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- Table of Contents
Plan chromogenic paraffin IHC for EIF2AK2 using its general cytoplasmic tissue pattern and high staining in bone marrow hematopoietic cells (HPA tissue IHC). Score nuclear signal separately because nuclear localization can increase in some cancers (UniProt).
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
| Expected localisation | General cytoplasmic staining in tissue (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Cytoplasmic staining in glandular and hematopoietic cells (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | Citrate pH 6 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A01384-1) | |
| Positive control | Adrenal gland+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue |
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Cancer samples may show increased nuclear staining (UniProt) | |
| Regulation | IFN induced expression (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 2 isoforms; check epitope coverage; no transmembrane segment (UniProt) |
The catalog antibody uses citrate pH 6 heat retrieval (datasheet A01384-1). One published pancreatic cancer IHC workflow provides additional parameters (PMC10561166).
| Sample | Formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded rat lung tissue (datasheet A01384-1) |
| Fixation | Image formalin-fixed; duration unreported (datasheet A01384-1); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: Citrate pH 6 (datasheet A01384-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% serum (datasheet A01384-1) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-EIF2AK2, 2.5-5 μg/mL (datasheet A01384-1) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (standard) |
| Detection | HRP-polymer secondary, DAB chromogen 5–10 min (standard) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | EIF2AK2-positive staining in glandular cells of adrenal gland (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: General cytoplasmic expression. No signal in the no-primary control. |
EIF2AK2 staining in paraffin tissue sections should be predominantly cytoplasmic, including a possible perinuclear distribution (UniProt P19525 subcellular location; HPA: general cytoplasmic expression). High staining is reported in bone marrow hematopoietic cells and several glandular, respiratory epithelial, and neuronal cell populations (HPA tissue IHC). Nuclear localization can occur in specified disease settings (UniProt P19525 subcellular location). HPA rates its tissue IHC profile Approved, with medium consistency between staining and RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC reliability).
| Cytoplasmic staining in bone marrow hematopoietic cells or breast glandular cells, with discernible cell boundaries (HPA: High in both populations). | This fits the reported cell types and predominant compartment (HPA: general cytoplasmic expression; UniProt P19525 subcellular location). Compare intensity with neighboring cells on the same section; the HPA High category does not prescribe a chromogen score for every specimen. |
| Strong nuclear-only staining, with little cytoplasm, in an otherwise ordinary tissue section. | This departs from the general cytoplasmic IHC profile (HPA tissue IHC). First assess counterstain, chromogen distribution, and controls. Nuclear EIF2AK2 can be genuine in the disease settings listed by UniProt, so nuclear signal alone does not establish an artefact (UniProt P19525 subcellular location). |
| Prominent staining of adipocytes while expected neighboring positive cells show little signal (HPA: adipocytes Not detected). | Consider nonspecific antibody binding or endogenous detection activity, particularly if the same color appears in a no-primary control (general IHC practice). HPA's Not detected call describes its sampled adipocytes; it is a useful comparison, not proof that every adipocyte must be negative. |
| Haze across tissue and empty areas obscures cell boundaries. | Diffuse signal that ignores tissue structure is difficult to score as EIF2AK2 (general IHC interpretation). Inspect a no-primary control and the location of precipitate; excess primary antibody, incomplete blocking, or detection background are general workflow possibilities, not documented EIF2AK2-specific effects. |
| No stain in bone marrow hematopoietic cells or breast glandular cells (HPA: High in both populations). | Treat the run as inconclusive until a known-positive section stains as expected. Check that the catalog antibody is validated for IHC on paraffin sections, then review retrieval, antibody dilution, detection, and counterstain as general IHC workflow variables; no EIF2AK2-specific retrieval condition is supplied. |
| Compartment and topology | EIF2AK2 is reported in cytoplasm, perinuclear cytoplasm, and nucleus, and has no transmembrane segment (UniProt P19525 subcellular location and topology). Interpret a rim near the nucleus in its cellular context; a membrane-only outline is unsupported by this record. |
| Tissue and cell context | HPA reports High staining in several distinct populations, Low staining in alveolar cells, cardiomyocytes, myocytes, smooth muscle cells, follicle cells, and fibroblasts, and Not detected staining in adipocytes (HPA tissue IHC). Choose comparisons by cell type; whole-organ averages can hide these differences. |
| Antibody evidence and molecular forms | Three listed antibodies carry Approved IHC status; the supplied record does not give their epitopes (HPA antibody validation). UniProt lists 2 isoforms and phosphorylation sites, but these facts alone cannot predict which forms a particular IHC antibody detects (UniProt P19525 isoforms and modified residues). |
| Antigen retrieval | Use the catalog antibody's IHC-P instructions as the starting point and optimize retrieval only as a general paraffin-IHC workflow step. Neither the supplied HPA staining data nor UniProt topology or modifications establishes an EIF2AK2-specific retrieval requirement or fixation sensitivity. |
| IF/ICC Q&A: where should signal appear? | Predominantly in the cytosol: HPA's ICC-IF summary reports enhanced cytosolic localization (HPA subcellular ICC-IF). This supports a compartment comparison with IHC; the ICC-IF record does not specify an IF protocol here. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Positive tissue is blank. | The run may have failed, or the section and antibody may not match the intended IHC-P application; HPA reports High staining in bone marrow hematopoietic cells (HPA tissue IHC). | Confirm an IHC-P-validated primary and its catalog instructions. Check a known-positive section and detection controls, then review retrieval, dilution, and chromogen development as general IHC steps. |
| Adipocytes show strong chromogen. | This conflicts with HPA's Not detected adipocyte observation; nonspecific binding or endogenous detection activity is possible (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Compare a no-primary control and adjacent cell types. If the detection system uses an enzyme, assess its appropriate endogenous-activity block before interpreting the signal. |
| All compartments and empty spaces look stained. | A uniform deposit does not match the reported general cytoplasmic pattern (HPA tissue IHC). Excess reagent or detection background is possible in routine IHC. | Inspect the no-primary control, tissue edges, and blank slide areas; then adjust antibody concentration, washes, blocking, or chromogen development according to the detection system. |
| Nuclei dominate the stain. | Nuclear EIF2AK2 is reported in certain cancers, acute leukemia, MDS, and advanced Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease neurocytes (UniProt P19525 subcellular location). The HPA tissue profile is generally cytoplasmic (HPA tissue IHC). | Record the specimen context and whether cytoplasm is also stained. Compare controls before calling nuclear signal either specific or artifactual; do not apply the disease observation to an unrelated specimen. |
| A low-staining cell population is used as the sole positive control. | HPA calls alveolar cells, cardiomyocytes, myocytes, smooth muscle cells, follicle cells, and fibroblasts Low, while other listed populations are High (HPA tissue IHC). | Include a listed High population, such as bone marrow hematopoietic cells, for run assessment. Score each cell population separately rather than treating weak signal in a Low group as a failed assay. |
| Different IHC antibodies give different distributions. | The listed antibodies have Approved IHC status, but no epitope mapping is supplied; EIF2AK2 has 2 isoforms (HPA antibody validation; UniProt P19525 isoforms). The source record does not identify the cause of disagreement. | Compare staining in the same tissue and cell types, review each antibody's IHC-P documentation, and retain only patterns supported by appropriate controls. Do not attribute disagreement to an isoform or phosphorylation state without antibody-specific evidence. |
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Approved — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bronchus | Respiratory epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Caudate | Neuronal cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Use matched paraffin sections and cell-level controls to optimize EIF2AK2 staining while preserving interpretable cytoplasmic and nuclear patterns.
IHC figures cover rat and mouse lung, human kidney and colon; IF figures cover mouse lung and A549 cells (catalog image captions). Listed reactivity spans human, mouse and rat (catalog reactivity).
A01384-1 has IHC-P images in rat and mouse lung and IF images in mouse lung (A01384-1 image captions); M01384 has paraffin-section IHC in human kidney (M01384 IHC caption). P01384 has paraffin-section IHC in human colon (P01384 IHC caption); PB9803 has ICC/IF in A549 cells (PB9803 IF caption).
Which to pick: For tissue IHC, choose A01384-1 for formaldehyde-fixed, citrate-retrieved rat or mouse lung (A01384-1 IHC captions), M01384 for paraffin-section human kidney (M01384 IHC caption), or P01384 for phospho-PKR T446 staining in paraffin-section human colon (P01384 IHC caption); the fixative is unreported for M01384 and P01384 (M01384 and P01384 IHC captions). For IF/ICC, PB9803 has an A549-cell IF image (PB9803 IF caption), while the rabbit monoclonal M01384 lists ICC/IF and has a HeLa-cell IF image (catalog applications, clone and IF caption). For cross-species tissue IHC, A01384-1 lists human, mouse and rat reactivity, with IHC images specifically in mouse and rat (catalog reactivity; A01384-1 IHC captions).