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CTHRC1 / Collagen triple helix repeat-containing protein 1 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for CTHRC1
Plan CTHRC1 chromogenic IHC in paraffin sections with the catalog antibody at 0.5–1 μg/mL (datasheet A05203-1). Use human small intestine as a high-staining reference and assess glandular-cell staining alongside a no-primary control (HPA tissue IHC).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
CTHRC1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Cytoplasmic staining in several tissues (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Cytoplasmic staining in gut glandular cells (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A05203-1) | |
| Positive control | Appendix+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); assess results empirically. | |
| Caveat | Secreted protein may cause RNA and tissue staining to differ (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Isoform 1 is expressed in calcified plaque (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 3 isoforms; signal peptide 1–30 is removed; no cytoplasmic segment (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended CTHRC1 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody protocol uses EDTA retrieval (datasheet: A05203-1). Published paraffin-section IHC methods below provide CTHRC1 examples from pituitary and other tissues (PMC3466254; PMC4091966; PMC13235751).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human mammary cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A05203-1) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A05203-1); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A05203-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A05203-1) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-CTHRC1, 0.5-1μg/ml (datasheet A05203-1) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A05203-1) |
| Detection | Streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC), DAB chromogen (datasheet A05203-1) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | CTHRC1-positive staining in glandular cells of appendix (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Cytoplasmic expression in several tissues. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated EDTA pH 8.0 for the catalog antibody (datasheet: A05203-1); citrate pH 6.0 belongs to the published Vli-55 protocol (PMC3466254).
Section 2
What Is the Expected CTHRC1 Staining Pattern?
CTHRC1 is a secreted protein found in extracellular space and matrix, with no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q96CG8 topology). In paraffin-section IHC, expect cytoplasmic staining in selected glandular cells, kidney tubules, and placental trophoblasts (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA rates its tissue staining Approved, pending external verification; secretion can make tissue RNA and protein patterns difficult to correlate (HPA tissue IHC: reliability description).
| Strong cytoplasmic staining in intestinal glandular cells or kidney tubules. | This matches reported high staining in glandular cells of the colon, duodenum, rectum, and small intestine, and in kidney tubular cells (HPA tissue IHC: High). Assess the named cell population within the section; staining elsewhere in the same tissue does not establish the expected pattern (HPA tissue IHC: cell-specific observations). |
| Prominent nuclear-only staining in an otherwise positive tissue. | Treat this as an IHC localisation discrepancy and review controls and detection conditions. HPA describes tissue IHC as cytoplasmic, while UniProt places CTHRC1 in the secretory and extracellular pathway (HPA tissue IHC: profile; UniProt Q96CG8 subcellular location). Nuclear staining alone does not confirm a positive paraffin-section result. |
| Strong staining in adipocytes or prostate glandular cells. | These cell populations are reported as not detected (HPA tissue IHC: adipose tissue and prostate). Compare an unstained or detection-only control and a known-positive tissue before assigning the signal to CTHRC1. Unexpected staining may reflect antibody cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity (general IHC practice); its cause cannot be determined from appearance alone. |
| Diffuse colour across cells, matrix, and blank areas. | Poorly confined staining is difficult to score against HPA’s cell-specific cytoplasmic observations (HPA tissue IHC: profile and positive tissues). Check whether colour also appears in a detection-only control, and review wash, blocking, antibody concentration, and chromogen development (general chromogenic IHC practice). Extracellular CTHRC1 localisation alone does not validate uniform background (UniProt Q96CG8 subcellular location). |
| No staining in a known-positive cell population. | A blank result in colon glandular cells, kidney tubules, or placental trophoblasts conflicts with reported high staining (HPA tissue IHC: High). Confirm that the expected cells are present, then examine antibody and detection controls and the retrieval conditions used (general IHC practice). HPA’s Approved rating remains pending external verification (HPA tissue IHC: reliability description). |
💡Expected CTHRC1 appearanceCall the IHC result positive when clear cytoplasmic staining is present in the expected glandular, tubular, or trophoblastic cells at the reported high level; nuclear-only signal or strong staining in HPA-negative cell populations calls for control review (HPA tissue IHC: profile, High and Not detected).
| Secreted protein and tissue localisation | CTHRC1 has a signal peptide at residues 1–30 and is annotated in extracellular space and matrix (UniProt Q96CG8 topology and subcellular location). HPA nevertheless reports cytoplasmic tissue IHC; secretion can separate the site of synthesis from where protein accumulates, so interpret extracellular colour in its tissue context (HPA tissue IHC: reliability description). |
| Processing, glycosylation, and isoforms | UniProt lists a chain at residues 31–243, one glycosylation site at residue 186, and 3 isoforms (UniProt Q96CG8 processing, glycosylation, isoforms). The supplied sources do not map the IHC antibody’s epitope, so these annotations cannot predict which molecular form it detects or explain a missing stain. |
| Evidence strength and tissue choice | The tissue IHC pattern is Approved but awaits external verification; the supplied HPA antibody record lists IHC Approved for HPA059806, without an Enhanced IHC designation (HPA tissue IHC: reliability; HPA antibodies: HPA059806). Use a reported high-staining cell population alongside a reported not-detected population when judging a new result (HPA tissue IHC: positive and negative observations). |
| IF/ICC: should nuclear signal guide IHC scoring? | No. HPA reports approved nucleoplasmic localisation in ICC-IF and lists ICC Approved for HPA061896, while its tissue IHC profile is cytoplasmic and HPA059806 is IHC Approved (HPA subcellular ICC-IF; HPA antibodies; HPA tissue IHC: profile). Treat these as assay-specific observations; the ICC-IF result does not establish a nuclear paraffin-section IHC pattern. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| No signal in colon glands or kidney tubules. | Those cells are reported High, so a blank slide may indicate an assay problem or absence of the expected cells in the section (HPA tissue IHC: colon and kidney; general IHC practice). | Verify cell identity and section quality, then inspect the positive control, antibody application, detection reagents, and retrieval conditions (general IHC practice). No CTHRC1-specific retrieval requirement is supplied. |
| Nuclear staining dominates the chromogenic section. | This differs from the reported cytoplasmic tissue IHC profile (HPA tissue IHC: profile). Appearance alone does not identify whether the source is nonspecific binding or detection background (general IHC practice). | Compare detection-only and known-positive controls, then reassess scoring in the expected cell population (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC: High cell populations). |
| Strong colour appears in adipocytes or smooth muscle cells. | Both are reported not detected, making the result discordant with those HPA observations (HPA tissue IHC: adipose tissue and smooth muscle). Cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity are possible causes (general IHC practice). | Check a detection-only control and review blocking and chromogen development; compare with a reported positive cell population before assigning target-specific staining (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC: High). |
| Background obscures glandular cell borders. | Diffuse colour can arise from excessive antibody or detection signal, insufficient washing, or endogenous activity (general chromogenic IHC practice). It prevents a clear comparison with HPA’s cell-specific profile (HPA tissue IHC: profile). | Review the detection-only control, washing, blocking, and development time; adjust conditions according to the antibody and detection-system instructions (general IHC practice). |
| Placenta stains, but adjacent cell populations differ. | HPA’s high placental observation names trophoblastic cells; it does not assign the same level to every cell in placenta (HPA tissue IHC: placenta). | Score trophoblastic cells separately, document the compartment and distribution, and compare the pattern with a negative control (HPA tissue IHC: placenta; general IHC practice). |
| Tissue RNA and protein results appear inconsistent. | HPA cautions that secreted protein variants can make RNA location and tissue protein location difficult to correlate (HPA tissue IHC: reliability description). | Interpret the slide using its cell-specific protein staining and appropriate IHC controls; report the RNA discrepancy without treating it alone as proof that the stain is false (HPA tissue IHC: profile and reliability description; general IHC practice). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing CTHRC1 staining
A05203-1 · IHCIHC analysis of CTHRC1 using anti-CTHRC1 antibody (A05203-1). CTHRC1 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human mammary cancer tissu
A05203-1 · IFIF analysis of CTHRC1 using anti-CTHRC1 antibody (A05203-1). CTHRC1 was detected in immunocytochemical section of HEPA1-6 cells. Enzyme anti
A05203 · IHCImmunohistochemistry of CTHRC1 in human small intestine tissue with CTHRC1 antibody at 5 μg/mL.
A05203 · IFImmunofluorescence of CTHRC1 in human small intestine tissue with CTHRC1 antibody at 20 μg/mL.
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000164932-CTHRC1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_17400479
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000164932-CTHRC1/tissue/colon#imid_17398837
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000164932-CTHRC1/tissue/liver#imid_17398838
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000164932-CTHRC1/tissue/kidney#imid_17398839
HPA · ICC-IF PC-3Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, PC-3, antibody HPA061896; green = CTHRC1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF PC-3Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, PC-3, antibody HPA061896; green = CTHRC1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for CTHRC1 IHC & IF
🧪Run colon first: its glandular cells should stain strongly (HPA: High in colon glandular cells). Use epididymis as the biological tissue negative because its glandular cells are listed as not detected (HPA: Not detected in epididymis glandular cells); on the colon slide, assess non-glandular cells as internal comparators for cell-associated staining, while scoring extracellular signal separately (UniProt Q96CG8: secreted, extracellular matrix).
Positive control tissue: Appendix (Glandular cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show CTHRC1 in PC-3, Rh30, U2OS, with annotated localisation: Nucleoplasm (approved) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only section; a concentration-matched nonimmune rabbit IgG isotype control (selected-SKU caption: rabbit primary antibody); and CTHRC1-knockout material or validated antigen-peptide competition as a target-specific negative. Block endogenous peroxidase and check endogenous biotin in colon sections when using the caption’s streptavidin–biotin/DAB detection (selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption: SABC with DAB).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the selected-SKU paraffin-section caption does not state the fixative (selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption: fixative not stated). Heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 is documented, but a requirement for retrieval has not been established; no supplied matched evidence shows that frozen sections or IF are easier than paraffin IHC (selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption: heat retrieval in EDTA, pH 8.0). For glandular colon sections, assess possible endogenous biotin signal with the caption’s SABC method and distinguish cell-associated staining from extracellular deposits (selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption: SABC; UniProt Q96CG8: secreted, extracellular matrix).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for CTHRC1
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Approved — Pending external verification. At least one protein variant secreted, tissue location of RNA and protein might differ and correlation is complex.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appendix | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Colon | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Duodenum | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Kidney | Cells in tubules | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Placenta | Trophoblastic cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Epididymis | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Lymph node | Germinal center cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Ovary | Ovarian stroma cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced CTHRC1 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot CTHRC1 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, compartment, controls, and scoring before interpreting chromogenic signal.
What retrieval should I try first when CTHRC1 staining is weak in paraffin sections?
Start with heat-mediated retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 (datasheet A05203-1). The selected paraffin-section example used that retrieval before 10% goat-serum blocking and 1 μg/mL primary antibody overnight at 4°C (datasheet A05203-1). Keep section thickness, heating, cooling, and detection conditions consistent while comparing retrieval runs, so a change in signal has a clear cause (standard IHC practice). If staining remains weak, compare a second retrieval condition on adjacent sections with the same positive control; excessive heating can damage morphology or increase background (standard IHC practice).
Could fixation explain weak or uneven CTHRC1 staining?
Target-specific fixation sensitivity is unknown: the selected paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (datasheet A05203-1). Record the actual fixative, fixation duration, tissue thickness, and processing history for each block before attributing weak signal to antibody performance (standard IHC practice). Compare affected sections with similarly processed controls, and look for uneven staining across tissue depth or damaged morphology that could complicate interpretation (standard IHC practice). Optimise retrieval and primary-antibody conditions on matched sections while keeping detection constant; the caption's 1 μg/mL overnight incubation is a documented starting condition, not evidence about fixation sensitivity (datasheet A05203-1).
How should I assess extracellular, cytoplasmic, or nuclear CTHRC1 staining?
CTHRC1 is annotated as secreted into extracellular space and matrix, with no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q96CG8 subcellular location and topology). The tissue atlas also reports cytoplasmic expression in several tissues, while its cell-imaging record lists approved nucleoplasmic localisation (HPA tissue IHC profile; HPA subcellular). Score matrix, cytoplasmic, and nuclear signal separately instead of treating every stained compartment as equivalent evidence (standard IHC practice). Check each pattern against tissue morphology, a positive control, and a no-primary control; extracellular deposition may be spatially separated from cells producing a secreted protein (UniProt Q96CG8 subcellular location; standard IHC practice).
Can epitope position or isoforms explain discordant CTHRC1 staining?
First check the antibody's disclosed immunogen or epitope against the mature CTHRC1 chain, residues 31–243, and its signal peptide, residues 1–30 (UniProt Q96CG8 processing). CTHRC1 has 3 annotated isoforms, a collagen-like region at residues 57–90, and one annotated glycosylation site at residue 186 (UniProt Q96CG8). Those annotations identify questions for the antibody supplier; they do not establish which isoforms this antibody detects or whether processing alters its staining (UniProt Q96CG8; standard IHC practice). If the epitope is undisclosed, report the antibody identifier and refrain from assigning a compartment-specific staining difference to one isoform without independent validation (standard IHC practice).
How can I investigate CTHRC1 localisation with multiplex IF?
Use IF as a separate optimisation exercise: the selected antibody evidence describes paraffin-section chromogenic IHC, while the atlas has ICC/IF images from PC-3, Rh30, and U2OS cells (datasheet A05203-1; HPA subcellular). Pair CTHRC1 with a validated marker for the expected cell population in the specimen, and inspect single-channel images before interpreting overlap (standard IF practice). Choose fluorophores after examining unstained tissue autofluorescence, placing the weaker signal in a cleaner, brighter detection channel when feasible (standard IF practice). Because CTHRC1 is secreted and lacks a transmembrane segment, tailor permeabilisation to the epitope and the intracellular or extracellular pool being tested; verify antibody access experimentally (UniProt Q96CG8 topology and subcellular location; standard IF practice).
What should I check when DAB staining appears diffuse or nonspecific?
Run no-primary and secondary-only controls alongside the positive control to distinguish detection background from primary-antibody staining (standard IHC practice). The selected example used 10% goat serum, 1 μg/mL rabbit primary overnight at 4°C, and a biotinylated secondary for 30 minutes at 37°C (datasheet A05203-1). Check peroxidase blocking, endogenous biotin where relevant, wash stringency, and DAB development time before increasing primary-antibody concentration (standard IHC practice). Interpret diffuse extracellular staining with care because CTHRC1 is secreted and matrix-associated; compare its distribution with morphology and control sections rather than assuming diffuse colour is specific (UniProt Q96CG8 subcellular location; standard IHC practice).
What should I measure when CTHRC1 stains cells and extracellular matrix? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define cellular and extracellular regions before scoring, because CTHRC1 is secreted into extracellular space and matrix (UniProt Q96CG8 subcellular location). For cellular staining, record percentage-positive cells and intensity by compartment, or calculate an H-score as the sum of percentage at each intensity multiplied by its intensity grade (standard IHC practice). For extracellular signal, measure positive area or optical density per mm² of viable tissue, using consistent colour deconvolution and thresholds (standard IHC practice). Normalise comparisons to the same tissue compartment, viable area, and acquisition conditions; keep nuclear, cytoplasmic, and matrix measurements separate given the differing reported locations (HPA tissue IHC profile; HPA subcellular; standard IHC practice).
How do I distinguish convincing CTHRC1 positivity from artefact?
Seek staining that follows intact tissue structures and reproduces in adjacent sections under the same detection conditions (standard IHC practice). CTHRC1 is annotated as secreted and matrix-associated, while the tissue atlas reports cytoplasmic staining and cell-imaging data report nucleoplasmic localisation; compartment alone cannot settle specificity (UniProt Q96CG8 subcellular location; HPA tissue IHC profile; HPA subcellular). Check whether the stained cell population fits the specimen: HPA reports high signal in kidney tubules and placental trophoblastic cells, among other listed populations (HPA tissue IHC). Discount isolated section-edge colour, necrotic areas, or signal reproduced by no-primary controls; investigate endogenous peroxidase or biotin when those controls stain (standard IHC practice).
Boster reagents
Best CTHRC1 / Collagen triple helix repeat-containing protein 1 IHC Antibodies
Both antibodies have human tissue IHC images; IF images show human small intestine for A05203 and mouse HEPA1-6 cells for A05203-1 (catalog image captions). Both list Human, Mouse and Rat reactivity (catalog).
Real IHC data
Anti-CTHRC1 Antibody ®
Cat # A05203-1
Real IHC data
Anti-CTHRC1 Antibody
Cat # A05203
A05203 has human small intestine IHC and IF images (catalog image captions). A05203-1 has an IHC image from a paraffin-embedded human mammary cancer section and an IF/ICC image from mouse HEPA1-6 cells (catalog image captions).
Which to pick: For tissue IHC requiring a documented paraffin-section workflow, choose A05203-1: its image caption reports EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 and 1 μg/mL antibody; the fixative is unreported (A05203-1 IHC image caption). For tissue IF, choose A05203 based on its human small intestine IF image; for cell IF/ICC, choose A05203-1 based on its mouse HEPA1-6 image and listed ICC application (catalog image captions; A05203-1 applications). Both list Human, Mouse and Rat reactivity, but the supplied IHC images show human samples only (catalog reactivity; catalog IHC image captions).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q96CG8 (CTHR1_HUMAN, Collagen triple helix repeat-containing protein 1).
- Human Protein Atlas. CTHRC1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Approved).
- Human Protein Atlas. CTHRC1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Localized to the nucleoplasm..
- Human Protein Atlas. CTHRC1 antibody validation summary (2 antibodies).
- Adipose-derived stem cells promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells by activating the Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling pathway. Translational cancer research 2022 — PMC8904952.
- Cthrc1, a novel circulating hormone regulating metabolism. PloS one 2012 — PMC3466254.
- Collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma and promotes cell proliferation and motility. International journal of oncology 2014 — PMC4091966.
- Microenvironmental CTHRC1 has a pro-tumorigenic role in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2026 — PMC13235751.
- PubMed PMID:15618538 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:12975309 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:16421571 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for CTHRC1 (Collagen triple helix repeat-containing protein 1). Expected localisation Cytoplasmic staining in several tissues (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A05203-1). Validated IHC antibody: A05203-1 at 0.5-1μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Appendix (Glandular cells); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human mammary cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A05203-1); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A05203-1); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A05203-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A05203-1); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-CTHRC1, 0.5-1μg/ml (datasheet A05203-1); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A05203-1). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); assess results empirically.; Caveat: Secreted protein may cause RNA and tissue staining to differ (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: 3 isoforms; signal peptide 1–30 is removed; no cytoplasmic segment (UniProt); Regulation: Isoform 1 is expressed in calcified plaque (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt Q96CG8, HPA tissue IHC · Approved, HPA ICC-IF · nucleoplasm., Datasheet A05203-1, PMC3466254, PMC4091966. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/CTHRC1/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.