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- Table of Contents
Facts about Discoidin domain-containing receptor 2.
Regulates osteoblast differentiation and chondrocyte maturation with a signaling pathway that involves MAP kinases and leads to the activation of this transcription factor RUNX2. Regulates remodeling of the extracellular matrix from up-regulation of the collagenases MMP1, MMP2 and MMP13, and thereby facilitates cell migration and tumor cell invasion.
Human | |
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Gene Name: | DDR2 |
Uniprot: | Q16832 |
Entrez: | 4921 |
Belongs to: |
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protein kinase superfamily |
CD167 antigen-like family member B; CD167b antigen; DDR2; Discoidin domain receptor 2; discoidin domain receptor family, member 2; discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinase 2; discoidin domain-containing receptor 2; EC 2.7.10; EC 2.7.10.1; hydroxyaryl-protein kinase; migration-inducing gene 16 protein; neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor related 3; Neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor-related 3; NTRKR3cell migration-inducing protein 20; Receptor protein-tyrosine kinase TKT; TKT; TKTMIG20a; Trk3; TYRO10; Tyro-10; Tyrosine-protein kinase TYRO10; tyrosylprotein kinase
Mass (kDA):
96.736 kDA
Human | |
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Location: | 1q23.3 |
Sequence: | 1; NC_000001.11 (162630863..162787405) |
Detected in osteocytes, osteoblastic cells in subchondral bone, bone lining cells, tibia and cartilage (at protein level). Detected at high levels in heart and lung, and at low levels in brain, placenta, liver, skeletal muscle, pancreas, and kidney.
Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein.
There are many uses for antibodies to DDR2 molecules. We will discuss specificity as well validation and applications. This article can be used by researchers, biotechnologists and academics to help them choose the best antibodies for their applications. Also, learn about Boster's unique rewards system for scientists who review their products in the first place. This program rewards scientists world-wide for submitting their first reviews.
This BosterBio anti-DDR2 antibody reacts in mice and rats with the DDR2 Protein. Boster Bio Anti DDR2Marker can be kept at -20C for up 1 year. It contains 5 mg of BSA and 0.05 mg of thimerosal. This boster bio antibody is unique in that it is three amino acids different from the closely related mouse sequence. This is a good thing because it blocks other antibodies from binding to the target protein.
DDR2-deficient mouse proliferated slower than wild-type mice. DDR2-/ mice also showed a significant decrease in fibroblast proliferation. However, normal proliferation rates were restored when the DDR2 receptor was reintroduced. In addition, wild-type DDR2 rescues the proliferation defect while kinase-dead DDR2 does not.
Anti-DDR2 inhibitors do not directly inhibit DDR2 protein but have excellent overall selection. They inhibit the activity of DDR2 kinase and DDR2 signaling. Anti-DDR2-containing drug will be a good candidate for future studies, if they are ever made. Its pharmacokinetic properties can also be accepted.
There are many reasons why anti DDR2 antibody might have positive effects on breast-cancer patients. This is because the body's DDR2 signaling receptor is involved with apoptosis. It is thought that fibrosarcoma cells have the capacity to produce apoptosis in response to the treatment of their tumors. There is a direct correlation between anti DDR2 and decreased tumor growth.
To test the specificity, DDR2-Fc was combined with DDR2-H3 to create a hybrid construct. The binding of the latter to collagen IV was weak while the former had no effect. This result showed that the DDR2 marker's binding specificity is determined by the residues outside the GVMGFO collagen binding area. This work highlights how important the DDR2 markers are for the study and treatment of inflammatory diseases.
The compound was highly selective for DDR2 and showed good overall kinase selection. The compound inhibited pDDR2 in a dosedependent manner. It also had excellent pharmacokinetic qualities, showing high binding ability against the DDR2 Kinase. The compound is one of the best candidates for further studies, if the pharmacokinetics of the compound are acceptable.
DDR2-H3 has a unique property of not binding to collagen fibers. It is therefore less specific in identifying tumour cells than DDR2-H3/DDR2. It also has no ability to bind with the III-39 molecular. These results are consistent in the findings that DDR2 plays an important regulatory role in EMT. It is also implicated in fibrotic conditions. Although the DDR2 Marker has a high specificity for cardiac fibroblasts it is also expressed by smooth muscle cells and dendritic cell cells.
In addition to its anti-inflammatory properties, DDR2 may also play an important role in the organization of the breast tumor ECM. The DDR2 receptor regulates breast cancer stiffness by regulating stiffness and organization of collagen fibers. In mice, DDR2 deletion resulted in decreased stiffness and lung metastasis. DDR2 was not overexpressed on the cell surface to alter levels of a1b1 Integrins or a2bl. We were unable to determine the molecular basis or cell surface levels of the overexpression.
Previous studies have shown that DDR2 elevates the expression of collagen type 1, even in hyperglycemic environments. These results support the hypothesis DDR2 might be a biomarker of vascular fibrillation. Previous studies have also linked DDR2 to pulmonary fibrosis in mice. However, validation in humans of this marker is yet to be done.
DDR2 is involved with the progression of melanoma cells. It is also associated to the invasive and treatment-resistant phenotype. The DDR2 gene is expressed in a range of tumor types, from breast cancer to adenocarcinoma. Axl, a drug-resistant molecule, has a similar expression pattern to PDGF. Therefore, validation of the DDR2 gene is essential in melanoma research.
DDR2 expression is predominant in mesenchymal and eukaryotic cells. However, increasing biological evidence suggests that DDR2 plays a role in regulating cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and extracellular matrix remodeling. A variety of human diseases have been linked to DDR2 overregulation. In addition, DDR2 is a candidate for genetic screening. DDR2 has received considerable attention.
A recent study found that DDR2 could increase metastasis in HNSCC cells. In vitro infection was made of FaDu, Tca8113 and human DDR2 cells. Cell cycle analysis and cell proliferation assays were conducted on transduced cells. There was no evidence that the transduced cells were altered, but no clinically significant effect was found.
The DDR2 genetic is preferentially expressed inside the skeleton. It is expressed during the earliest stages in bone formation. It overlaps with Gli1. Ddr2-positive cells can become hypertrophic bone chondrocytes or osteoblasts in vivo. Ddr2 is also expressed in metaphyseal chondrocytes and osteoblasts. However its function remains unknown in mature cells.
DDR2 is not only a biomarker of melanoma but also plays an important role in tumor cell senescence and regulation of BRAF activity. Overexpression of this gene in melanoma cell lines has been linked with resistance to drugs in prostate cancer. Furthermore, melanoma cells are able to resist BRAF inhibitors by upregulating DDR signaling.
The DDR2Marker is a Tyrosine Kinase found in the extracellular matrix, where cancer cells interact with collagen. The extracellular matrix regulates cell proliferation, migration, invasion, survival, and death. Metastatic cancers disrupt the physiological interactions between tumor cells and the extracellular matrix. Type I collagen can be found in malignant tumours. It has a distorted architectural expression and is highly expressed among malignant cancer cells.
DDR2 is also involved in the cellular differentiation and proliferation prechondrocytes, in addition to its role in skin carcinoma. Invitrogen provides plasmids for the expression of DDR2 genes. They are cloned into a pcDNA6.2-GW/EmGFP-miR vector. DDR2 oligonucleotides, miDdr2, are used as anti-sense and sense PCR primers.
The DDR2Marker can be used for identifying compounds with anti-protease activities. The DDR2 marker has many uses in cancer research and is a valuable tool. There are currently two main groups of compounds that inhibit the enzyme within cells. The first group includes compounds that bind with phosphatidylcholine; the second is phosphodiesterase inhibitors.
DDR2 plays a key role in the metastasis for several types of cancers, including melanoma or colorectal. The protein also contributes in the progression breast and aneuploid-papillary thyroid cancer. These tumors also contain low levels of DDR2. These applications highlight the potential for DDR2 as a diagnostic tool. The DDR2Marker can be used both for routine and clinical purposes.
PMID: 8247548 by Karn T., et al. Structure, expression and chromosomal mapping of TKT from man and mouse: a new subclass of receptor tyrosine kinases with a factor VIII- like domain.
PMID: 9659899 by Vogel W., et al. The discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinases are activated by collagen.