation schedule?
Target-specific sensitivity to fixative type or fixation duration is unknown from the supplied evidence; the selected tissue image identifies a paraffin section but does not state its fixative (caption A31732-2). Record the fixative, exposure time, section age, and processing history for each block before comparing staining intensity (standard IHC practice). Use matched control tissue processed alongside study sections, then compare EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval under the same detection conditions (datasheet A31732-2; standard IHC practice). If signal varies between blocks, repeat on similarly processed sections before assigning the difference to CAVIN1 biology (standard IHC practice).
Should CAVIN1 stain membranes, cytoplasm, or nuclei?
Expect predominantly cell-border staining in well-preserved sections because CAVIN1 is associated with caveolae and cell membrane, and has no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q6NZI2 localisation and topology). Cytosolic staining can be biologically plausible: insulin stimulation moves CAVIN1 from caveolae to cytoplasm, although a static DAB section cannot establish that mechanism (UniProt Q6NZI2; standard IHC interpretation). UniProt also lists endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrion, and nucleus, while HPA subcellular imaging supports plasma membrane and additionally vesicles (UniProt Q6NZI2 localisation; HPA subcellular). Compare each compartment with cell morphology and a matched negative control before interpreting diffuse nuclear or cytoplasmic DAB as specific (standard IHC practice).
Can one IHC stain distinguish CAVIN1 isoforms or phospho-epitopes?
Do not infer isoform identity from a single chromogenic stain: the record lists 3 isoforms, while the selected caption does not specify the antibody epitope (UniProt Q6NZI2 isoforms; caption A31732-2). CAVIN1 has no annotated transmembrane segment, so an assumed extracellular epitope is unjustified without an epitope map (UniProt Q6NZI2 topology). The record includes phosphoserines at residues 36, 40, 46, and 118, but the caption does not establish phospho-selective recognition (UniProt Q6NZI2 modified residues; caption A31732-2). For isoform or modification claims, obtain epitope documentation and use independently validated reagents or orthogonal evidence (standard IHC practice).
How can IF help resolve CAVIN1-positive structures seen by DAB?
Use IF/ICC as a separate validation experiment, pairing CAVIN1 with a marker for the expected vessel lining or adipocyte identity and checking cellular overlap rather than color alone (HPA: expression mainly in blood vessels and adipocytes; standard IF practice). Choose fluorophores away from the tissue's strongest autofluorescence and include single-stain and no-primary controls for spectral bleed-through and background (standard IF practice). Because CAVIN1 lacks a transmembrane segment and associates with caveolae, choose permeabilisation only after the antibody epitope's membrane side is established, then compare gentle permeabilisation with none (UniProt Q6NZI2 topology and localisation; standard IF practice). Interpret IF localisation separately from paraffin-section DAB intensity (standard IHC/IF practice).
How do I separate weak CAVIN1 signal from chromogenic background?
Compare a no-primary section with the same secondary reagent and DAB development, and include a tissue compartment expected to stain weakly or not at all (standard IHC practice; HPA: adrenal gland glandular cells not detected). For the selected paraffin-section image, the reported conditions were 10% goat serum block, 2 μg/ml primary overnight at 4°C, and secondary for 30 minutes at 37°C (caption A31732-2). If background is widespread, verify peroxidase quenching, reduce primary concentration or development time systematically, and keep retrieval constant (standard IHC practice). Check whether brown deposits track red cells, tissue folds, or section edges rather than expected cellular borders (standard IHC practice; HPA subcellular: plasma membrane).
What should I score when CAVIN1 staining varies across a section? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the compartment before scoring: CAVIN1 is mainly associated with plasma membrane, and tissue expression is mainly in blood vessels and adipocytes (HPA subcellular; HPA tissue). For a defined cell population, record percent positive cells and an H-score combining staining intensity with the proportion at each intensity; use vessel-positive area or profiles per mm² when cell counts are impractical (standard IHC quantification practice). Normalize vessel measurements to assessed viable tissue area or vessel area, and adipocyte measurements to the number of evaluable adipocytes (standard IHC quantification practice). Apply one threshold, section quality rule, and DAB exposure across matched samples (standard IHC practice).
When is unexpected CAVIN1 staining credible rather than artefactual?
Treat staining as credible when it reproduces in anatomically plausible cells, follows the expected plasma-membrane pattern, and exceeds matched negative-control signal (HPA tissue and subcellular; standard IHC practice). Strong staining in adipocytes, breast myoepithelial cells, kidney Bowman's capsule, lung type I alveolar cells, or smooth muscle has tissue-level support (HPA: High in listed cells). For apparent diffuse tumour-cell or nuclear positivity, inspect adjacent normal structures and seek an independent antibody or orthogonal assay before assigning a new compartment (UniProt Q6NZI2 localisation; standard IHC practice). Discount edge accentuation, necrotic deposits, and residual endogenous peroxidase until controls and serial sections exclude them (standard IHC practice).
Boster reagents
Best CAVIN1 / Caveolae-associated protein 1 IHC Antibodies
A31732-2 has IHC images from human paraffin sections and an IF/ICC image from HeLa cells (catalog image captions); its listed reactivity is human, mouse and rat (catalog applications/reactivity).
Real IHC data
Anti-PTRF/CAVIN1 Antibody ®
Cat # A31732-2
A31732-2 has IHC images from human glioblastoma, thyroid cancer, placenta and breast cancer paraffin sections (catalog IHC captions). The same SKU has an IF/ICC image from HeLa cells and lists human, mouse and rat reactivity (catalog IF caption; catalog applications/reactivity).
Which to pick: For paraffin-section IHC, choose A31732-2: its IHC captions document EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 and primary antibody at 2 μg/ml; the fixative is unreported (catalog IHC captions). For IF/ICC, A31732-2 has a HeLa-cell image at 5 μg/ml (catalog IF caption). For mouse or rat work, A31732-2 lists both species as reactive, but the supplied IHC and IF images show human samples; clonality is unreported (catalog applications/reactivity; catalog image captions; catalog clone field).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q6NZI2 (CAVN1_HUMAN, Caveolae-associated protein 1).
- Human Protein Atlas. CAVIN1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Supported).
- Human Protein Atlas. CAVIN1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the plasma membrane. In addition localized to vesicles..
- Human Protein Atlas. CAVIN1 antibody validation summary (2 antibodies).
- Deficiency of cold-inducible RNA-binding protein exacerbated monocrotaline-induced pulmonary artery hypertension through Caveolin1 and CAVIN1. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 2021 — PMC8107102.
- Cavin1; a regulator of lung function and macrophage phenotype. PloS one 2013 — PMC3636273.
- Non-caveolar caveolin - 1 in retinal Müller glia promotes innate immune responses. The Journal of biological chemistry 2026 — PMC13382776.
- Homotrimer cavin1 interacts with caveolin1 to facilitate tumor growth and activate microglia through extracellular vesicles in glioma. Theranostics 2020 — PMC7295042.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:15489334 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:9582279 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for CAVIN1 (Caveolae-associated protein 1). Expected localisation Caveolar membrane; cytosol possible (UniProt). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A31732-2). Validated IHC antibody: A31732-2 at 1-2 μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Adipose tissue (Adipocytes); negative Adrenal gland. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human glioblastoma tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A31732-2); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A31732-2); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A31732-2); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A31732-2); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-CAVIN1, 1-2 μg/ml (datasheet A31732-2); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A31732-2). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Vascular and adipocyte staining can complicate scoring (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: 3 isoforms; epitope coverage is unknown (UniProt); Regulation: Tissue expression regulation is not annotated (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt Q6NZI2, HPA tissue IHC · Supported, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the plasma membrane. In addition localized to…, Datasheet A31732-2, PMC8107102, PMC3636273. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/CAVIN1/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.