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ENTPD2 / Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for ENTPD2
Plan chromogenic ENTPD2 IHC-P with the catalog antibody at 1:50–1:100 (datasheet: A07914-1). Compare cytoplasmic tissue staining with membrane and ER expectations, and consider cerebellar granular-layer cells as a positive control (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
ENTPD2 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Cytoplasmic staining in tissue; membrane and ER localisation expected from topology (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt) | |
| Staining pattern | Cytoplasmic staining across several tissue types (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | Citrate pH 6.0 HIER, 95–98 °C, 20 min (rule: cytoplasmic / membrane antigen) | |
| Positive control | Adrenal gland+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+2 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Formalin-fixed paraffin sections are documented (selected-SKU IHC image A07914-1); Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A07914-1) | |
| Caveat | Medium staining–RNA consistency limits tissue prediction (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | No expression regulator reported (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 3 isoforms; check whether the N-terminal epitope spans cytoplasmic or extracellular sequence (UniProt; datasheet: A07914-1) |
Section 1
Recommended ENTPD2 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol is provided separately. The published protocols below describe ENTPD2 staining in human hepatocellular carcinoma and gastric tissue (PMC7438573; PMC13066996).
| Sample | FFPE human brain tissue (datasheet A07914-1) |
| Fixation | Image formalin-fixed; duration unreported (datasheet A07914-1); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat-induced epitope retrieval in citrate buffer, pH 6.0, 20 min at 95–98 °C (standard rule: cytoplasmic / membrane antigen) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% normal serum of the secondary host, 30 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-ENTPD2, 1:50-1:100 (datasheet A07914-1) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (standard) |
| Detection | HRP-polymer secondary, DAB chromogen 5–10 min (standard) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | ENTPD2-positive staining in glandular cells of adrenal gland (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Cytoplasmic expression in several different tissue types. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with citrate pH 6.0 retrieval at 95–98 °C for 20 min (page retrieval setting); the gastric protocol also uses citrate pH 6.0 (PMC13066996).
Section 2
What Is the Expected ENTPD2 Staining Pattern?
ENTPD2 is annotated at the cell and endoplasmic reticulum membranes, with two transmembrane segments flanking an extracellular domain (UniProt Q9Y5L3 topology). In tissue IHC, expect staining in selected epithelial and glandular cells and brain structures, often appearing cytoplasmic (HPA tissue IHC: high staining in listed sites; cytoplasmic profile). HPA rates the tissue IHC evidence Approved, with medium consistency between staining and RNA data (HPA tissue IHC: reliability).
| Distinct staining in colon or duodenal glandular cells, with a cytoplasmic or membrane-associated appearance. | This fits the observed high glandular-cell staining and cytoplasmic tissue profile (HPA tissue IHC: colon and duodenum, High; cytoplasmic profile). Membrane and endoplasmic reticulum localisation offer biological context, but a chromogenic section may not resolve either membrane precisely (UniProt Q9Y5L3 subcellular location; standard IHC interpretation). |
| Strong nuclear-only staining, without a convincing cell boundary or cytoplasmic component. | Treat this as a compartment mismatch requiring investigation: the supplied locations are cell membrane and endoplasmic reticulum membrane, while HPA describes cytoplasmic tissue staining (UniProt Q9Y5L3 subcellular location; HPA tissue IHC: profile). Check the control slide and antibody specificity before calling nuclei positive (standard IHC practice). |
| Apparent positivity concentrated in adipocytes, marrow hematopoietic cells, or liver cholangiocytes. | These are reported as not detected in the specified cell populations (HPA tissue IHC: adipose tissue, bone marrow and liver). Unexpected chromogen may reflect cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity; assess morphology and detection controls before assigning ENTPD2 expression (standard IHC practice). |
| A uniform haze extends across tissue, stroma, and empty areas rather than following cell morphology. | This is background rather than a persuasive cell-specific pattern (standard IHC interpretation). Compare a matched control and inspect blocking, washes, and chromogen development; the HPA profile describes cytoplasmic expression in several tissue types, not a uniform section-wide signal (HPA tissue IHC: profile; standard IHC practice). |
| No staining appears in colon glandular cells on the same run. | Colon glandular cells are a supplied high-staining reference, so an absent signal makes the run inconclusive (HPA tissue IHC: colon, High; standard IHC practice). Confirm tissue preservation and control performance, then review the antibody and detection workflow before interpreting other unstained tissue as negative (standard IHC practice). |
💡Expected ENTPD2 appearanceCall a result positive when selected cells show clear, morphology-matched cytoplasmic or membrane-associated staining, especially high staining in colon or duodenal glandular cells (HPA tissue IHC: profile; colon and duodenum, High; UniProt Q9Y5L3 subcellular location); nuclear-only signal or uniform haze is suspect (standard IHC interpretation).
| Compartment and topology (UniProt Q9Y5L3 topology; HPA tissue IHC: profile) | ENTPD2 has two transmembrane segments and an extracellular region spanning residues 29–462 (UniProt Q9Y5L3 topology). HPA describes cytoplasmic staining in tissue (HPA tissue IHC: profile). Interpret apparent cytoplasmic signal alongside the endoplasmic reticulum membrane annotation; neither source establishes which structures a given chromogenic stain resolves (UniProt Q9Y5L3 subcellular location; standard IHC interpretation). |
| Reference tissue selection (HPA tissue IHC: listed cell staining) | Colon and duodenal glandular cells are reported High; adipocytes, marrow hematopoietic cells, and liver cholangiocytes are Not detected (HPA tissue IHC: listed cell staining). Use these as expected-pattern comparators, while judging the named cell populations rather than treating an entire organ as uniformly positive or negative (standard IHC interpretation). |
| Evidence limits and discordance (HPA tissue IHC: reliability; UniProt Q9Y5L3 tissue specificity) | HPA calls tissue IHC Approved with medium consistency against RNA and reports high bronchial respiratory epithelial staining (HPA tissue IHC: reliability; bronchus, High). UniProt cites no expression in adult lung from a tissue-specificity study (UniProt Q9Y5L3 tissue specificity). Record the sampled cell type and method when results differ; these sources do not resolve that discrepancy. |
| IF/ICC Q&A: Is the IHC pattern validated for fluorescence? (HPA subcellular; HPA antibodies) | HPA summarizes the location as Membrane but supplies no ICC-IF image cell lines or main location, and lists no ICC status for antibody HPA017676 (HPA subcellular; HPA antibodies). The tissue IHC pattern can guide an IF comparison, but it does not establish an IF staining result or an IF protocol (HPA tissue IHC: profile; HPA subcellular). |
| Antigen retrieval and assay conditions (standard IHC practice) | For paraffin IHC, assess retrieval and antibody conditions with a positive tissue control and the chosen antibody's IHC-P instructions (standard IHC practice). The supplied sources give no ENTPD2-specific retrieval setting, dilution, or fixation sensitivity; a change in signal after optimization alone cannot establish a target-specific fixation effect (source scope; standard IHC interpretation). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Colon glandular cells are blank in an otherwise readable section (HPA tissue IHC: colon, High). | The positive control has failed or assay sensitivity is insufficient; the slide alone cannot identify which step failed (standard IHC interpretation). | Check section quality, antibody identity, retrieval, detection reagents, and a same-run positive control; repeat before scoring other tissues negative (standard IHC practice). |
| Staining is nuclear-only across several tissues (standard IHC observation). | The compartment conflicts with annotated membrane locations and the cytoplasmic tissue profile (UniProt Q9Y5L3 subcellular location; HPA tissue IHC: profile). | Review morphology and controls, then reassess antibody specificity and detection conditions before accepting the pattern (standard IHC practice). |
| Brown signal is widespread, including stroma or cell-free areas (standard IHC observation). | Background may arise from nonspecific reagent binding, endogenous peroxidase activity, or excessive chromogen development (standard chromogenic IHC practice). | Inspect matched detection controls; review blocking, washes, and development time, then compare the corrected slide with the expected cell pattern (standard chromogenic IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC: profile). |
| Signal appears in adipocytes, marrow hematopoietic cells, or cholangiocytes (HPA tissue IHC: Not detected in these cells). | The cell-specific result conflicts with the supplied HPA observations; cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity is possible (HPA tissue IHC: listed negatives; standard IHC interpretation). | Confirm cell identity on the counterstain, compare the negative control, and require a convincing morphology-matched pattern before reporting positivity (standard IHC practice). |
| A lung section stains although UniProt reports no adult lung expression (UniProt Q9Y5L3 tissue specificity). | HPA reports High staining specifically in bronchial respiratory epithelial cells, so sampling and evidence type may account for different descriptions (HPA tissue IHC: bronchus, High; UniProt Q9Y5L3 tissue specificity). | Document the stained cell population and compare it with bronchial epithelium; describe the source discrepancy without forcing a tissue-wide positive or negative call (HPA tissue IHC: bronchus, High; standard IHC interpretation). |
| A fluorescence experiment shows a pattern unlike tissue IHC (HPA subcellular; HPA tissue IHC). | The supplied HPA record has no ICC-IF images or ICC validation status for HPA017676, so an IF pattern is not established here (HPA subcellular; HPA antibodies). | Evaluate fluorescence controls and localisation within the separate IF/ICC workflow; do not treat the tissue IHC result as IF validation (standard IF practice; HPA antibodies). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing ENTPD2 staining
A07914-1 · IHCFormalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded human brain tissue reacted with ENTPD2 Antibody (N-term), which was peroxidase-conjugated to the second
A07914 · IFImmunofluorescence analysis of A549 cells using ENTPD2 antibody . Blue: DAPI for nuclear staining.
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000054179-ENTPD2/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_4559000
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000054179-ENTPD2/tissue/colon#imid_4558934
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000054179-ENTPD2/tissue/liver#imid_4558927
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000054179-ENTPD2/tissue/kidney#imid_4558928
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for ENTPD2 IHC & IF
🧪Run cerebellum first and expect staining in cells of the granular layer (HPA: High in cells of the granular layer). Use liver cholangiocytes as the negative tissue comparison (HPA: Not detected in cholangiocytes); on the cerebellum slide, assess unstained neighboring cells for background without assuming they are ENTPD2-negative.
Positive control tissue: Adrenal gland (Glandular cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA carries no ICC-IF cell line for ENTPD2; derive a cell-line control from the positive tissue's cell type (Glandular cells) and confirm it by RNA or western blot first.
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only control, a host-species- and clonality-matched isotype control, and ENTPD2-knockout tissue as a biological negative (standard IHC practice). Block endogenous peroxidase before chromogenic detection, particularly when assessing staining near blood-containing areas (standard IHC practice).
⚠️Feasibility: The selected antibody caption documents formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human brain with DAB staining (catalog antibody A07914-1 caption), but reports no fixation duration or target-specific fixation window. Antigen-retrieval dependence is unreported in the supplied evidence; compare retrieval conditions empirically, and do not assume frozen sections or IF are easier (standard IHC practice). Brain lipofuscin can cause autofluorescence if IF is evaluated (standard IF practice).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for ENTPD2
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Approved — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bronchus | Respiratory epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebellum | Cells in granular layer | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebral cortex | Neuropil | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Colon | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced ENTPD2 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot ENTPD2 chromogenic IHC in paraffin sections using matched controls, compartment-aware interpretation, and the retrieval conditions specified for this page.
How should I retrieve ENTPD2 in paraffin sections when staining is weak?
Start with citrate buffer at pH 6.0 for heat-induced retrieval at 95–98 °C for 20 min (page retrieval rule). Compare weak sections with a matched positive control, such as colon glandular cells, before increasing retrieval intensity (HPA: High in colon glandular cells; standard IHC practice). Keep section thickness, cooling, antibody incubation, and detection conditions consistent across that comparison (standard IHC practice). If staining remains weak, test an alternative retrieval condition on adjacent sections and assess both signal and tissue damage (standard IHC practice). Record whether the change improves cellular staining without raising diffuse background (standard IHC practice).
Could fixation explain inconsistent ENTPD2 staining between paraffin blocks?
ENTPD2-specific sensitivity to fixation duration is unknown from the supplied evidence, so treat differences between blocks as a troubleshooting hypothesis (supplied fixation evidence). The catalog antibody has a formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human brain IHC image with DAB detection, but that image does not establish fixation tolerance (A07914-1 tissue-IHC caption). Compare blocks processed under documented conditions alongside the same positive control and detection run (standard IHC practice). Examine morphology and staining in adjacent sections before attributing a weak result to antigen loss (standard IHC practice). Report the fixative and processing history when interpreting differences between specimens (standard IHC practice).
Where should convincing ENTPD2 staining appear in tissue?
Interpret ENTPD2 staining against its annotated cell and endoplasmic reticulum membrane locations, while recognizing that tissue IHC also shows cytoplasmic expression (UniProt Q9Y5L3 localisation; HPA tissue IHC profile). Its extracellular region spans residues 29–462 between two transmembrane segments, so cellular staining may appear membranous or cytoplasmic at light-microscope resolution (UniProt Q9Y5L3 topology; standard IHC interpretation). Compare the pattern with expected positive compartments, including colon glandular cells and cerebral cortex neuropil (HPA: High in colon glandular cells and cerebral cortex neuropil). Review morphology and a negative control before calling diffuse staining positive (standard IHC practice). Describe the observed compartment explicitly rather than assigning every brown deposit to ENTPD2 (standard IHC practice).
Can an N-terminal antibody distinguish ENTPD2 isoforms in IHC?
The supplied record lists Long, Short, and gamma isoforms, but it does not map this antibody’s binding sequence across them (UniProt Q9Y5L3 isoforms; A07914-1 tissue-IHC caption). The caption identifies an N-terminal antibody without defining its exact epitope, so isoform-specific detection cannot be inferred from the image (A07914-1 tissue-IHC caption). ENTPD2 has short cytoplasmic termini and a larger extracellular region, making precise epitope position relevant to accessibility (UniProt Q9Y5L3 topology). Check sequence-level epitope information before claiming that staining represents one isoform (standard IHC practice). Score the result as ENTPD2 immunoreactivity unless an isoform-specific reagent or orthogonal assay establishes greater specificity (standard IHC interpretation).
How can IF help resolve ambiguous ENTPD2 IHC localisation?
Use IF as a separate localisation check when chromogenic staining cannot resolve cell boundaries or nearby processes (standard IF practice). In colon, pair ENTPD2 with a glandular epithelial marker to assess staining in an expected cell population (HPA: High in colon glandular cells; standard IF practice). Select spectrally separated fluorophores, favoring a far-red channel where tissue autofluorescence obscures shorter wavelengths, and include single-label controls (standard IF practice). For an accessible extracellular epitope, assess staining without routine permeabilisation; an intracellular epitope requires permeabilisation, so first establish where this antibody binds (UniProt Q9Y5L3 topology; standard IF practice). Interpret IF alongside the IHC section without assuming that the N-terminal label identifies the precise epitope (A07914-1 tissue-IHC caption).
How do I distinguish ENTPD2 signal from chromogenic background?
Run a section without primary antibody to check secondary-reagent and detection background, and inspect tissue edges and damaged regions separately (standard IHC practice). Include an endogenous peroxidase block in the DAB workflow and confirm that the block reduces enzyme-derived color without removing the positive-control signal (standard IHC practice). Titrate the catalog antibody against a matched positive section rather than judging intensity from a single concentration (standard IHC practice). Colon glandular cells offer a reported positive comparison, whereas liver cholangiocytes are reported as not detected in HPA tissue IHC (HPA: High in colon glandular cells; Not detected in liver cholangiocytes). Call staining convincing only when its cellular pattern exceeds the control background (standard IHC interpretation).
What is a defensible way to quantify ENTPD2 IHC? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the tissue compartment and cell population before scoring, because reported ENTPD2 staining differs among cell types within tissues (HPA tissue IHC profile; standard IHC practice). For discrete cells, record percent positive and intensity, then calculate an H-score from 0–300 using intensity categories 0–3 (standard IHC scoring practice). For neuropil or other distributed staining, measure positive area or signal density per mm² within a predefined region (HPA: High in cerebral cortex neuropil; standard IHC practice). Normalize cellular results to the number of eligible cells and area results to evaluable tissue area (standard IHC practice). Apply identical thresholds and exclusion rules to all slides in the comparison (standard IHC practice).
When is an apparent ENTPD2-positive area likely to be artefact?
Favor staining that follows intact cellular or neuropil structures and agrees with the expected tissue compartment (UniProt Q9Y5L3 localisation; HPA: High in cerebral cortex neuropil; standard IHC interpretation). Be cautious when color appears only at section edges, over necrosis, or in regions with poor morphology (standard IHC practice). Investigate a strongly stained cell population reported as not detected, such as liver cholangiocytes, before assigning ENTPD2 positivity (HPA: Not detected in liver cholangiocytes). Check a no-primary control and endogenous peroxidase blocking when deposits suggest detection chemistry rather than a cellular pattern (standard IHC practice). HPA tissue IHC has Approved reliability with medium staining-to-RNA consistency, so report ambiguous patterns as uncertain (HPA tissue IHC reliability).
Boster reagents
Best ENTPD2 / Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 IHC Antibodies
Human-reactive anti-ENTPD2 antibodies have IHC data from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human brain and IF data from A549 cells (catalog reactivity; IHC and IF image captions).
Real IHC data
Anti-ENTPD2 Antibody (N-term)
Cat # A07914-1
Real IF data
Anti-ENTPD2 Antibody
Cat # A07914
A07914-1 is listed for human IHC-P and shown with DAB staining of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human brain (catalog applications/reactivity; IHC image caption). A07914 is listed for human IF/ICC and shown by IF in A549 cells with DAPI counterstain (catalog applications/reactivity; IF image caption).
Which to pick: Choose A07914-1 for human paraffin-section IHC at 1:50–1:100; it is polyclonal and its IHC image uses formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human brain (catalog applications/dilution/clonality; IHC image caption). Choose A07914 for IF/ICC at 1:50–1:100, supported by an IF image of A549 cells (catalog applications/dilution; IF image caption). Neither SKU has reported reactivity beyond human, so neither has catalog support for cross-species use (catalog reactivity).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q9Y5L3 (ENTP2_HUMAN, Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2).
- Human Protein Atlas. ENTPD2 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Approved).
- Human Protein Atlas. ENTPD2 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Membrane.
- Human Protein Atlas. ENTPD2 antibody validation summary (1 antibodies).
- Tumor derived exosomal ENTPD2 impair CD8(+) T cell function in colon cancer through ATP-adenosine metabolism reprogramming. Cell communication and signaling : CCS 2024 — PMC11097558.
- Hypoxia inducible factor HIF-1 promotes myeloid-derived suppressor cells accumulation through ENTPD2/CD39L1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Nature communications 2017 — PMC5593860.
- Identification of Energy Metabolism Genes for the Prediction of Survival in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Frontiers in oncology 2020 — PMC7438573.
- A prediction model of gastric cancer based on M2-like tumor-associated macrophage infiltration verified by immunohistochemistry. Translational cancer research 2026 — PMC13066996.
- PubMed PMID:9271669 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:10510450 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:16101300 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for ENTPD2 (Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2). Expected localisation Cytoplasmic staining in tissue; membrane and ER localisation expected from topology (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt). Antigen retrieval: Citrate pH 6.0 HIER, 95–98 °C, 20 min (rule: cytoplasmic / membrane antigen). Validated IHC antibody: A07914-1 at 1:50-1:100 (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Adrenal gland (Glandular cells); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on FFPE sections. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: FFPE human brain tissue (datasheet A07914-1); 2. Fixation: Image formalin-fixed; duration unreported (datasheet A07914-1); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat-induced epitope retrieval in citrate buffer, pH 6.0 , 20 min at 95–98 °C…; 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% normal serum of the secondary host, 30 min , room temperature (standard); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-ENTPD2, 1:50-1:100 (datasheet A07914-1); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (standard). Watch for: Fixation: Formalin-fixed paraffin sections are documented (selected-SKU IHC image A07914-1); Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A07914-1); Caveat: Medium staining–RNA consistency limits tissue prediction (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: 3 isoforms; check whether the N-terminal epitope spans cytoplasmic or extracellular sequence (UniProt; datasheet: A07914-1); Regulation: No expression regulator reported (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt Q9Y5L3, HPA tissue IHC · Approved, HPA ICC-IF · Membrane, Datasheet A07914-1, PMC7438573, PMC13066996. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/ENTPD2/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.