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DSG2 / Desmoglein-2 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for DSG2
Plan DSG2 staining in paraffin sections using breast glandular cells as a positive reference (HPA tissue IHC). Compare membrane and cytoplasmic staining (HPA tissue IHC), keeping apoptosis-associated cleavage in mind when interpreting cytoplasmic signal (UniProt).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
DSG2 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Cytoplasmic and membranous tissue staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Most cells outside lymphoid tissue and CNS: membrane and cytoplasm (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet M02035-2) | |
| Positive control | Appendix+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image M02035-2) | |
| Caveat | Apoptotic cleavage can shift DSG2 into the cytoplasm (UniProt) | |
| Regulation | Expression falls during stem-cell differentiation (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 0 isoforms; cleavage makes extracellular vs cytoplasmic epitopes relevant (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended DSG2 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol (datasheet: M02035-2) is accompanied by two published paraffin-section DSG2 IHC methods (PMC7789404; PMC7436288).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human breast cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet M02035-2) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet M02035-2); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet M02035-2); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet M02035-2) |
| Primary antibody | Mouse monoclonal (clone 2B4D1) anti-DSG2, 2-5 µg/ml (datasheet M02035-2) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet M02035-2) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet M02035-2) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | DSG2-positive staining in endocrine cells of appendix (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Cytoplasmic and membranous expression in essentially all cells except in lymphoid tissue and the CNS. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 (datasheet: M02035-2); citrate at pH 6.0 is a published alternative (PMC7436288: Methods).
Section 2
What Is the Expected DSG2 Staining Pattern?
DSG2 is a single-pass membrane protein concentrated at desmosomal cell junctions (UniProt Q14126 topology and subcellular location). In paraffin-section IHC, expect membranous staining with some cytoplasmic staining in many cell types; HPA reports high staining in breast glandular cells and bronchial respiratory epithelial cells (HPA: tissue IHC, Enhanced reliability). Judge the signal against the cell type and its neighbours, since intensity varies by tissue (HPA: tissue IHC).
| Cell borders stain in breast glandular or bronchial respiratory epithelial cells. | This fits DSG2 at cell junctions (UniProt Q14126 subcellular location); both populations show high IHC staining (HPA: High). Assess whether the signal follows adjoining cell borders, rather than relying on brown colour alone (general IHC practice). |
| Staining is confined to nuclei, with no convincing cell-border signal. | A purely nuclear pattern is outside the reported DSG2 locations (UniProt Q14126 subcellular location; HPA: cell junctions, plasma membrane and vesicles). Treat it as suspect and review the counterstain and detection controls (general IHC practice). |
| Strong signal appears in lymph-node germinal-center cells or adipocytes. | Those specific cell populations were not detected by HPA IHC (HPA: lymph node and adipose tissue). Check cell identification and consider antibody cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity; one unexpected cell alone cannot distinguish the causes (general IHC practice). |
| Diffuse colour covers cells and surrounding section, obscuring borders. | Broad background prevents a reliable localization call (general IHC practice). Some cytoplasmic DSG2 staining is reported (HPA: tissue IHC), so assess whether signal stays within identified cells before dismissing all cytoplasmic colour. |
| A known-positive breast or bronchus section shows no specific staining. | HPA reports high staining in breast glandular and bronchial respiratory epithelial cells (HPA: High). First confirm that those cells are present; then check the IHC run, antibody dilution, retrieval and detection controls (general IHC practice). |
💡Expected DSG2 appearanceCall positive when identifiable epithelial or glandular cells show convincing cell-border staining, with possible cell-associated cytoplasmic staining (UniProt Q14126 subcellular location; HPA: tissue IHC); high signal is documented in breast glandular and bronchial respiratory epithelial cells (HPA: High), whereas isolated nuclear staining or broad, cell-independent colour is suspect (general IHC practice).
| Membrane orientation and epitope location | DSG2 has an extracellular region at residues 50–609, one transmembrane segment at 610–634, and a cytoplasmic region at 635–1118 (UniProt Q14126 topology). The supplied record does not locate either antibody's epitope, so it cannot predict which domain a particular stain detects. |
| Cleavage and intracellular signal | DSG2 can move to the cytoplasm after CASP3 cleavage during apoptosis (UniProt Q14126 subcellular location). HPA also reports cytoplasmic tissue staining (HPA: tissue IHC); cytoplasmic colour by itself therefore does not prove either cleavage or an artefact. |
| Glycosylation and localization | Glycosylation promotes DSG2 localization to the plasma membrane (UniProt Q14126 subcellular location). This supports checking membrane distribution, but the supplied evidence does not show how glycosylation affects IHC staining intensity or antigen retrieval. |
| Antibody validation | The 2 listed antibodies, HPA004896 and CAB025122, have Enhanced IHC validation (HPA: antibody validation). That status supports the reported tissue pattern; it does not establish that every brown signal in a new section is specific. |
| Antigen retrieval | Use the validated IHC-P conditions available for the catalog antibody and record any changes (general IHC practice). Neither HPA tissue staining nor UniProt topology establishes a DSG2-specific retrieval requirement or fixation sensitivity. |
| IF/ICC Q&A: Where should DSG2 appear? | Mainly at cell junctions, with additional plasma-membrane and vesicular localization in ICC-IF images (HPA: supported cell junctions and plasma membrane; approved vesicles). This localization answer is for interpretation; IF/ICC preparation belongs in its own guide. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| No stain in the expected positive cells. | The chosen section may lack the relevant cells, or the IHC run may have failed (general IHC practice). | Confirm breast glandular or bronchial respiratory epithelial cells are present (HPA: High); review the antibody's validated IHC-P conditions and a run control (general IHC practice). |
| Brown signal appears mainly in germinal-center cells or adipocytes. | The result conflicts with HPA's not-detected calls for those cells (HPA: lymph node and adipose tissue); cross-reactivity or detection activity is possible (general IHC practice). | Recheck cell identity and compare an appropriate negative detection control with the stained section (general IHC practice). |
| Nuclei dominate while cell borders are blank. | This differs from DSG2's reported junctional localization (UniProt Q14126 subcellular location; HPA: cell junctions). | Verify the counterstain and inspect a known-positive epithelial area for cell-border signal (general IHC practice; HPA: breast glandular cells High). |
| Diffuse chromogen obscures tissue detail. | Excess nonspecific staining or endogenous detection activity can mask the cellular pattern (general IHC practice). | Review blocking, antibody dilution, washing and detection controls under the chosen IHC method (general IHC practice); do not score indistinct colour as DSG2 localization. |
| Only cytoplasmic staining remains in an otherwise interpretable section. | Cytoplasmic DSG2 is reported in tissue IHC, and CASP3 cleavage can produce cytoplasmic localization during apoptosis (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt Q14126 subcellular location). | Compare cell-associated colour with neighbouring cell borders and controls; avoid assigning a cleavage mechanism from staining alone (general IHC practice). |
| The result differs from an ICC-IF image. | HPA describes junctions, plasma membrane and vesicles in ICC-IF, while tissue IHC also reports cytoplasmic staining (HPA: subcellular and tissue IHC). | Compare localization within the same assay and cell type before interpreting a difference; score paraffin-section IHC against its tissue controls (general IHC practice). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing DSG2 staining
M02035-2 · IHCIHC analysis of Desmoglein 2/DSG2 using anti-Desmoglein 2/DSG2 antibody (M02035-2). Desmoglein 2/DSG2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded se
M02035-2 · IHCIHC analysis of Desmoglein 2/DSG2 using anti-Desmoglein 2/DSG2 antibody (M02035-2). Desmoglein 2/DSG2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded se
A02035 · IHCIHC analysis of DSG2 using anti-DSG2 antibody (A02035). DSG2 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human appendicitis tissue. Heat me
A02035 · IHCIHC analysis of DSG2 using anti-DSG2 antibody (A02035). DSG2 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human prostatic cancer tissue. Hea
A02035 · IFIF analysis of DSG2 using anti-DSG2 antibody (A02035). DSG2 was detected in immunocytochemical section of MCF-7 cells. Enzyme antigen retrie
PA1559 · IHCIHC analysis of DSG2 using anti-DSG2 antibody (PA1559). DSG2 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human breast carcinoma tissue. Hea
PA1559 · IHCIHC analysis of DSG2 using anti-DSG2 antibody (PA1559). DSG2 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human lung cancer tissue. Heat med
PA1559 · IFIF analysis of DSG2 using anti-DSG2 antibody (PA1559). DSG2 was detected in immunocytochemical section of MCF-7 cells. Enzyme antigen retrie
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000046604-DSG2/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_6647541
HPA · Parathyroid glandHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Parathyroid gland. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000046604-DSG2/tissue/parathyroid+gland#imid_6574563
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000046604-DSG2/tissue/colon#imid_6574614
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000046604-DSG2/tissue/liver#imid_6574615
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody CAB025122; green = DSG2, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody CAB025122; green = DSG2, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for DSG2 IHC & IF
🧪Run breast first: glandular cells should show DSG2 staining (HPA: High in breast glandular cells). Use adipose tissue as the negative tissue (HPA: Not detected in adipocytes); if adipocytes are present on the breast slide, they provide an internal negative and should lack specific staining (HPA: Not detected in adipocytes).
Positive control tissue: Appendix (Endocrine cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show DSG2 in A-431, U-251MG, U2OS, KOLF2.1J, with annotated localisation: Cell Junctions (supported) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only control and a concentration-matched mouse IgG isotype control (selected-SKU caption: mouse primary antibody). Use DSG2 knockout tissue or cells as a biological negative where available, and quench endogenous peroxidase before DAB detection (selected-SKU caption: HRP/DAB).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window and fixation effect are unreported, and the selected-SKU paraffin-section caption does not state the fixative (selected-SKU caption: fixative not stated). Heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 is documented for the pictured IHC result, but its necessity across specimens is unreported (selected-SKU caption: heat-mediated EDTA retrieval). Frozen sections cannot be judged easier from the supplied evidence; ICC-IF shows junctional localization, while breast tissue autofluorescence should be checked with an unstained section if IF is used (HPA subcellular: cell junctions supported; standard IF practice).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for DSG2
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — High consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appendix | Endocrine cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bronchus | Respiratory epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cervix | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Colon | Endocrine cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Caudate | Glial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebellum | Cells in granular layer | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebral cortex | Endothelial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Hippocampus | Glial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced DSG2 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot DSG2 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, junctional localisation, cell identity and detection controls before comparing samples.
How should I optimise retrieval when DSG2 staining is weak?
Start with heat-mediated retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 for paraffin sections (datasheet M02035-2). The catalog antibody stained a paraffin-embedded human breast cancer section after that retrieval, followed by 2 μg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C (datasheet M02035-2). If staining is weak, first check retrieval temperature, duration and section adhesion, changing one variable at a time (general IHC practice). Compare each trial with a matched positive section and a no-primary control so stronger DAB deposition is not mistaken for better specificity (general IHC practice). Score cell borders separately from cytoplasm because DSG2 is associated with desmosomes and can also appear cytoplasmic (UniProt Q14126 localisation; HPA tissue IHC).
Could fixation explain weak or uneven DSG2 staining?
The selected tissue-IHC caption identifies a paraffin-embedded section but does not report its fixative, so DSG2-specific fixation sensitivity is unknown for this antibody (datasheet M02035-2). Record the fixative, fixation duration, specimen thickness and processing history for each section before comparing staining intensity (general IHC practice). If samples differ in these conditions, compare similarly processed control sections and optimise retrieval within each processing group (general IHC practice). Avoid interpreting a weaker signal as reduced DSG2 abundance until processing and detection controls agree (general IHC practice). Assess junctional and cytoplasmic staining separately, since both patterns are documented in tissue IHC (HPA tissue IHC).
Should DSG2 stain cell borders or cytoplasm in IHC?
Prioritise staining at cell-cell borders when assessing intact DSG2, because it is a desmosomal membrane protein and HPA reports supported cell-junction localisation (UniProt Q14126 localisation; HPA subcellular). Cytoplasmic signal is also plausible: HPA describes cytoplasmic and membranous tissue staining, while UniProt reports cytoplasmic localisation after CASP3 cleavage during apoptosis (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q14126, PubMed:17559062). In heart sections, examine intercalated disks as the documented junctional site rather than expecting a uniform surface outline (UniProt Q14126, PubMed:31845994). Compare border and cytoplasmic staining in viable areas at the same magnification, and use morphology to flag damaged or dying cells (general IHC practice).
How can epitope position change interpretation of DSG2 staining?
Ask which DSG2 region the antibody recognises before assigning biological meaning to a staining pattern; the supplied caption does not specify its epitope (datasheet M02035-2). DSG2 has an extracellular region at residues 50–609, a transmembrane segment at 610–634 and a cytoplasmic region at 635–1118 (UniProt Q14126 topology). Its signal peptide and propeptide are removed during processing, and 5 listed glycosylation sites lie in the extracellular region (UniProt Q14126 processing and glycosylation). Epitope location could therefore affect what a fragment-level signal represents, particularly when cytoplasmic localisation follows CASP3 cleavage (UniProt Q14126, PubMed:17559062). The supplied record lists 0 isoforms, so do not attribute differing IHC patterns to a named isoform without additional evidence (UniProt Q14126 isoforms).
How should I adapt DSG2 localisation checks for multiplex IF?
On the separate IF/ICC guide, pair DSG2 with a marker identifying the expected cell type and inspect whether signal follows cell-cell contacts within that population (HPA subcellular; general IF practice). Choose a fluorophore channel with low tissue autofluorescence, then image unstained and single-label controls using the same exposure settings (general IF practice). The epitope is unspecified for the catalog antibody, so establish whether it lies outside residues 50–609 or inside residues 635–1118 before deciding how much permeabilisation is needed (datasheet M02035-2; UniProt Q14126 topology). For an intracellular epitope, titrate permeabilisation while checking junction preservation; for an accessible extracellular epitope, compare with an unpermeabilised condition (general IF practice).
What causes diffuse or misleading DAB background in DSG2 IHC?
First distinguish diffuse DAB deposition from the junctional, membranous and sometimes cytoplasmic distributions reported for DSG2 (UniProt Q14126 localisation; HPA tissue IHC). The selected paraffin-section example used 10% goat serum blocking, 2 μg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C, and a peroxidase-linked secondary with DAB (datasheet M02035-2). Check a no-primary control and optimise primary concentration, blocking and washes if signal coats unrelated structures (general IHC practice). Include a peroxidase block when using HRP/DAB, and inspect tissue edges and necrotic regions separately for nonspecific deposition (general IHC practice). Compare suspicious staining with intact cell borders in the same section before calling it DSG2 positive (general IHC practice).
How should I quantify DSG2 across paraffin sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the scoring compartment before analysis: DSG2 has supported cell-junction localisation, while tissue IHC also reports membranous and cytoplasmic expression (HPA subcellular; HPA tissue IHC). For each annotated cell population, record the percentage of positive cells and an intensity-based H-score, keeping border and cytoplasmic scores separate (general IHC practice). If counting discrete positive structures, report their density per mm² of viable tissue and state the threshold used (general IHC practice). Normalise cell counts to the number of eligible cells, or area measurements to viable tissue area, excluding folds and necrosis by a prespecified rule (general IHC practice). Hold retrieval, staining and image-analysis settings constant across comparison groups (general IHC practice).
How can I separate true DSG2 positivity from artefact?
Give greatest weight to staining that follows cell-cell borders in morphologically intact cells, consistent with DSG2 desmosomes and supported junctional localisation (UniProt Q14126 localisation; HPA subcellular). Check cell identity: breast glandular cells show high staining in HPA tissue IHC, whereas lymph-node germinal-center cells are reported as not detected (HPA tissue IHC). Cytoplasmic staining alone needs context because HPA observes it in tissues and CASP3 cleavage can redistribute DSG2 during apoptosis (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q14126, PubMed:17559062). Treat edge-heavy staining, necrotic areas and no-primary DAB signal as artefact candidates, including possible endogenous peroxidase activity (general IHC practice). Confirm any disputed pattern in an independently processed section with appropriate positive and detection controls (general IHC practice).
Boster reagents
Best DSG2 / Desmoglein-2 IHC Antibodies
Anti-DSG2 antibodies have IHC images from human paraffin sections (catalog IHC image captions). A02035 and PA1559 also have MCF-7 IF images (catalog IF image captions); PA1559 has rat intestine IHC data (PA1559 IHC image caption).
Real IHC data
Anti-Desmoglein 2/DSG2 Antibody ® (monoclonal, 2B4D1)
Cat # M02035-2
Real IHC data
Anti-Desmoglein 2/DSG2 Antibody ®
Cat # A02035
Real IHC data
Anti-Desmoglein 2/DSG2 Antibody ®
Cat # PA1559
M02035-2 was shown on human breast cancer paraffin sections (M02035-2 IHC image caption); A02035 was shown on human appendicitis paraffin sections and MCF-7 cells by IF/ICC (A02035 image captions). PA1559 was shown on human breast carcinoma and rat intestine paraffin sections by IHC, and on MCF-7 cells by IF/ICC (PA1559 image captions).
Which to pick: For human tissue IHC, choose the mouse monoclonal M02035-2, shown on breast cancer paraffin sections; its fixative is unreported (M02035-2 catalog clone and IHC image caption). For IF/ICC, choose A02035, a rabbit antibody with MCF-7 IF/ICC data (A02035 catalog applications and IF image caption). For cross-species IHC, consider PA1559: it is listed as reactive with human, mouse and rat, while its paraffin IHC images document human and rat tissue; the fixative is unreported (PA1559 catalog reactivity and IHC image captions).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q14126 (DSG2_HUMAN, Desmoglein-2).
- Human Protein Atlas. DSG2 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Enhanced).
- Human Protein Atlas. DSG2 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the cell junctions. In addition localized to the plasma membrane and vesicles..
- Human Protein Atlas. DSG2 antibody validation summary (2 antibodies).
- DSG2 expression is low in colon cancer and correlates with poor survival. BMC gastroenterology 2021 — PMC7789404.
- Negative Expression of DSG1 and DSG2, as Prognostic Biomarkers, Impacts on the Overall Survival in Patients with Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Analytical cellular pathology (Amsterdam) 2020 — PMC7436288.
- Desmoglein-2 dysregulation impairs epithelial barrier integrity in eosinophilic asthma. Respiratory research 2026 — PMC12908299.
- Desmoglein 2 is associated with dihydroartemisinin resistance in HeLa cervical cancer cells: a potential link to the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Discover oncology 2026 — PMC13481938.
- PubMed PMID:8143788 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:15489334 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:1935985 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for DSG2 (Desmoglein-2). Expected localisation Cytoplasmic and membranous tissue staining (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet M02035-2). Validated IHC antibody: M02035-2 at 2-5 µg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Appendix (Endocrine cells); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human breast cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet M02035-2); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet M02035-2); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet M02035-2); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet M02035-2); 8. Primary antibody: Mouse monoclonal (clone 2B4D1) anti-DSG2, 2-5 µg/ml (datasheet M02035-2); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet M02035-2). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image M02035-2); Caveat: Apoptotic cleavage can shift DSG2 into the cytoplasm (UniProt); Isoform / epitope: 0 isoforms; cleavage makes extracellular vs cytoplasmic epitopes relevant (UniProt); Regulation: Expression falls during stem-cell differentiation (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt Q14126, HPA tissue IHC · Enhanced, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the cell junctions. In addition localized to the…, Datasheet M02035-2, PMC7789404, PMC7436288. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/DSG2/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.