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- Table of Contents
2 Citations 10 Q&As
Facts about CCN family member 4.
Downstream regulator in the Wnt/Frizzled-signaling pathway.
Connected with cell survival.Attenuates p53-mediated apoptosis in response to DNA damage through activation of AKT kinase. Up-regulates the anti-apoptotic Bcl-X(L) protein.
Human | |
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Gene Name: | CCN4 |
Uniprot: | O95388 |
Entrez: | 8840 |
Belongs to: |
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CCN family |
CCN family member 4; CCN4; CCN4WISP1tc; WISP1; WISP-1; WISP1c; WISP1i; WNT1 induced secreted protein 1; WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1; Wnt-1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1; wnt-1 signaling pathway protein 1; Wnt-1-induced secreted protein; WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 1
Mass (kDA):
40.331 kDA
Human | |
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Location: | 8q24.22 |
Sequence: | 8; NC_000008.11 (133190907..133231690) |
Expressed in heart, kidney, lung, pancreas, placenta, ovary, small intestine and spleen. Isoform 2 is expressed predominantly in scirrhous gastric carcinoma and, weakly in placenta. Overexpression is associated with several cancers including breast cancer and colon tumors. Isoform 2 is overexpressed in scirrhous gastric carcinoma.
Secreted.
Boster Bio, which specializes is antibody manufacturing, was founded in 1993. They manufacture ELISA kits and signature products. Recently, they also offer PCR-related molecular biological products. The company offers a variety services to scientists, including free technical assistance and 24 hour customer service. In addition, their antibody products are available for immediate purchase and shipment. This article will explain the best uses of CCN4's marker.
One of the many markers used for diagnosing the disease is CCN4 fibrosis. These markers are helpful for various purposes, including predicting the progression of cirrhosis and NASH. It may also be used in the evaluation of new drugs or compounds. These markers are available on the market in the form of panels and may be used in combination with other diagnostic tests, such as ALT or albumin levels.
One or more of these markers may be part of the CCN4 fibrosis marker: cytokine (chemokine), extracellular matrix protein (protein), and growth factor. Fibrosis can be indicated by low levels of any marker. The CCN4 fibrosis marker is sensitive to more than 90%, and has a specific range in sensitivity and specificity.
These markers may also apply to other diseases or disorders. These include alcohol-induced liver fibrosis, transplant rejection, and liver steatohepatitis. This could also be used to treat other organs. The invention is a breakthrough in the field of fibrosis, and it is likely to be used for a variety of different purposes. These applications could include the diagnosis of cancer, cardiovascular disease, or kidney failure.
The methods described herein can detect the CCN4 fibrosis marker using various technologies, including mass spectrometry, NMR, and microfluidics. This marker can help determine the progression of liver fibrosis in advanced stages. These methods can also assist in predicting how treatment will be received for advanced liver disease. This technology is a clinical breakthrough that has significant clinical benefits in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
The invention may be used either as a standalone measure or in combination to evaluate disease progression. They can also be objectively measured, and evaluated as indicators for normal and pathogenic events. They can also be used with other diagnostic tools such as liver biopsy, liverfibrosis, and other genetic or molecular markers. These methods can be used in clinical settings, such as research and patient management.
This marker can be used in many ways. Whether it is used to detect advanced liver fibrosis, or to identify patients with NASH, it is a useful tool for early diagnosis and treatment. Using the markers can help doctors diagnose NASH and improve overall outcomes. Further developments are needed to develop molecular tests that predict disease progression and improve diagnostic methods. The CCN4 fibrosis marker must be widely accessible so that more people can reap its benefits.
Enzymelinked immunosorbent tests (ELISA) are used commonly in the quantitative assessment of biological samples. ELISAs measure specific amino acids in complex samples. These methods can detect levels as low as 0.01 mg/mL of protein. For electrophoresis, labeling, purification and sample preparation, quantitation of proteins is required. There are two options for quantifying proteins: direct quantification by absorbance at 220 nm or indirect quantification by colorimetric or fluorescent methods. ELISA allows you to quickly and easily quantify complex proteins using a flexible technique.
ELISAs measure the protein concentration by comparing the peak areas and calculating the ratio between the heavy and light peptides. The ratio between the two peak areas was then calculated, and the normalized data was applied to a reference sample. When the range of concentrations was calculated, the concentration of the protein was determined to be constant. However, the method is not perfect, as the detection limit of the ELISA was exceeded several times.
ELISA can use monoplex or sandwich antibodies. It allows for greater throughput than Western-blots. The monoplex data obtained from ELISAs can be used for studies involving protein interactions with intact three-dimensional structures. Monoplex ELISAs are quantitative, but can give false-positive results. ELISA is useful in studying binding competition between proteins. It is also sensitive for proteins in a crude form.
Alternative to ELISA, protein immunoprecipitation with multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry is an option. This technique can be used to measure six biomarkers candidates for colon cancer. This method uses ELISA capture antibody followed by SDS -PAGE. Both methods were highly correlated. One of the most popular applications of IP-MRM for quantitative analysis of biomarkers is
ELISAs were used for the first time in 1980 to distinguish between two samples. ELISA also allowed for the quantification of other proteins. This method was created for the quantification these proteins. However, ELISAs have numerous limitations. They can only detect specific proteins when they are bound to a standard, or an antibody. They can be sensitive but not reliable. These tests require expert assistance.
The ELISA method used to quantify the amount of various proteins in complex mixtures has become more popular in recent years. This technique is based upon a colorimetric procedure that involves an enzyme, usually HRP, and TMB. The signal is observed after the reaction. Based on the colorimetric data from the wells, the concentration of the protein can then be determined.
The secreted signalling protein CCN4 is a target gene for the Wnt signalling pathway. It has many functions in cell behavior. The inflammatory response of macrophages is induced when CCN4 is elevated. The recruitment of monocytes is facilitated by the increased production of MMPs and inflammatory phenotype. Studies have shown that CCN4 plays a significant role in disease and pathologies.
The full-length human CCN4 is 40 kD and contains four conserved cysteine-rich domains. It is most similar in appearance to the CCN3/WISP-33.3 genetic gene. These CCN proteins share four cysteine rich domains but differ by a protease sensitive "hinge" at the end of exon three and a von Willebrand factor C domain at their ends. CCN4's expression in different tissues is indicative of distinct, non-redundant roles.
CCN4 may be an oncogene in some cancers. However, it can also promote the growth of other tissues and prevent tumor cell migration. Other uses of CCN4 are not yet known. Research is underway to determine the splice variants as well as the mechanisms behind CCN4's response to other factors. CCN4 is also a paracrine factor which affects the function vascular endothelial cell function.
Clinical diagnostics is another application for the CCN4 marker. Its high frequency has been linked to the development of cancer. Its ability of detecting cancer cells helps monitor the disease's progression. CCN4 has a significant role in cancer and is also a prognostic and biomarker. It is a promising therapeutic target for its role on pathogenesis. But in the meantime, there are many unanswered questions regarding the CCN4 marker.
PMID: 9843955 by Pennica D., et al. WISP genes are members of the connective tissue growth factor family that are up-regulated in wnt-1-transformed cells and aberrantly expressed in human colon tumors.
PMID: 11571650 by Tanaka S., et al. A novel variant of WISP1 lacking a Von Willebrand type C module overexpressed in scirrhous gastric carcinoma.
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